Miles Kim

4.11.2016
Central Dogma
Bio 164 Genetics and Evolution
Genetics
Study of how living things inherit features from previous
generations
The code inside every cell of your body (and every living
organism) that affects how you look/feel/learn/interact
Understanding that code lets us understand
o Ourselves
o Disease
o Pets/livestock/pathogens
o Evolution!
Personal genotyping services
o Based on sequencing DNA
How do we know DNA is the genetic material?
o Griffith Experiment
o Hypothesis: Genetic information could be transferred
between strains of bacteria
Rough strain (nonvirulent)/ smooth strain (virulent)
Rough strain (mouse lives)/ Smooth strain (mouse
dies)
Heat-Killed smooth strain (mouse lives)
Rough strain & heat killed smooth strain killed
smooth strain mouse dies
o Conclusion: There is a transforming principle the transfer
information between bacterial cells
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944)
o Hypothesis: A biochemical material (DNA, RNA or Protein)
is responsible for Griffiths transforming principle
Took heat killed smooth cells, and rather than mouse
experiment put into tube and divided three parts,
one part that killed all RNA, one part that killed no
DNA.
Add R cells
Treat with proteinase that doesnt change the bacteria.

Issues with Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty a biochemical material

9DNA, RNA or Protein) is responsible for Griffiths transforming
principle
Hershey and Chase:
DNA is the hereditary material.
Bacteria phages, known at the time phages only contained
protein and DNA. Simplified system before and all these
materials. They knew that just like virus allowed this virus to
replicate. They knew is protein or DNA.
Labeled protein with radioactivity, proteins dont have
phosphorus in them.
Way scientist which material can be passed down. Allowed them
to infect bacteria and put in them the blender. The blender
should have gotten the bacteria phase.
If scientists find 35S pellet and progeny phage but no 32P, they should
conclude:
D. Phage protein is the genetic material
Conclusion: Avery, MacLeod and McCarty were correct. DNA is the
molecule transmitting hereditary information
What is DNA?
That simplicity all the information for the incredible diversity of
life. The 4 bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine).
Base Pair
Sugar, phosphate, backbone.
Central Dogma:
DNA replicates itself DNA RNA
DNA transcribed RNA
RNA Polymerase
o Translation (RNA Protein)
RNA
Ribosome
Protein
Transcription:
Coding sequence
Template strand, what is the RNA, It is double stranded molecule
that has bases that hand down.

Complementary base here that pair up. This is the coding strand,
This is the strand. To make RNA, you want the RNA to copy of
the coding strand.
RNA comes in and makes pair with that template strand. You
have the same exact in the template have.
Polymerase but slightly have different sugar backbone.

Everything else is the almost exact same.

Translation DNA got copied to RNA got shuttled to the Ribosome.
The code of the RNA, things called the codon groups of 3 bases, each
code for a different amino acids.

Amount of diversity, 4 bases to go to 4 amino acids. Each of

three bases, codes for a different amino acids. Scans along,
attaching the right amino acid. The mRNA its called translation.
Messenger RNA.

Genetic Code

o DNA (coding strand): ATG GTG GCG TTA CTC TGC TGA
o Transcribe into RNA: AUG GUG GCG UUA CUC UGC UGA
Change all Ts to Us.
RNA to the Amino Acids:
o AUG GUG GCG UUA CUC UGC UGA ---o Met Val Ala Leu Leu Cys Stop
Amino Acids
o Primary structure
o Secondary Structure
o Tertiary Structure
o Quaternary structure
o Just know that from amino acids get quaternary structures
that allow proteins to work.
Protein structure determines function
That pigment, human telomere protein. This is a DNA binding
protein. Forms of barrel that allows you get out of the cell.
DNA order forms, RNA order of those amino acids. Determine
structure of the proteins.

Protein Folding Diseases

Have globs of protein
Form these great big masses

Mad cow disease infectious protein. DNA genetic

material. These diseases have a protein, it gets into your
cell. Alzheimers giant globs of protein.
1 unhealthy protein, in the cell.

Structure Protein requires for life, primary amino acids sequence is a

direct result of the DNA sequence.