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Question 1
a.(i) Determine the type and particular of the given ODE
0
(1 + x2 )y + 4xy = (1 + x2 )2 , y(0) = y0
(1 + x2 )
dy
+ 4xy = (1 + x2 )2
dx
dy
+ (1 + x2 )1 (4xy) = (1 + x2 )1 (1 + x2 )2
dx
Upon simplification, our DE is of the form below
dy
+ P (x)y = Q(x)
dx
Classification of the ODE
By definition, the ODE is linear and first order
Finding the particular solution of the ODE
We first determine the integrating factor and multiply equation by it.
U (x) = e
P (x)dx
4x
1+x2
4x
1+x2 dx
=e
dx
we have:
= 2xdx
Z
4x
2du
dx =
1 + x2
u
= 2ln|u|
= 2ln|(1 + x2 )|
(1)
U (x) = e2ln|(1+x )| = (1 + x2 )2 .
Multiplying through equation(1) and simplifying gives us the form:
Z
1
U (x)Q(x)dx
y=
Ux
Z
1
y=
1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )3 dx
(1 + x2 )2
Z
1
1
y=
dx
2
2
(1 + x )
(1 + x2 )
1
tan1 (x) + C
y=
(1 + x2 )2
Substitute the initial condition given for y(0) = y0 we can determine the constant C:
y0 =
1
tan1 (0) + C
(1 + 02 )2
y0 = C
1
tan1 (x) + y0
(1 + x2 )2
(2)
Let u =
y
x
dy
+ 4x2 = y 2 , x > 0, y(2) = 7
dx
(3)
We are required to solve the initial value problem, sketch the solution and determine the interval
of validity for the solution.
(i) Solving the initial value problem
Equation 3 can be rearranging the terms in equation 3 we:
xydy + (4x2 + y 2 )dx = 0
N
= y,
x
The equation is not exact, To make it exact we will have to find an integrating factor(U(x))
that either depends only on x or y and multiply it through equation(3).
du
1 M
N
= (
)
dx
N y
x
1
(2y y)
xy
y
=
xy
1
=
x
=
The above expression is a function expressed in term of x, we can then use it to get the
integrating factor.
U (x) = e
1
x dx
= elnx = x
M
= 2y
y
From this result we see that the equation is now exact therefore we can proceed to solve it.
Z
Z
2
x ydy + (4x3 + xy 2 )dx = C
1 2 2
x y + x4 = C
2
We substitute the initial condition y(2) = 7 to determine the value for C:
1 2
2 72 + 24 = C
2
2(49) + 16 = C
C = 114
Substituting this result into our equation(4) above we have the solution as:
1 2 2
x y + x4 = 114
2
x2 y 2 + 2x4 = 228
228
y 2 + 2x2 = 2
x
r
228
2x2
y=
x2
Question 2 Solution
The Ellipse
The equation of the ellipse at center h,k is represented by:
(x h)2
(y k)2
+
=1
a2
b2
To determine an exact differential equation for the ellipse,we differentiate with respect to x
2(x h) 2(y k)y 0
+
=0
a2
b2
2b2 (x h) + 2a2 (y k)y 0 = 0
(2xb2 2b2 h)dx + (2ya2 2a2 k)dy = 0
We test for exactness
M (x, y) = 2xb2 2b2 h
M
=0
y
N (x, y) = 2ya2 2a2 k
N
=0
x
We can see the differential equation is exact.
(2xb2 2b2 h)dx + (2ya2 2a2 k)dy = 0
represent an exact differential equation of an ellipse.
!
T
dT
= (T ) 1
dt
k
!
T
(T ) 1
=0
k
!
T
=0
(T ) 1
k
T (K T ) = 0
T = 0, T = K
dx
= xy
dt
y+x=1
(4)
(5)
=x(t)(1 x(t))
The above equation is the required differential equation
7
(6)
dx
=dt
x x2
xo
1xo ,
Cet
1 + Cet
we have,
xo et
1 xo + xo et
Thus the above equation is the solution of the differential above.
x(t) =
(7)
x=
Cet
1 + Cet
Cet
t 1 Cet
lim
lim
1
t
Cet
+1
1
=1
1
Question 4 Solution
The Coffee Problem
Let: T1 be the temperature of the first girl
T10 be the change in temperature of the first girl
T20 be the change in temperature of the second girl
T2 be the change in temperature of the second girl
t01 be the change in time of the first girl
t1 be the change in time of the first girl
t02 be the change in time of the second girl
t2 be the change in time of the girl
Newtons law of cooling
T
= K(T Ta )
t
T
From Newton law of cooling we can write :
= K(T Ta )
t
Expressing the two girls activity in terms of Newtons law of cooling we have:
T10 T1
= K(T Ta )
t01 t1
T 0 T2
Friend 2 : 20
= K(T Ta )
t2 t2
Friend 1 :
let
t01 t1 = t02 t2 = 5mins
then
T10 T1
k(T1 Ta )
=
T20 T2
k(T2 Ta )
This lead to:
T10 T1
(T1 Ta )
=
T20 T2
(T2 Ta )
Since the second girl later cold milk to her drink after 5 minutes, then:
T1 < T2
(T1 Ta )
<1
(T2 Ta )
Simplifying
(T1 Ta )
<1
(T2 Ta )
We have:
T10 < T1 < T20 < T2
Rearranging we have:
T10 T20 < T1 T2 < 0
This implies:
T10 T20 < 0
Therefore:
T10 < T20
Conclusion
The second girl will have hotter coffee.
10