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54
P
POLI T I CA L
H I STOR Y
OF A N C I E N T
I N D IA
ACC E S S IO N O F P A R IK S H IT TO T H E
E X TI N C T IO N O I T H E G U P T A D YNA S T Y
FR OM TH E
BY
H E M C H A N D R A R A Y C H A U D H U R I, M A
.
P H .D
CA
'
E,
P UB
LI S H E D
UN I V E R S I T Y
BY
O F CA L C U T T A
1 923
PR EF ACE
P R EFA CE
ii i
'
'
'
Tr a d i ti o n
H
Ju ly 1 6 ,
PA G E .
LI N E
26
13
50
15
S3 E
Sank
Tr i a n
the
23
12
7
1 54
1 65
31
1 66
P 1 11
Grama
ush as
3,
1 70
33
Y u d h i s th i ra
1 70
34
Ava m b i k a
add add A
P ra
1 77
K al i n la
1 81
35
reverence
I BV
K i el h orn
1 86
33
191
21 7
M aurya
Puranas
221
23
i n en ti e d
2 33
36
86 1
2 38
18
Ji h on i a
2 38
27
Yasi
2 38
28
N ad as i
2 43
l4
s
z4
k amu d h a
-
Kas a Arta
-
P e sh w ar
15
1 03
24
58
Jt aj ati raj a.
2 54
:
14
s
Z o roastri an
2 55
11
99
2 63
20
B al asri
:
2 64
34
matro n ym ic
2 68
19
P a l lava
2 76
32
co la i r
E R R A TA
PAGE
LIN E
F OR
P r i t h li v i s e n a
2 7 7 if
2 78
35
D a vak a
2 79
:
24
S uk u l i d e Sa
2 86
2 86
26
D a b h al a
301
303
V i s h y a p a ti
24
G a u d as
C O NT E NT S
PAR T
F R OM
T H E A C C E S S II O N
I
O F P A R I K S H I T TO
C O R O N A TI O N O F B I M BI S AR A
T HE
P AG E
word
Age of the P ari k s h i ta s
The A ge of the G reat J anaka
The L ater V ai d e h a s of M i th i la
Th e D eccan in the Age of the L ater V a i d e h a s
The S ix tee n M a h aj a n a pa d as
The F all o f K 21 8 i and th e Ascendan cy of K o sa l a
Kingship
PA R T I I
F
OM
IH E
'
O N A TI O N O F B l ms l s AR A I O
E X TI N C TI O N OF T H E G U P T A D Y N A S T Y
THE
'
COR
Fore w ord
95
TH E
ISE
OF
M A GA D H A
'
C O N TE N T S
ii
T H E P E R S I AN
M AC E D ON I A N
A ND
I NV AS I ON S
P AG E
E MP I R E
ER
TH E
122
D I G V IJA Y A
OF
A M M A V I JA Y A
AND
1 55
1 58
TH E
ER A
D ECLI N E
OP
TH E
SU NGA E M P I R E
AND
G R EEK S
THE
F ALL
OF
TH E
IN D o G R E E K
-
1 97
211
M AGA D H A N
P O WE R S
AND
215
216
225
ULE
The S a k as
The P ah lavas or Parthia n s
The K us h ans
IN
1 83
1 69
B ACT R I AN
Th e R eig n of P u sh ya mi t ra
A gn i m i t ra an d h i s successors
TH E
1 37
TH E
N OR TH ER
N I NE IA
2 30
2 42
C O N T E N TS
ii i
PA G E
S C Y T H I AN R
U LRE
IN
WE BT E R N
SO U TH E R N
IN D I A
T h e K s h ah a ratas
AN D
A B B R E V I AT I O N S
Bu d I n d .
.
C am b. E d.
Ca r m
L ec.
C hh U p
.
C I I
.
D i alo g u es
Ed
E H I
.
E p . In d
G az .
G E
Go p B r
.
a ri v .
an
d F.
I nd A n t .
.
I nd .
Li t
I n v . Al ex
J
J A
S. B.
J B O
.
J R A S
K au s h U p
.
ha
A BB R E V I A TIO NS
x vi
K ant .
A. S . 1 .
M at .
M bh
N k y
Ind .
V i z . D i s t . G az
Z.
D M
.
Gr .
P O LI T I C A L H I S T OR Y O F I N D I A
PA R T I
F ro m t h e A cce s s i o n
C o ro n a t i o n
Pa r i k s h i t t o t h e
of
of
B i m b i s a ra
F O R E WO R D
immediately succeedi n
the famous war w aged o n the
banks o f the J u m na bet w ee n the sons of Ku ru and the
P O L ITI CA L
ii
I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
SOU R C E S
S O UR C E S
iii
o f the C h h an d o g ya U panishad pp
P rofessor
Macdonell ( History of Sanskri t L ite rature pp 1 8 9 2 0 2
2 0 3 2 2 6 ) and o t h ers
I I The second class com prises B rah manical works to
which no denite date ca n be assi gned b u t large portions
of which i n th e O pi n ion o f com peten t critics belong to
the post B i m bi s ar i a n period To this class be long the
Ram aya na the Mah abh arata a n d the Purana s The
present Ram aya na n ot on ly m en tions B uddha Tath agata
II
but
d
is
tin
ctly
refers
to
the
s
truggles
of
the
1
9
0
(
H indus with m ixed hordes of Y a va n a s and S akas m
K
i
s h k i n d h va
5
4
I
In
the
K
d
a
a
n
m
(
u ri va places
IV
the
country
o
f
the
S
1
1
4
3
g
(
the
Y ava n as and the cities of the S akas be twee n
coun try of the Kurus and the Madras and the Him alayas
This shows that the G r aeco Scy thians at that tim e
occupied parts of the Pa nj ab
As regards the prese n t Mah abh arata H opkins says
Grea
t
E
pic
uddhist
supremacy
O f India pp 3 9 1
B
(
already decaden t is im plied b y passages which allude
contempt u ously to the ed k a s or Buddhis tic monuments
as hav ing ous ted the temples o f th e gods Th us i n III
They will revere e d ka s they will ne g lect the
gods ; to 6 7 the earth shall be piled with e d k as not
adorn ed w ith god h o u se s
With such expressions may
be compared the thorough ly B u ddhistic epithet C atur
m ah ar aj i k a in X I I 3 3 9 40 and Buddhis tic philosophy
iv
PO
L ITI CA L
I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
away
The P u ranas w hich contai n lis ts of kings of the Kali
Age can not be placed earlier than the th ird or fourth
cent u ry A D because th ey re fer to the Andhra kin gs
an d even to the pos t And hras
I t is clear from what has been stated above that the
E pics and Puranas i n their presen t shape are la te works
which are n o better sui t ed to serve as the f oundation of
the history of the pre B i m b i s ar i a n age than the t ales of
the M a h av a msa and the A s o k ava d an a are adapte d to
form the bases of chronicles o f the doings o f the gre a t
Maurya A t the sam e time we shall not be j ustied in
rej ecting their e vidence wholesale because much of it
The warnin g to handl e
i s undoubtedly old and valuabl e
critically which Dr S mith considered necessary with
regard to the Ceylonese chronic les is certain ly a ppl i
c a ble to the Sansk rit E pics an d P uranas
III The third class o f li terature comprises Br ahm a
i
i
B
m
b
s
a
an
works
o
f
the
post
period to which a
r
i
l
a
i
c
n
denite date may be a ssig n ed
the A r t h a sas tr a o f
the M a h a
K an ti l ya who ourished in f ourth cen tury
etc The value
b h as h ya of P a ta j a li ( second century
as dated literatu re o f these i mportan t works can hardl y be
overestimated They form sheet an chors i n the troubled
India n chronology Their evidence with regard to
se a o f
the pre B i m bi sar i a n age is certainly inferior to that of
the Brah m a na s and the Upanish ads b ut the very fact
th a t such information as they con tain comes from persons
of known date ma k es it more val uable than the E pic and
P a u rani c tradition the anti q uity and au then ticity o f which
can always be called i n question
IV To the f our th class belon g the B udd h ist Suttas
Vinaya tex ts and the J ata k as Most of these works are
.
