1

ENHANCING POWER SYSTEM STABILITY OF WIND FARM

EQUIPPED WITH PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR USING BACK TO BACK CONVERTOR
Aswathy.R, M.Tech (raswathy87@yahoo.com)
Mrs.V.Selvi,(Assistant Professor)
(Department of Electrical Engineering, B.S.Abdur Rahman University, Vandaloor, Chennai.)

ABSTRACT
In this paper, permanent magnet
synchronous generator based variable
speed wind turbine is considered to
improve voltage stability of a wind farm. A
suitable control scheme for back-to-back
converter of variable speed permanent
magnet
synchronous
generator
is
developed to improve the stability. The
transient and steady state conditions are
analyzed using PSCAD software.
Index TermsWind farm, Variable speed
wind turbine, PMSG, back to back
converter.
I. INTRODUCTION
A Power System Stability is defined as that
ability of a power system to remain in a state
of operating equilibrium under normal
operating conditions and to regain an
acceptable state of equilibrium after being
subjected to a disturbance.
The Fixed Speed Wind Turbines with Squirrel
Cage Induction Generator (FSWT-SCIG) is
most widely used in wind farms. This type of
wind turbine is very popular and it has the
advantages of mechanical simplicity, low
specific mass, robust construction, and more
cost efficiency [5]. However, some papers
were reported that the FSWT-SCIG directly
connected to the grid does not have any fault
ridetrough capability when a voltage dip
occurs in the system [6]-[8]. The reactive
power consumption increases especially
during and after fault clearance. Some
methods have been considered in order to
improvevoltage stability of FSWT-SCIG.
Utilization of Flexible ac Transmission
System (FACT) devices such as Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM),
Static Var Compensator (SVC) etc. However,
the system overall cost becomes expensive,
when the FACTS devices are installed on
wind farm.

Recently, Variable Speed Wind Turbine with

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(VSWT-PMSG) has become a promising and
attractive type of wind turbine concept.
Megawatt class of VSWT-PMSGs directly
connected to electrical power transmission
system have been installed in large wind
power stations. The VSWTPMSG system is
equipped with back to back power electronic
converters, and it has strong low voltage ride
through capability during and after fault
condition on grid system.
This paper also focuses on generation power
plants, primarily based on wind power
generation. If wind power generation is
capable of improving the power system
stability, and more specifically to increase the
damping of the system and control the power
swing for better operating equilibrium under
normal operating.
This paper is organized as follows. In section
I, there was an introduction. In section II, an
overview and description of distributed
generation is presented. The concept of Power
System Stability is defined in section III.
Power System Stabilizer design is presented
in section IV. A simulation model in of power
system in PSCAD with a wind farm is
presented and discussed in section V. In
section VI results and discussions of the graph
is presented. Finally, In section VI, the
conclusions are summarized.
II. WIND TURBINE MODEL
The mechanical power output of wind turbine
captured from the wind power can be
calculated as follows
Pw =0.5AV3Cp
(1)
where Pw is the captured wind power (W),
is the air density (Kg/m3), A is the area of
rotor blade (m2), V is wind speed (m/s), and
Cp is the power coefficient. Cp is the power
coefficient. The value of Cp is depended on

tip speed ratio () and blade pitch angle ()

based on the turbine characteristics.
The Cp- performance characteristics
for different values of are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Cp - characteristic for different pitch

angle
III. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
Power system stability can be defined as the
ability to remain in equilibrium during normal
operating conditions and to regain an
acceptable equilibrium after being subjected
to a physical disturbance with most system
variables bounded. The stability responses of
a power system can be classified as:
- Rotor angle stability, which is concerned
with the ability of each interconnected
synchronous machine of the power system to
maintain or restore the equilibrium between
the electromagnetic torque and the
mechanical torque.
- Frequency stability, it is related with the
capability of a power system to restore the
balance between the system generation and
the load, with minimum loss of load.
- Voltage stability, which is dependent on the
capability of a power system to hold on in
steady state, the voltages of all buses in the
system under normal operating conditions and
after a disturbance stabilizing signals.
IV.
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
POWER SYSTEM MODEL
The power system model used in this study is
shown in Fig.2. andFig. 3. Practically, a wind
farms is composed many generators, however
in this paper, a single generator with total
power capacity is considered. The proper
design of the control scheme of variable speed

wind turbines is based on the power system

stabilizer technique as previously used. How
so ever, the outputs can vary. As it has been
specified, the input may be any signals which
are the result as the affect of the oscillations.

Fig 2: Block Diagram of wind farm with

SCIG
Parameters of PMSG are shown in Table.I,
where the generator models available in the
package software PSCAD/EMTDC are used.
The system base is 100 MVA and grid
frequency is 50 Hz. Table.2 shows the
parameters of wind turbine.

