STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING OVERVIEW

STEVEN NG
TM MANAGER REFURBISHMENT

STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING OVERVIEW

CONTENTS
1. REASONS FOR STRENGTHENING
2. EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS
3. SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM
4. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
5. SELECTED REFERENCES

August 7, 2016

REASONS FOR STRENGTHENING

WHY STRENGTHEN?

REASONS FOR STRENGTHENING

DEFINITION
STRUCTURAL
STRENGTHENING =
Increasing the load
bearing capacity to
restore structural safety
and serviceability
requirements

August 7, 2016

REASONS FOR STRENGTHENING

OVERVIEW
STRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
Load increase
Vibration / deflection reduction
Impact / seismic / blast resistance
Design errors / code changes
Construction errors
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS
Column / wall removals
Slab openings
Floor additions

August 7, 2016

REASONS FOR STRENGTHENING

OVERVIEW (CONT.)
STRUCTURAL RECOVERY
Corrosion
Mechanical damage
Fire / explosion
Impact
Earthquake

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EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

HOW TO STRENGTHEN?

EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

OVERVIEW

Increase concrete cross section

Add steel or concrete members
Add bonded plates (steel or CFRP )
Add bonded fabrics (CFRP)
Add near surface mounted strips (NSMS)
Add external post-tensioned reinforcement
Add shells (GFRP jackets with EP / CEM grout)

August 7, 2016

FRP =
Fibre Reinforced
Polymer
CFRP = Carbon FRP
GFRP = Glass FRP

EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

INCREASE CONCRETE CROSS SECTION
HIGH PERFORMANCE
GROUT
Anchor additional
rebars. Apply bonding
agents. Install
shuttering. Pour or
pump high performance
grout

August 7, 2016

EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD STEEL OR CONCRETE MEMBERS
STEEL BEAMS
Ensure load-bearing
connection to the
existing concrete
structure.

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EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD BONDED PLATES
STEEL PLATES

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EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD BONDED PLATES (CONT.)
CFRP PLATES

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EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD BONDED PLATES (CONT.)
CFRP VS. STEEL PLATES

Steel

Sika CarboDur

High material cost

Fast installation
Low installed cost
Non-corrosive
Lightweight
No fabrication required
Cross-overs possible
Low maintenance

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Low material cost

Slow installation
High installed cost
Corrosive
Heavy
Fabrication required
Cross-over difficult
High maintenance

EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD BONDED FABRICS
CFRP FABRICS

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EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD BONDED FABRICS (CONT.)
CARBON

Virtually inert
Very low creep
Extreme resistance to
elevated temperature
Extreme resistance to
stress rupture and
corrosion
Good fatigue
resistance
Very limited ductility

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GLASS

Good temperature
resistance
Low creep
Inexpensive
Limited chemical
resistance (acid and
bases)
Subject to stress
corrosion

ARAMID

Very light
Good impact /
explosion
performance
Expensive
Absorbs water
High creep

STATE OF THE ART

Carbon fibres represent
the state of the art for
structural strengthening
applications due to their
outstanding performance and impressive
track record.

EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD NEAR SURFACE MOUNTED (NSM) STRIPS
NSM STRIPS

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EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT
EXTERNAL POSTTENSIONED
REINFORCEMENT

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August 7, 2016

EXTERNAL STRENGTHENING OPTIONS

ADD SHELLS
GFRP SHELLS WITH
EPOXY OR CEMENT
GROUT INJECTION

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CFRP SYSTEM

SIKADUR - SIKA CARBODUR - SIKAWRAP

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

OVERVIEW
LAMINATES

FABRICS

Sika CarboDur S

SikaWrap C

Sikadur-30

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August 7, 2016

Dry application

Wet application

Sikadur-330

Sikadur-300

SPECIALTIES
Sika CarboDur NSM
near surface mounted
rods.
Sika CarboStress
post-tensioned tendons.

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKADUR-30

Primer, putty and adhesive for Sika CarboDur

Thixotropic, 2 component epoxy resin based
High creep resistance
Very good adhesion to various substrates
Non sag performance also for over-head applications
Density 1.65 kg/l

Packaging in sets of 30 kg or 6 kg
24 months shelf life

Consult latest PDS prior to any processing

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKA CARBODUR TYPE S

Pultruded carbon fibre reinforced laminates

Elastic tensile modulus 165000 MPa
Tensile strength > 2800 MPa
Elongation at break > 1.7 %

Roll length 100 m

Wide range of cross sections (thickness 1.2/1.4 mm,
width 50, 60, 80, 90, 100, 120 and 150 mm)
Used for FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
Consult latest PDS prior to any processing
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August 7, 2016

NSM
Sika CarboDur Type S is
also available in 20 mm
width or in circular
shape (8, 10, 12, 16
mm) for use as near
Near Surface Mounted
(NSM) type
reinforcement.