TH E AG E
OF
THE
P AR I K S H IT A S
R aj o
v i s va a n i n a s y a
V a i Sv an aras ya
yo
d e v o m a rtyam ati
s u s h u t i m a s u n o ta
P a r i ch ch h i n n a h k s h e m a m a k a r o t
P a r i k s h i ta h
tam a
as a n a m ach a r an
K u l ay an k r i n v a n K a u r a v y a h p a t i r v a d a t i j ay a y a
K a ta r at ta ah aran i dadhi m an t h am pari s r u ta m
Jayah patim vi
sa
h pa kk ah patho b i la m
b h ad ram e d h a t i r as h tr e r aj ii a h P a r i k s h i ta h
A b h i vasv ah
J anah
fi
a
j h P a r i k s h i ta h
h
h
a ti ras h r e ra
r
i
h
c
c
p
pra j ih i te
y a va
i k i n g P a r i k sh i t
P O L ITI C A L H I S TO R Y OF I N D I A
l
kingdo m of king P a r ik s h i t
Veda
B
m
oo
e
ld
A
t
h
a
v
r
a
(
pp 1 9 7
R oth and Bloomeld r e gard P a rik s h i t in the A t h arva
Veda not a s a hu man kin g at all But Z imm er and
O ld enberg recognise P ari k sh i t as a real kin g a vi ew
support ed by the f act that in the A i tare ya a n d Sata pa tha
B rahmanas king J an am e j a ya bea rs the patron ym ic Parik
l
the
fol
owin g pass a ge of the A i ta r e ya
s hi ta
Of
Brah ma na ( V III
sh e
o
y
R eferring to kin g
P ar i k s h i t
o f P ra ti pa
Now the E pic has reall y two P a ri ks h i ts
one a s o n of A vi k s h i t or A n a va and an ancestor of
P r a t i Sr a v a s and P r a ti pa the other a descendan t of P r a t i pa
and a s o n of A bh i m an y u ( Mah abh arata Ad i p ar va
and
We shall call the former Pa r i k s h i t
I and the latter P a r i k sh i t I I Was P a r i k s h i t I of
the E pic iden tical with th e Vedic P a r i k s h i t ? Th e Ved ic
P a ri k s h i t had four sons nam ely Ja n a m ej a ya U gras e n a
B h i m a se n a and Sru ta s e n a ( Vedic Index Vol 1 p
The Epic P a r i k s h i t I on th e other hand had onl y one
son ( B h i ma s e n a ) accor din g to Ch apter 9 5 verse 42 of
th e Ad i parva of the Mah abh arata and seven sons ( Ja na
mej aya K a k s h ase n a U gras en a C h i tra s e n a In d ras e n a
S h s h e n a and Bh i m a s en a ) accordin g t o Chapter 9 4 verses
54 55 and amon g these the name of Sr u ta s e n a does not
occur E ven Jan am e j aya is omitted i n C hapter 9 5 and in
the .IaVa tex t ( J R AS
The E pic poe t therefore w a s
not q ui te sure wh et her this Pa r i k s h i t ( I ) w as the father o f
O n the other h a n I accordin g
Ja n a m ej a y a and Sr u tas e n a
.
'
PO L ITI CA L
H I STO R Y
OF
I N DI A
m ataram
I a s yam bhav an Ja n a m e j a yah
The M a tsya Purana says ( Mat 50 57 )
.
