Perhitungan Volume Dan Dasar Dasarnya

Week 10
Prof. Dr. Ergin TARI
Assist. Prof. Dr. Himmet KARAMAN
JDF211E COURSE - ISTANBUL

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS
ENGINEERING
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Information for Users
The following slides are compiled from;

The references given for the course,
The course notes of the lecturers from all around the world,
Notes and slides published in the world wide web without
restrictions.
Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN
Information for Students

These presentations are compiled from the previous versions
of the Surveying II course slides which were created by Prof.
Dr. Muhammed Sahin and Prof. Dr.
Ergin Tar between the years of 1998 and 2008.
The update process of these presentations will continue, and
will never end.
The responsibilities of the students for the exams will be from

the presentations, applications and practices covered during
the course.
Profile (1)
The outline produced where the plane of a vertical section
intersects the surface of ground; e.g., the longitudinal
profile of a stream, or the profile of a coast or hill. Syn.:
topographic profile
A graph or drawing that shows the variation of one
property such as elevation or gravity, usually as ordinate,
with respect to another property, such as distance.
Profile (2)
Cross section of a region of cylindrical folds drawn
perpendicular to the fold axes.
A vertical section of a water table or other potentiometric
surface, or of a body of surface water.
A drawing used in civil engineering to show a vertical
section of the ground along a surveyed line or graded
work.
Profile Leveling (1)

The process of determining the elevations of a series of
points at measured intervals along a line such as the
centerline of a projected highway or railway.
Profile Leveling is an application of Differential

Leveling
Elevations are determined in the same manner.
The same definitions define the concepts and terms
involved.
The same types of mistakes and errors are possible.

An arithmetic check(difference between BS reading and FS
readings) should always be done.
A closure check should be done if the profile line runs

between bench marks which is the desired case.

On root surveys for highways or pipelines, elevations are
required at every 25 m station;
at angle points (points marking changes in direction);
at breaks in the ground surface slope; and
at critical points such as roads, bridges and culverts.
When plotted, these elevations show a profile a line

depicting ground elevations at a vertical section along a
survey line.

For most of the engineering projects, profiles are taken
along the center line.
Profiles were usually plotted on a special paper, called
milimetric paper, of course, when the computers and
plotters did not exist.
Profile
10
Cross Section Leveling (1)

Cross sections are lines of levels or short profiles made
perpendicular to the center line of the project. Cross
sections are usually taken at regular intervals and at
sudden changes in the center-line profile.
11
Cross Section Leveling (2)

The cross sections must extend a sufficient distance on each
side of the center line to provide a view of the surrounding
terrain.
Rod readings should be taken at equal intervals on both sides
of the center line and at significant changes in the terrain.
Field notes for a cross section should include an elevation or
difference in elevation from the center line horizontal distance
from the center line
12
Cross Section within the Profile Leveling

At each profile point, a cross-section leveling is performed.
The cross-section line is perpendicular to the profile, and has a

50 meter length: 25 m on the left and 25 m on the right side of
the profile, depending on the project requirements.
Rod readings are secured at all breaks in the ground
surface.
Cross-section leveling
25.00
10.50
Profile
0.00
leveling
1+00
1+25
1+50
1+75
12.50
25.02
13
Profile Leveling Sketch
14
Cross Section Leveling Computations
Distance from
Rod
Collimation
Height of
Profile Point
Readings (m)
Height
Point
BS
FS
(m)
(m)
20.00
2.72
582.79
580.07
18.62
3.04
3.04
582.79
579.75
16.45
1.36
1.36
582.79
581.43
10.60
3.42
0.50
582.79
582.29
5.00
3.75
3.75
585.71
581.96
0.00
1.00
3.02
583.69
582.69
3.42
0.84
0.84
583.69
582.85
6.30
2.70
2.70
583.69
580.99
12.26
3.82
1.11
586.40
582.58
18.00
3.75
3.75
586.40
582.65
20.00
3.03
586.40
583.37
15
Surface Leveling (1)

Another method, surface leveling, is used for an area
which has a smooth (or flat) topography.
In this technique, the area is divided into rectangular

blocks (grids or the smallest geometrical figure) as in the
following figure.
16
Rod readings are
1
2
4
5
performed at each corner
of the rectangle (1, 2,
...,17).
Level
The length between 1
7
8
9
and 2 should not be more
than 20 m.
10
11
12
13
Once setting up the level,
the operator should read

Level
as many points as
possible.
14
15
16
17
17

Mark No
Height (m)
1
17.06
2
17.48
3
17.63
4
17.37
17.70
6
17.96
7
17.58
8
18.01
9
18.25
The volume of excavation in triangle 124 will be