Fig 3: Block Diagram of wind farm with

PMSG.
TABLE. I
WIND TURBINE Parameters
Generator Rated MVA
2 MVA
Rotor Radius
40m
Machine Rated mech. Speed 16.6667 Hz
Gear Box Efficiency
0.97
TABLE. 2
GENERATOR PARAMETERS
Armature Resistance (Ra)
0.0025 pu
Stator Leakage Reactance
Unsaturated Reactance [Xd]
Unsaturated reactance [Xq]
Base angular Frequency
Armature time constant[Ta]
Field flux

0.14 pu
0.920 pu
0.501pu
50Hz
2.855 KA
1.0pu

IV. CONTROL SYSTEM OF VSWTPMSG

Fig.4. VSWT control system

The block diagram of control system for
VSWT-PMSG proposed in this paper is
shown in Fig. 6. The VSWTPMSG consists of
the following components: a direct drive
PMSG, back to back converters based on two
levels convertor which are composed of stator
side converter (SSC) and grid side converter
(GSC), a DC-link circuit composed of a
chopper with a resistance and a capacitor
(Cdc), and two voltage source converter
controllers (stator side controller and grid side
controller).
The SSC is connected to the stator of PMSG,
and it converts the three phase AC voltage
generated by PMSG to DC voltage. The three
phase voltage and current sensors are attached
on the stator terminal of PMSG. The rotor
speed of PMSG is measured from the rotor of
wind turbine. All outputs of the sensors are
fed to the stator side controller as input
signals in order to control the voltage
references of the SSC for modulation.
In the GSC, the converter is connected to the
grid system through a step up transformer.
The grid current and the grid voltage sensors
are attached on the high voltage side of the
transformer, respectively. The active power
and reactive power flows to the grid system
are measured on the high voltage side of the
transformer. The DC voltage (Vdc) is detected
on the DC capacitor. The voltage reference of
grid side voltage source converter for
modulation is controlled by using the grid
side controller. When a fault occurs in the
grid, the Vdc increases significantly due to
power unbalance between SSC and GSC. In
order to protect the DC-link circuit, the
controller activates the chopper by a trigger
command.
In both converters, the triangle signal is used
as the carrier wave of Pulse Wave Modulation

(PWM) operation. The Carrier frequency is

set to 3 KHz for both converters. The DC-link
capacitor is 50.000 F. The rated DC-link
voltage is 1.75 kV (1 pu).
V. SYSTEM SIMULATION IN PSCAD:
PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transients
time domain simulation software for electrical
(both electromagnetic and electromechanical
systems) and control systems, commercial
software. It is an industry standard simulation
tool. The user friendly graphical presentation
of the software makes it extremely easy to
make the circuits and to test and then to get
the results which helps to manage the
enormous data in a completely fully
systematic
and
integrated
graphical
environment. PSCAD is now been adopted
worldwide by variety of utilities, number of
manufacturers, research & educational
institutions, and consultants as well to be
primary and initiative tool for transient
simulation. Fig .5. shows the SCIG connecter
to grid.

Fig.5. SCIG with Wind Farm Connected to

grid in PSCAD Software
Fig.6. shows the Simulation Model of the
wind farm directly connected to the wind
turbine which is governed by the wind turbine
governor. The wind turbine is directly
connected to the synchronous generator which
converts mechanical energy of turbine into
electrical energy. The exciter is connected to
excite the system. Fig.7. shows the PSCAD
simulation model at stator side. Here SSC is
connected. Fig.8. shows grid side converter
side. Transient analysis also done by applying
fault on different positions.

VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

This paper shows the various results in wind
farm in PSCAD.

Fig.5.The Simulation Model of the Wind farm

Fig 8: Normal condition wind speed. Active,
reactive power and machine rotor speed using
SCIG

Fig.9. variable wind speed Vs Time

Figure .8. shows the wind speed at rated wind
condition. Here wind turbine is not connected
to grid. Also shows the Graph between, active
power (MW), reactive power (MVAr), and
time (seconds).
Fig.6.PMSG with Stator Side Convertor

Fig.10Real and Reactive Power without Fault

Fig.7.Grid Side Convertor Connected with

Grid

Fig.10. shows the real and reactive power of

converter connected grid circuit. Here, after
the primary disturbances the system reaches
stability. Fig.11. shows current and voltage
wave forms of PMSG grid circuit. Dc current
also shown in the same.

Fig.11. sending and receiving end current and

voltages
Fault Analysis
The asymmetrical line to ground (1LG) fault
at the transmission line are considered as
network disturbance, as shown in Fig. 7. The
fault occurs at 2.1sec; the circuit breakers
(CB) on the faulted line are opened at 0.1 sec,
and cleared at 2.2sec.

Fig.13.Real and Reactive Power with Fault in

PMSG
Fig.13. Shows current and voltages at both
sending and receiving ends with fault.

Case 1: Wind farm connected to Grid

through SCIG

Fig.14.Voltage and Current with fault

condition

Fig.12. Real and reactive powers of SCIG

with fault
Fig.12. Shows real and reactive powers of
SCIG with fault condition. After the clearance
of fault also system not reaching stability.
Fig.13. shows the real and reactive powers of
simulation circuit with fault condition. After
the fault clearance the system reaches its
stability.

VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper gives explanation about power
system stability for the wind power in wind
farm in which back to back converter for
direct drive PMSG based wind turbine is
designed to solve the problem of variations in
frequency and maintain the stability during
fault conditions. By using the proposed
control method, the terminal voltage of wind
farm can be recovered effectively during and

after the symmetrical 1LG fault, and thus the

transient stability of fixed speed wind
generator can be enhanced. Moreover, the
steady state performance is analyzed using
variable wind speed data to show the
effectiveness of the control system. It is
demonstrated that the voltage fluctuation of
wind farm under randomly varying wind
speed can be controlled almost constant at the
rated value and the active power of wind
farms can be delivered to the grid effectively.
Therefore it is concluded the proposed system
can be the best solution to reduce investment
cost of the wind farm

[7]

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