'
A b h i m a n y o h P ar i k s h i t tu p u tra h pa ra p u r a j a ya h
J a n a mej ay ah P a r i k sh i tah pu trah para m ad h arm i k ah
This
Ja n a m ej a y a
saha bh ratr ib h i h
bh rata r a
s t ra
B h i m ase n a
and
U gras e n a
Ja n am ej a yah
sa t ra m
K u r u k s h e tre d i r gh a
no
r u t a se n a
S
ras
U
e
h
g
y
P ar i k s h i ta h
ta sya
B h i mas e n a
iti
u
s
t
e
a
p
( M bh I 3
Parti culars regarding the s o n and successor of the
Vedic P a ri k s h i t agree well with what we know of the
son and successor o f the E pic an d P a u rani c P ar i k s h i t II
Ja n a m e j a ya the son of the Vedic P a r i k s h i t is m en tioned
in the Sa ta pa t h a B rahmana as a performer of the AS v a
m e dha The priest who performed th e sacrice for him
was I n d r o ta D a i vapa S au naka O n the other hand the
A i ta r e ya Br ah ma na wh ic h also m en tion s h i s A s va m e d h a
names Tura K ava s h e ya as his priest T h e s ta tem en ts of
the Sa ta pa th a and A i ta r e y a Brahm a nas are apparen tly
coni cting and can only be reconciled i f we surmise that
J an a m ej a ya perform ed two horse sacrices Is there an y
evidence that h e actually did so ? Curiously enough the
Puran as give th e eviden ce which is n eeded The Matsya
Pur ana spea kin g of Ja n a m ej ay a the grandson of Abhi
manyu and the son of P a r i k s h i t II says :
.
D v i ra s v a m e d h a m ah ri ty a m a h av aj a sa n e y ak ah
P r a v a r ta y i t va ta m s a r va m
rish i m
V aj a sa n e y a k a m
V i v ad e B rah m a n a i h s ar dd h a m a bh i a p t o
vana m y ayan
( M at
50 . 6 3
II
R A YC H A U D H U R I
u ded to in the
arrel
with
th
e
B
r
h
ma
as
all
a
n
q
last lin e i s also m en tioned in th e A i t a r e ya Brahm ana
1
1
v
(
P a ri k s h i t I I has th us a greater claim than P a r i k s h i t I
to be re garded as iden tical with the Vedic P a r i k s h i t
I t is however possible that P a r i k s h i t I an d P a r i k s h i t II
were really o n e and the sam e i nd ivid ual b u t th e E pic
and P a u rani c poets had som e do u b ts a s to whether he
was to be regarded as an an cestor or a d escendan t of the
Pand avas The fac t that n ot on ly th e nam e P a r i k s h i t
bu t the names of most o f th e sons ( in the Vish nu Purana
the names of all the sons ) are com m on to bo th points
sa
m
e
conc
lusion
We
sh
all
S
how
later
that
a
o the
t
Ku ru prin ce n am ed A b h i p r a tar i n K ak s h a s en i
th e s o n
o f K a k s h as e n a ) was one of the im mediate successors o f
the Vedic J a n a m ej a ya K a k s h a s e n a th u s a pp e ars to have
bee n a very n e ar relation of Ja n am e j a y a Now a p r i n ce
of th at name actually appears as a brother of J a n a m e j a ya
an d a s o n of P a r i k s h i t I i n chapter 9 4 of th e Mah ab h arata
T his f act seem s to iden tify the Vedic P ar i k s h i t wi th
P ari k s h i t I of th e E pic
B u t w e have alre ady seen that
ar e
i n favour of an iden ticati on with
o t h e r fac ts
P a r i k s h i t I a n d P a r i k s h i t I I therefo re
P ar i k sh i t I I
a p ea r to hav e been really on e and the sam e individual That
p