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKA CARBODUR TYPE S INSTALLATION
Consult latest Method
Statement prior to any
installation works.

Surface Preparation

Surface Testing

Application Sikadur-30

Application SD-30 to
Sika CarboDur plate

Transfer the Sika

CarboDur plates

Press firmly to
substrate

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKAWRAP TYPE C

Woven carbon fibre fabric with unidirectional fibres

Elastic tensile modulus > 230000 MPa
Tensile strength > 3900 MPa
Elongation at break > 1.43 %

Roll width 500 mm

Roll length 100 m (50 m if > 450 g/m2)
Wide range of fibre area densities (155, 200, 230, 300, 450,
530, 610 g/m2)
Used for FLEXURAL and SHEAR STRENGTHENING
Used for CONFINEMENT
Consult latest PDS prior to any processing
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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKADUR-330 (DRY APPLICATION METHOD)
Primer, putty, impregnating adhesive for dry applied
SikaWrap System
Thixotropic, 2 component epoxy resin based
Density 1.31 kg/l
Tensile strength > 30 MPa (@ 7 days)
Elongation at break > 0.9 % (@ 7 days)

Packaging in sets of 30 kg or 6 kg
24 months shelf life

Consult latest PDS prior to any processing

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKADUR-330 (DRY APPLICATION METHOD)
CONSISTENCY
The unique thixotropic
consistency of Sikadur330 allows for dry
application method in
case of fabric with an
area density of up to
500 g/m2.
Consult latest Method
Statement prior to any
installation works.

SEALING /
SATURATION
of the prepared
concrete substrate
with Sikadur-330

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August 7, 2016

PLACEMENT OF THE
DRY FABRIC
into the base layer of
Sikadur-330

LAMINATION OF
FABRIC
with special roller till
the Sikdur-330
squeezes through the
fabric

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKADUR-300 (WET APPLICATION METHOD)
Primer and impregnating adhesive for wet applied
SikaWrap System
Liquid, 2 component epoxy resin based
Density 1.16 kg/l
Tensile strength > 45 MPa (@ 7 days)
Elongation at break > 1.5 % (@ 7 days)

Packaging in sets of 30 kg or 10 kg
24 months shelf life

Consult latest PDS prior to any processing

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

SIKADUR-300 (WET APPLICATION METHOD)
CONSISTENCY
The liquid consistency
of Sikadur-300 allows
for wet application
method up to a fabric
area density of 1000
g/m2.
Consult latest Method
Statement prior to any
installation works.

IMPREGNATION
of the pre-cut fabric roils with
Sikadur-300

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August 7, 2016

LAMINATION OF WET FABRIC

onto the prepared concrete
substrate

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

STRENGTHENING WORKFLOW
SURVEY
1.) INFORMATION
ABOUT STRUCTURE
Re-establish history of
structure
Review documentation
Perform condition
survey

2.) PROCESS OF
ASSESSMENT
Diagnose defects
Analyze results
Identify root causes of
damages
Perform structural
assessment

3.) MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY
Evaluate repair
options
Select principles
Select methods
Consider health and
safety issues

6.) ACCEPTANCE OF
WORKS
Accept testing results
Accept finished work
Prepare finale
documentation
Define maintenance
strategy

5.) STRENGTHENING
WORKS
Assess health and
safety
Define QA/QC
Execute work

4.) DESIGN OF
STRENGTH. WORKS
Define substrate prep.
Define products
Define application /
equipment
Finalize specification /
drawings

HANDOVER
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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

DESIGN
DESIGN CODES
Several design codes are
generally accepted for
structural design of FRP
strengthening:
FIB Bulletin 14
Externally bonded FRP
reinforcement for RC
structures (Europe,
Africa, Middle East)
BENDING
Carbon fiber laminates only work
under tension. Hence it is necessary
to determine the position of the
tensile stresses along the element.

SHEAR
External CFRP stirrups are displayed
at the beams ends. The wrapping
scheme can be either complete (full
wrapping) or partial (U-wrapping or
The CFRP laminates are displayed lateral display).
longitudinally along the concretes
surface.