A/3 (d1 + d2 +d4)
18
Area Computation
GAUSS AREA COMPUTATION
Mark No
X (m) Y (m) Difference
1
X1
Y1
2
X2
Y2
(X3-X1)*Y2 = a
3
X3
Y3
(X4-X2)*Y3 = b
4
X4
Y4
(X1-X3)*Y4 = c
1
X1
Y1
(X2-X4)*Y1 = d
2
X2
Y2
Area F = 0.5 * (a+b+c+d)
19
Trapezoidal Area Computation
Computing
the
irregular
area
AXYZCBA
is
done
by
approximating the area by a series
ofequally
spacedtrapezia,
The area of the first trapezoid is given by;
measuring these either in the field
or off a plan, and then computing
O1
O2
A1 L
the area of each of these.
where L is the constant distance along the traverse line between offsets O1 and O2
The total area is

AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5
AT =L[(O1 + O2) + (O2 + O3) + (O3 + O4) + (O4 + O5) + (O5 + O6)]/2
A
L O O
O
3
O
4
or
A
2
Others
2
1
20
Simpsons Area Computation

By assuming that each two adjacent sub-areas are a single bounded parabola rather
than each sub-area being a trapezoid
For the area contained between 01 and 03;
A = Trapezoid (abdea) + parabolic area (agefa) A = (01 + 03)L + 2/3(area bounded by

parabola)
A = (01 + 03)L + 2/3 x 2L[02 - (01 + 03)/2] A = L[01 + 402 + 03]/3
For the area AXYZCBA
A = L[(O1 + On) + 2(O3 + O5 + On-2) + 4(O2 + O4 + On-1)]/3

A = [S(1st + last offset) + 2S(odd offsets) + 4S(even offsets)] S=L/3
21
Comparison of the Methods (1)

In the trapezoidal formula, the resulting area is generally less
than the true area. The accuracy of the area will depend on the
number of offsets (and therefore the distance between them)
and the degree of irregularity of the boundary. Of course the
more irregular the boundary the more offsets should
measured; this will demand a compromise between the time
spent gathering the data and the required accuracy.
22
Comparison of the Methods (2)

The Simpsons formula is more accurate but has the
disadvantage that n must be odd. In this case it is not possible
to directly compute the total area AXYZCBA. Instead the area
AXYBA is computed using Simpson's Rule and the additional
area BYZCB must be computed separately. This could have
been avoided if the irregular area had been originally
subdivided into an odd number of sub-areas.
23
Volume Calculations from Cross Section Areas

(1)
Several successive cross sections are situated at equal
distances, d, along a fixed direction. Then,
V = d(A1 + A2)/2 + d(A2 + A3)/2 + d(A3 + A4)/2 + ........

+ d(An-1 + An)/2
V = d[A1 + 2A2 + 2A3 + 2A4 + .........
+ 2An-1 + An]/2
24
Volume Calculations from Cross Section Areas

(2)
V = [First area + last area + 2S(all remaining areas)]
Called End Area formula may be applied to any number

of cross sections equally spaced along a straight line.
25
Digital Terrain Models - DTM (1)

With the advent of the computer it became possible to process
large data sets to compute a volume.
This had not been previously possible because of the large
amount of computing involved.
The mathematics is not complex but most tedious.

So Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) gained in acceptance, to the
point where they are now the most frequently used method.
26
The basic theory is that points are located (X, Y, Z) on the terrain to
define the surface (usually at changes of grade).
Each point is connected to neighboring points in a unique manner so that a
series of triangles is formed that entirely covers the surface.
As shown in the figure each of these right triangular prisms is a simple
solution to an individual volume, their sums being the total volume between
the surface and a datum plane.
27

The use of DTMs is also a very convenient way to
compute and plot contours, cross sections, long sections,
surface profiles and plans for complex surfaces.
Various commercial packages are available beside the
free ones such as GRASS, GMT, etc...
28
DTM Examples (1)
29
DTM Examples (2)
30
DTM Examples (3)
31
DTM Examples (4)
32
33

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Week 10

Prof. Dr. Ergin TARI

Assist. Prof. Dr. Himmet KARAMAN

JDF211E COURSE - ISTANBUL

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Information for Users

The following slides are compiled from;

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Information for Students

The responsibilities of the students for the exams will be from

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling (1)

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling is an application of Differential

The same types of mistakes and errors are possible.

A closure check should be done if the profile line runs

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling (2)

When plotted, these elevations show a profile a line

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling (2)

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section Leveling (1)

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section Leveling (2)

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section within the Profile Leveling

The cross-section line is perpendicular to the profile, and has a

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling Sketch

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section Leveling Computations

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Surface Leveling (1)

In this technique, the area is divided into rectangular

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Surface Leveling (2)

Rod readings are

performed at each corner

of the rectangle (1, 2,

The length between 1

and 2 should not be more

Once setting up the level,

the operator should read

Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN