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  • Fundamentals of Mycology

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    ケヴィン レイエス
    17 vues14 pages
    Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. From mycology arose the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of "plant" pathogens are fungi. Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, and Lewis David von Schweinitz. Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics, and other secondary metabolites. For example, the cosmopolitan (worldwide) genus Fusarium and their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe. Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts, e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae, insect symbionts, and lichens. Many fungi are able to break down complex organic biomolecules such as lignin, the more durable component of wood, and pollutants such as xenobiotics, petroleum, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), often are economically and socially important, as some cause diseases of animals (such as histoplasmosis) as well as plants (such as Dutch elm disease and Rice blast). Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "A foray among the funguses"[sic].[1] Some fungi can cause disease in humans or other organisms. The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as medical mycology.[2]

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    Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. From mycology arose the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of "plant" pathogens are fungi. Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, and Lewis David von Schweinitz. Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics, and other secondary metabolites. For example, the cosmopolitan (worldwide) genus Fusarium and their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe. Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts, e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae, insect symbionts, and lichens. Many fungi are able to break down complex organic biomolecules such as lignin, the more durable component of wood, and pollutants such as xenobiotics, petroleum, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), often are economically and socially important, as some cause diseases of animals (such as histoplasmosis) as well as plants (such as Dutch elm disease and Rice blast). Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "A foray among the funguses"[sic].[1] Some fungi can cause disease in humans or other organisms. The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as medical mycology.[2]

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    17 vues14 pages

    Fundamentals of Mycology

    Transféré par

    ケヴィン レイエス
    Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. From mycology arose the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of "plant" pathogens are fungi. Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, and Lewis David von Schweinitz. Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics, and other secondary metabolites. For example, the cosmopolitan (worldwide) genus Fusarium and their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by Abraham Joffe. Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as symbionts, e.g. in the form of mycorrhizae, insect symbionts, and lichens. Many fungi are able to break down complex organic biomolecules such as lignin, the more durable component of wood, and pollutants such as xenobiotics, petroleum, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes (slime molds), often are economically and socially important, as some cause diseases of animals (such as histoplasmosis) as well as plants (such as Dutch elm disease and Rice blast). Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "A foray among the funguses"[sic].[1] Some fungi can cause disease in humans or other organisms. The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as medical mycology.[2]

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    FUNDAMENTALS OF MYCOLOGY

    Mycology study of fungi


    Fungi eukaryotic
    Natural habitat soil, water, organic debris, part of normal flora
    Dimorphism 2 forms depending on environmental condition.
    Yeast - tissue phase, unicellular
    Molds hyphal or mycelial, multicellular
    Parts
    Capsule slime layer, attach to human cell membrane
    Cell wall rigidity and strength, protects from osmotic shock
    Cell membrane major site of antifungal action (ergosterol)

    DERMATOPHYTES
    Exercise no. 26
    Cutaneous mycosis
    Dermatophytosis / ringworm
    Infection of keratinized tissue (keratinase)
    Can induce inflammatory response
    3 genera:
    Trichophyton hair, skin, nails (predominantly macroconidia)
    Microsporum hair, skin (predominantly microconidia)
    Epidermophyton skin, nail (no microconidia)
    Diseases: T. barbae, T. capitis, T. cruris, T. favosa, manus, T. pedis, T. unguim

    FUNGI AFFECTING THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES


    Exercise no. 27
    Sporotrichosis , Chromoblastomycosis, Maduromycosis, Rhinosporidiosis
    Chronic localized infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues following traumatic
    implantation of etiologic agent.

    Difficult to treat requires surgical intervention

    SYSTEMIC MYCOTIC AGENTS


    Exercise no. 28
    Histoplasmosis H.capsulatum
    South american blastomycosis - Paracoccidiomycosis
    Coccidiomycosis C. immites
    North American blastomycosis B. dermatitidis
    Highly virulent
    All are dimorphic
    Ability to elicit disease in normal host
    Primary infection lungs

    OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI
    Exercise no 29
    Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Mucormycosis, Cryptococcosis
    Low virulent
    Monomophic
    Immunocompromised host

    Microsporum canis
    Spindle shape
    Rough thick walled (5-15 cells)
    Often with terminal knobs
    Spiny tips
    Macroconidia have curved or hooked spiny tips
    T.capitis, corporis

    M. gypseum

    Spindle shape
    Rough thin walled (>10 cells)
    Thinner walled macroconidia
    Often with terminal knobs, blunt end
    T. capitis, corporis, unguium

    T.rubrum

    Teardrop microconidia (en thyrse)


    Pyriform and clavate microconidia
    T. cruris, corporis, barbae, pedis, manus, unguium

    E. floccosum

    Smooth, thin walled


    Club like macroconidia in clusters/ clavate macroconidia in groups of 2 or 3
    Fuseaux in banana branch
    T. cruris, T. unguium

    T. mentagrophytes

    Pyriform macroconidia
    With spiral or coiled hyphae
    Grape like clusters of microconidia on terminal branch

    T. corporis, T. unguim, T. pedis and manus

    Sporothrix schenkii

    Sporotrichosis
    Rose handlers disease
    Occurs as saprophyte in nature
    Chronic infection with involvement of lymphatics
    Nodular with suppuration and ulceration
    Lymphocutaneous most common clinical type
    SDA small, cream colored or brown to black. Colonies become membranous and wrinkled
    Micro delicate branching hyphae with conidiophore terminated by clusters of small
    pyriform conidia producing flowerette arrangement.
    Tissue budding cell yeast CIGAR body, asteroid body
    Mold daisy like or rosette microconidia

    Phialophora verrucosa

    Phialophora, cladosporium, fonseca


    Chromoblastomycosis verrucous warty nodules, progress, vegetate and take a cauliflower
    like appearance
    Verrucous dermatitis
    Phaeohyphomycosis
    Tissue sclerotic, meddler, brown, fission body

    P. verrucosa
    Mold flask shaped phialides / vase like microconidia

    Cladosporium carionii

    - Mold branching conidiophore, with chains of conidia

    Fonseca Pedrosoi

    Acrotheca club shaped conidiophore with conidia arising at lateral sides

    H.capsulatum

    At room temp. filamentous growth, colony is cottony and white becomes buff to brown
    with age
    At 37C in blood agar slant colony is yeast like, smooth and white to cream in color.
    Micro small oval, single budding cell
    In old culture tuberculate chlamydospores
    Grows in soil with high nitrogen content, assoc with guano bats and birds ( starlings)
    MOT inhalation of tuberculate macroconidia
    Benign and opportunistic infection

    Rhizopus sp.

    With roots/ rhizoids


    Rapidly growing fungus
    Forms cottony aerial mycelium which is at first white, then turns to dark gray.
    Micro nonseptate aerial mycelia with numerous stolons which connect groups of
    unbranched sporangiophores

    MUCORMYCOSIS
    Phycomycosis or zygomycosis
    Can invade BV and cause rhinocerebral zygomycosis

    Pred. factors leukemia, diabetic acidosis, malnutrition

    Mucor

    - no presence of rhizoids

    MUCORMYCOSIS
    Phycomycosis or zygomycosis
    Can invade BV and cause rhinocerebral zygomycosis
    Pred. factors leukemia, diabetic acidosis, malnutrition

    Penicillium spp.

    Aspergillus

    Exogenous source

    Acute and chronic fungus infection involving the sinuses, bronchi, lungs.
    A.Fumigatus
    A. flavus aflatoxin
    MOT inhalation of airborne spores
    Mycotoxicosis ingestion of contaminated food
    Hypersensitivity
    Pneumonitis
    Systemic dse
    Dichotomous branching hyphae
    Fungus ball in CXR mistaken for TB

    Cryptococcus neoformans

    Only encapsulated (swell with chemical, india ink) fungi


    Associated with pigeon droppings
    Lab seen as yeast

    Most common cause of fungal meningitis


    SDA white mucoid glistening

    Candida albicans

    Part of NF of mouth, throat, s.i, vagina, skin


    Micro round, oval, oblong cells arranged sin singly, clusters or in chains.
    Germ tube are produced after inbubation(yeast form).
    Grows aerobically
    Urease (-)
    SDA- (+) chlamydospores
    Diaper rash, vulvovaginitis, oral thrush, eye infection, common among HIV patients

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