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August 7, 2016

ACI 440.2R
Guide for the design
and construction of
externally bonded FRP
systems for
strengthening concrete
structures (US, Latin
America, Asia, Pacific)

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

DESIGN CONFINEMENT
POISSONS EFFECT
The concrete column
expands radially under
axial load. This
expansion leads to the
collapse of the column,
as concrete has a very
limited tensile strength.
The confinement
reinforcement restricts
the radial expansion
and increases the axial
load bearing capacity.

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION
Fire protection mortars
can be used to protect
the CFRP strengthening
system against fire.
Example: 50mm of
Sikacrete-213F keeps
the CFRP temperature
at < 75 C for 60 minutes
(ISO 834 (ETK)
temperature curve).
In many cases no fire
protection is required
since reduced load
factors apply in case of
accidental fire scenario.

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

3RD PARTY TESTING
DEVELOPMENT
Sika actively contributed
to the development of
the CFRP strengthening
system right from the
initial development at
the EMPA, Switzerland.

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SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

3RD PARTY TESTING (CONT.)
Strengthening of reinforced concrete
with carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resins

Thesis ETH Zurich # 8918

1989

Static & dynamic tests on RC-Beams

strengthened with Sika CarboDur

Thesis ETH Zurich # 10199

(EMPA Report # 224)

1993

Fire Test with Sika CarboDur

Strengthened RC beams

EMPA Test Report # 148795

1994

Strengthening of masonry with heavy

duty fiber composite materials

Thesis ETH Zurich # 10672

(EMPA Report No 229)

1994

Testing the Sika roll-on process on voids

by infrared thermography

EMPA Test Report # 154490

1994

Static Loading tests on concrete beams

strengthened with Sika CarboDur

EMPA Test Report #

154490/1

1995

Loading Test on timber stairs

strengthened with Sika CarboDur

EMPA Test Report # 161782

1996

Sika CarboDur Shear tests on RC TBeams

EMPA Test Report #

169219/1+2

1998

Application of Sika CarboDur on

Vibrating RC Slabs

EMPA Test Report # 170569

1998

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August 7, 2016

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

APPROVALS
APPROVALS
Approval for the Sika
CarboDur and the
SikaWrap system are
available in many
countries.

Poland

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August 7, 2016

France

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

EXPERIENCE

1970

1991

1994

Long term test

Sikadur adhesive at
EMPA (ongoing!)

First application of
SikaWrap system

First application of
Sika CarboDur
system

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August 7, 2016

LONG TERM
EXPERIENCE
More than 45 years
experience with
Sikadur and more than
20 years experience
with SikaWrap and Sika
CarboDur System.

SIKA CARBODUR AND SIKAWRAP SYSTEM

COSTING
TOTAL COST
MATERIAL
COST
Plates
Adhesive
Bolts (steel plates)

Disruption to users
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August 7, 2016

INSTALLATION
COST
Site setup
Labor
Disruption to users

MAINTENANCE
COST
Protective coatings
Partial / total
replacement

Steel plate corrosion

TOTAL COSTING
Installation and
maintenance cost have
a big effect on the total
costing of the system
over the full life cycle

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
WHERE TO STRENGTHEN?

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
OVERVIEW
FLEXURE

SHEAR

CONFINEMENT

Beams
Slabs

Beams
Girders
Joints
Corbels

Columns
Foundations

Additional external,
flexural reinforcement
(tension only) to
increase bending
moment capacity

Additional external
shear reinforcement
(tension only) to
increase shear
resistance

Additional external
confinement
reinforcement to
increase the
compressive load
bearing capacity

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August 7, 2016

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
SLABS FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
BEAMS FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
BEAMS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

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August 7, 2016

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
BEAMS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (CONT.)
COMPLETE WRAPPING
Best performance is
achieved by fully
wrapping the SikaWrap
around the beam. Slots
through the sl

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August 7, 2016

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
BEAMS CORBEL REINFORCEMENT

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
COLUMNS CONFINEMENT

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
JOINTS CONFINEMENT

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
WALLS SHEAR AND FLEXURE

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
OPENINGS SLABS, BEAMS, WALLS

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
FOUNDATION AND PIERS CONFINEMENT

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
VARIOUS SUBSTRATES BRICK AND WOOD

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TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
SIKA SYSTEM
SOLUTION
Ther is a solution to
virutally every structural
strengthening problem
with the Sika
Carbodur and the
SikaWrap system.

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August 7, 2016

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION