1. Make a glossary of the main notions and give their definitions.

Stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort

in utterance, resulting in relative loudness. This emphasis in pronunciation
may be merely phonetic (i.e., noticeable to the listener, but not meaningful),
as it is in French, where it occurs regularly at the end of a word or phrase; or
it may serve to distinguish meanings, as in English, in which, for example,
stress differentiates the noun from the verb in the word permit.
Syllable, a segment of speech that consists of a vowel, with or without one
or more accompanyingconsonant sounds immediately preceding or following
for example, a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check. A syllabic consonant, such as
the final n sound in button and widen, also constitutes a syllable. Closed
(checked) syllables are those that end in a consonant; open (free) syllables
end in a vowel. The role that syllables play in the production of speech is a
matter of considerable debate. So too is any more precise definition of the
syllable in phonetics and phonology.
Vowel, in human speech, sound in which the flow of air from the lungs
passes through the mouth, which functions as a resonance chamber, with
minimal obstruction and without audible friction; e.g., the i in fit, and
the a in pack. Although usually produced with vibrating vocal cords, vowels
may be pronounced without such vibration, resulting in a voiceless, or
whispered, sound. From the viewpoint of articulatory phonetics, vowels are
classified according to the position of the tongue and lips and, sometimes,
according to whether or not the air is released through the nose.
A high vowel (such as i in machine and u in rule) is pronounced with the
tongue arched toward the roof of the mouth. A low vowel (such as a in
father or had) is produced with the tongue relatively flat and low in the
mouth and with the mouth open a little wider than for high vowels. Midvowels
(such as ein bed and o in pole) have a tongue position between the
extremes of high and low.
High, middle, and low vowels are also classified according to a front-to-back
dimension. A front vowel is pronounced with the highest part of the tongue
pushed forward in the mouth and somewhat arched. The a in had, the e in
bed, and the i in fit are front vowels. A back vowele.g., the u in rule
and the o in poleis produced with the back part of the tongue raised
toward the soft palate (velum).
The shape and position of the lips yields a third articulatory dimension by
which vowels are classified. The lips may be rounded or spread, in what is
called labialization.
Additional articulatory features describing vowel articulation are wide and
narrow, tense ( fortis) and lax (lenis). Wide and narrow refer to the
tongue-root position. To form a narrow vowel, the tongue root is retracted
toward the pharyngeal wall, and the pharynx is narrowed. To form a wide
vowel, the tongue root is advanced so that the pharynx is expanded. Tense
and lax are less clearly defined terms.Tense vowels are articulated with
greater muscular effort, slightly higher tongue positions, and longer durations
than lax vowels.
All vowels can be divided into two main categories: diphthongs and
monophthongs. Diphthongs are gliding vowels in the articulation of which
there is a continuous transition from one position to another. Diphthongs are

to be contrasted in this respect with so-called pure vowels, or monophthongs

i.e.,unchanging, or steady-state, vowels. Though they are single speech
sounds, diphthongs are usually represented, in a phonetic transcription of
speech, by means of a pair of characters indicating the initial and final
configurations of the vocal tract. Many of the vowel sounds in most dialects
of English are diphthongse.g., the vowels of out and ice, respectively.
Semivowels are sounds produced in the same manner as vowels but are used
and perceived as consonants. Examples include the y in yawn and the w in
walk.
Consonant, any speech sound, such as that represented by t, g, f, or z, that
is characterized by an articulation with a closure or narrowing of the vocal
tract such that a complete or partial blockage of the flow of air is produced.
Consonants are usually classified according to place of articulation (the
location of the stricture made in the vocal tract, such as dental, bilabial, or
velar), the manner of articulation (the way in which the obstruction of the
airflow is accomplished, as in stops, fricatives, approximants, trills, taps, and
laterals), and the presence or absence of voicing, nasalization, aspiration, or
other phonation. For example, the sound for s is described as a voiceless
alveolar fricative; the sound for m is a voiced bilabial nasal stop. Additional
classificatory information may indicate whether the airstream powering the
production of the consonant is from the lungs (the pulmonary airstream
mechanism) or some other airstream mechanism and whether the flow of air
is ingressive or egressive. The production of consonants may also involve
secondary articulationsthat is, articulations additional to the place and
manner of articulation defining the primary stricture in the vocal tract.

A word in transcription

Its syllabic structural pattern

1.

bridle ['braid .1]

CSVC.S

2.

People /pi - pl/

CVS - C

3.

Copious /k - pj - s/

CVS-CV-VC

4.

Luggage /l - g/

CVS-CVC

5.

Militant /m - l - tnt/

CVS-CV - CVC

6.

Participant /p - t - s - pnt/

CV CVS SV - CVCC

7.

Scatter /sk - t/

CVS - CV

8.

Scissors /s - zz/

CVS - CVC

9.

Tired /ta - d/

10.

Disorientation |ds - - r -n -te

-()n|

2.

CVS - VC
CVC V CV VC CVVS - CVC

Mark the stress in the following words:

profile, capitalize, unintelligibility, temperamental,

qualify, situate, dictate, desert (verb), desert (noun), bare-headed.

4. Mark which words contain

A stress-neutral suffix SN
A stress-imposing suffix SI
A stressed suffix S

Base word

Derivative word and its lexical stress

Type of suffix

0. climate

climatic

SI

1.

Portugal

Portuguese

2.

poison

poisonous

SI

3.

launder

launderette

SI

4.

infirm

infirmary

5. period

periodical

SN

6. punctual

punctuality

SI

7. separate

separatist

SN

8. punish

punishment

SN

9. picture

picturesque

SI

10.proverb

proverbial

SI

5. Write each compound in the correct group:

WORD

1.

Apple blossom

2.

apple pie

Early stress

Late stress
+

3.

cheese grater

4.

cheese sauce

5.

jamjar

6.

jam sandwich

7.

peach brandy

8.

peach stone

9.

mineral water

10.

orange juice