ther e was a good d e a l of conf u sion regard ing the parentage
o f P a r i k s h i t an d th e ex a c t position of th e kin g and h i s
sons in the Kuru genealog y is apparen t from the dyn astic
lists given by th e G reat E pic an d th e Vish nu Pu rana
The latter work says ( IV 2 0 1 ) P a r i k s h i to Jan am e j a ya
I t then
Sru tas e n o g ra s e n a B h i m a se n aSC h a t vara h
gives the nam es of Kuru princes down to the P andu s and
P a r i k sh i t I I a n d adds ( I V 2 1 1 )
A ta hpar am bhavi
s h yan a h a mb h m i palan k i r t a i s h e
sam ra t a m
m
o
a
Y
y
y
p
y
a van i p a t ih ta s yapi
Ja na m e j a ya Sr u ta s e n o g ra s e n a Bh i ma
Th e
'
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
'
'
'
'
C . R A YC H A U D H U R I
w as also
i
s ch e l
Accordin
g
to
P
there
h
in K u ru k s h e t ra a stream called Pastv a
The capital o f the k in gdom w a s Asa n d i va n t ( Vedic
I ndex Vol I p
This city w a s probably iden tical
with H as t i n a p u ra th e capi ta l which w as ab a ndoned b v
N i ch a k s h u th e f am ous descendan t of P a r i k s h i t when he
removed to K a u samb i
A n ya t a
ak s h a
l
p
'
tasm in nagare
G a nga yap a h r i te
T y ak tva N i ch a k s h u
n a g a ra rn
( Pa r g i t e r
N agas ah va ye
K au Sam byam s an i va ts y a t i
D y n as t i es o f
K al i
t he
A ge ,
R A YC H A U D H U R I
M a h apa d m
ab h i s h e k at t u
Y ava j j a n m a Pa r i k s h i ta h
E v e rn varsha s a h a s ra mtu
J fi e ya m p a casad u tta ra m
'
D y n t i es o f
P
i
t
r
e
a
r
,
(
g
K al i
t he
as
A g e,
'
PO
"
OI I N DI A
L IT I CA L H I S TO R Y
fro m U d d ala k a A r u ni
V ol x x rx p
(s B
Om ! Ne w
ar
oted
above
i
t
is
cle
th
at
q
Sank h ay a n a was separated by two gen erations from
the time o f U d d al a k a w h o w a s separated by s i x
generations f rom th e ti m e of Jan a m e j ay a Sank b aya n a
therefore ourished eigh t genera tions after Jana
I f this
m ej a y a and nin e generation s after P a r i k sh i t
identical
Sank h aya n a ( G u n ak h ya Sank h ay an a ) be
with th e author of th e Sank h aya n a G r i h y a S utra he
must have been a contemporary of ASva lay a n a beca u se
they m ention each other i n th eir respec tive works The
P ra s n a Upanishad tells us that As v a laya n a was a Kau
salya t e an inhabitant of K o eal a and a contemporary
of K ava n d h i K aty ay an a These facts enable us to
identify him with A ssalaya n a of S ava t th i m entioned
i n the M aj j h i m a N i k aya II 1 47 ci seq ) as a con temporary
o f Gotama B u ddha and h ence o f Kakuda or P ak u d h a
K ach ch ay a n a
Con se q uently As va laya n a m ust have
lived in the sixth cen tury B C
I f the identication of
G u nak h y a Sank h ay a n a with t h e G r i h ya S ut ra k ara be
correct t hen he too m ust have lived in the sixth cen
tu ry B C Pro f essor R hys D avids in his Buddhis t S uttas
assi gns 1 50 years to the ve Theras from U pali to
Mahinda We may therefore a ssign 2 7 0 years to the
nine generations from P a r i k s h i t to Sank h aya n a and p la ce
It is however
P a r i k s h i t i n the nin th ce n t u r v B C
u
'
10
R A YC H A U D H U R I
'
'
Asa n d i va t i
d h an y ad a m r u k m i na m h a r i t a
A Sva m b a ba n d h a S ar a n ga m d e v e b h y o
s ra a
J a n a m e j ay a iti
bh m i ,
a paramount sovereig n
ma m e va mv i d a yaj a y a n t i tasm a
daham j a yam y a bh i t var i m sen am j a yam y ab h i t va r ya s e n a ya
E v amvi d a m hi
vai
O F T II E
AG E
P A R I K S III I A
'
ll
of the horse sacri ces and says that the priest who per
form ed the sacrice f or hi m w a s I n d r o ta D a i vapi Sauna
k a The A i tare y a Br ah mana men tions the other sacrice
an d names
Tura K ava s h eya as his priest I t also con
tai ns a tale statin g t hat at one sacrice of h is he did not
em ploy the K asy apas bu t the B h ta v l ra s Thereupon a
fami ly o f the Ka syapas called Asita m riga forcibly took
away the conduct o f the O ffering from th e B h ii ta vi ra s
We have here probably the ge rm of the P a u rani c stories
about Jan a m ej a ya s dispute with the Brahmanas A n
allusion to this q uarrel occurs also i n K a n ti l y a s A rth as
K o paj Ja n a m ej a yo B rah m a n e s h u v i k ran ta h
as tra ( C f
The G o pa th a B rahmana narrates an an ecdote of
Ja n a m ej a ya and two ganders poin t i n g out the importance
of B ra h m a ch ary a and the tim e wh ich should be devoted
The story is absurd but it shows tha t J a n a m ej a ya
to it
was already looked upon as an an cient hero in th e time
o f th e G Opa th a B rahma n a T h e R am ayana also refers
to Ja n a m ej a ya as a great king of the pa st
Ja n a m ej a y a s capital accordin g to a g ath a q uoted in
t h e Sa ta pa th a and A i ta re ya Br ahmanas was As a n d i va n t
probably ide n tical wi t h t h e famous ci ty of H as ti n a p u r a
mentioned not on ly in the Mah abh arata bu t also in the
Ram ayana I I 6 8 1 3 and th e A s h tad h y ay i o f Panini VI
The gath a has been q uoted above in co n nection
2 1 01
with th e king s con q ues t s I ts m eanin g is g iven below
I n As n d i vat J n m ej ay a bo n d f o r t h e g o d a b l ck s p o tt ed
w i t h y e llo w
r
d
o
r
ed w i t h a g ol d e n o r a m e n t a n d
a i n e ti n g h o rse
g
r
l
ands
g
,
( E g ge l m g
S at
B r ., V , p .
v
t
y
p
o
r
p
f
l
o
f
e
l
i
o
r
p
l
o
f
u
l
t
h
e
t
c
o
h
e
o
s
q
)
(
s an
'
m eJ
a a
y
P O L I T I CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
l2
Y ato yata
ava r t a te
a s vab h i ra k s h a t i .
Kur u n
Jataka ( J ataka No 49 5) a ki n g
of the stock of
Y u d d h i tth i l a
reigning i n the kin gdom o f Kuru and
the city ca lled I n d a pa t ta is distin ctly ca lled K o ra vya
i
K au rav ya
belon ging to the Kuru race
Al r ead y i n the tim e of A v a lay a n a s G ri h ya S tra
s
4
V
a
i
a m paya n a was kn own as M a h abh ar a tach ar a
I
I
I
)
(
y
V ai a m pay a n a is also m en tioned i n the T a i t t i r i y a Aran
yaka ( I 7 5) and the A s h tad h yay i of Panin i ( I V 3
Whether V a i Sa m p aya n a was a contem pora ry o f
J a n am ej ay a or n o t ca n n ot be ascerta ined at the pr es ent
,
A G E O F T H E PA R I K S H IT A S
T he
M u e h ya t e
Jay e
sarva
n am e t ih as o
e bh y o
a
p p
a
y
R ah u na
Sro ta vy o
Chandram a yath a
i j i g i s h u na
Mbh
d
i
A
(
.
J an ain e j a y a s brothers
th e
appear in
62
tas e n a
'
'
Sa tan i k a
Ja n a m e j a y a
w as
succeeded by
an d successor w a s A s v a m e
F rom A Sva m e d h ad a t ta was bor n A d h i s i m a
d h a d a tta
krish na A d h i s i m a k r i s h na s son w a s N i ch a k s h u D urin g
kin g N i ch ak s h u s re i gn th e city o f H as t i n a p u r a is said
to have be e n ca r r i e d away by the Gange s and the kin g
i s said to have trans f erred his capi ta l to K a u sam bi ( P a r
of
D
ynasties
the
Kali
Age
p
i
t
er
g
.
so n
'
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO R Y O I I N D I A
I4
T h e V edic
'
P O L IT I C A L H I S TO R Y
14
Th e
TH E
AG E
THE
OF
IN DIA
OF
G R E A T JA N A x A
sa c ri c e r s go
Conse q uen tly the P ar i k sh i ta s ( sons o f P a r i k s h i t )
must at that tim e have been ex tinc t Y e t th eir life and
end m ust have been still f resh in the mem ory o f the
people and a subj ec t of gen eral curiosity
I t is n ot possible to determin e with precision the
exac t chronological relation bet w een Ja n a m e j a ya and
Janaka E pic and P a u rani c tradition seem s to regard
them a s con te mporaries T hus the Mah abh arata says that
.
OF
AG E
TH E
G R EAT J A N A K A
l7
U d d al a k a
Mbh
Adi
(
.
53
'
PO
18
L IT I C A L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
J an a m ej a ya T u ra
K av ash e ya
Y aj a v a ch a s R aj as ta m b ay a n a
K u sri
Sandi ly a
V at s ya
V am ak a k s h ay a n a
M ah i t th i
Y aj a va l k y a
Kan ts e
M anda v y a
Asu ri
As u ray ana
M and k ay a n i
P r as mi pu t ra
Safi j i v i p u t r a
Saj i v i pu t ra
'
J a n aka
As u r i vas i n
h as
AG E
OF
TH E
G R EAT J A N A K A
19
G a ndak l nch a
M a h as o na m S ad an tram ta t h a i va ch a
We
P a r g i te r identies the S a d an tr a with the R apti
learn from the S u r u ch i J ataka ( 489 ) that the measure
of the whole kingdom o f V i d e h a was three hu nd red
leagues I t consisted of
villages ( J
,
M i th i la
Accordin g t o t he R am ayana
the royal family
Nimi His s o n
O f M i th i la was founded by a kin g named
was Mithi and M i th i s son was J anaka I The epic the n
con tinues the genealog y t o Janaka I I ( fa ther of S i ta) and
.
P O L ITI C A L
20
his
brother
IS TO R Y O F I N D I A
K u Sa d h va j a ,
bhud
D h r i te s t u V a h u IaSV O
Tasmin
san t i s h
v am o
th a t e
V a h u l aSV a
sutah K r i ti h
J a n ak an am m a h at m an am
V ay u P u r i n a ( 8 9
,
AG E
OF
TH E
G R E A T J AN A K A
21
am I to abide ?
To the east of this ri ver be t hy
abode
he replied E ven n ow the writer of the
Sata p a th a B rah m ana adds this forms th e boundary
betwee n the K o sa l as and the V i d e h a s The name of the
second k ing in the epic and the P a u rani c lists Mithi
V a i d e h a is rem iniscen t of M ath a v a V i d e gh a
If M at h a va V id e gh a was the founder of the royal
line of M i t hi la Nimi Nem i o r q a m i must be a later kin g
of V i d e h a In the Nimi J ataka N i mi is said to have
M i th i la
..
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
22
M i th i la s
palaces m a y burn
n a u gh t o f m ine i s burned t h ereby
B ut
indeed reminds
us
we nd the same
M i th i la
bh a va t i M a i th i le n a gi ta rn
N a ga ra m u pah i ta m a g n i n ab h i vi k s h ya
Api cha
Na
kh al u
m a m a h i d a h y a t e tra ki ch i t
S va ya m i d a mah a
kila sma
bh m i pala h
he w a s a greater personage th an a R aj an
Although
there is n o trace in the Vedic literature of the use of th e
word Samr aj
as E m peror in the sense of a n overlord
of kin gs still the Sa ta pa th a Brahmana distin ctly says that
t he Samraj w a s a higher authority than a Raj an
by
o ff ering th e R aj a s ya he becom es king and by the
V aj ape y a he becom es Sam r aj ; and the o fce of kin g is
the lower and that of Sam raj th e h igher ( S at B r V
.
..
XI I
Sr a u ta S at ra X
-
s acr i
cer
XIV
In
As va laya n a
P O L ITI C A L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
24
P u s h k a rava ti .
G an dh ara
Ta k s h as y a
vi sh a
dik eb u
( Vay P r
u ana
ta y o h
8 8 1 8 9 1 9 0 Cf
-
p a ryan
v i k h y ata r a m ya
v i ras y a v i kh y ata
P u s h k ar a s y api
u
i
d
h
s
d
e
e
,
y
m a h at m a n oh
T a k s h a Si la
puri
P u s h k a rava ti .
Ra m ay a na
ii
[ 1 4.
'
'
A GE
OF
G R E A T J A N A KA
TH E
Dr R . L . M
.
i tr
a s
tr
an sl a
t i o of t h
n
C h h an d o g y a U pa n
ih d
s
p 1 1 4.
.
P O L ITI C A L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
26
U bh a u
P ure
Bharata Sa tr u gh n au
R aj a gr i h e
ra
mye
K e k ay e sh u p ar a n tapau
m atam a h a n i veSan e
( R am . I I
,
II
67 .
n
6 8.
'
OF
AG E
Y u d h aj i t
and
K a i ke y i
G R E A T J AN A KA
THE
27
1
I
nd
An
t
p
Se ya v i ya
1
9
8
(
M a d r a rou ghly correspond s t o Si alkot and i ts adj a
cen t dis tricts i n the central P a j ab I ts capital w a s
S akala or S ag a l a n a ga r a ( m odern Si alkot ) This city i s
mentioned in the Mah abh arata ( II
and several
Jatakas ( e
Jataka No 47 9 Kusa
K al i n gab o d h i
Jataka No
T h e name o f the ruler of Madra
in the t i me of Janaka is n ot known
The B r i h ada
Upanishad says that Madra w as the n ative
r any a k a
land of K apya P a ta ii ch a la ( see p 1 6 cm tc ; Weber Ind
L it p
one of the teachers of the celebrated
Up III
The Madra
U d d ala k a Ar u ni ( B r i h ad
people were divided into two sections The southern
Madras lived i n the P a j ab B ut the northern Madras
kn own as U ttara Mad ras are referred to in the A i t are ya
Brah m ana a s livin g beyond the Him alayas in the
neighbourhood of the U ttara Kurus
probabl y as
T h e Madras
Z im mer co nj ectures in the land of K as m tr
are represented in the Mah abh arata and the Jatakas a s
livi n g under a monarchical constitution
The country of the Usi n a r a s was situated i n the
M a d h ya d e s a
The A i t a re va Brahm ana ( V II I 1 4) says
a s am d h r u va am m a d h a m a am
a t i s h th a arn dis i
r
y
y
y
y
p
y
lie the realms of the Kuru P a ri ch alas t ogether with
Va sas and U si n a ra s In the K a u s h i ta k i U pan ishad
.,
'
'
P O L IT I C A L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
28
'
U si n a res h u d i ch y es h u
In t he
edited
by
Pandit
D
urg
a
(
pras ad an d K as i n at h P an d u r a n g Parab t hird edition p 5)
san cti fy in g
U S In ara gi r i is placed near K a n a k h a la the
place of pilgrimage at the poi n t where the G an ges
'
'
AGE
OF
TH E
G R E AT J A N A K A
29
V i ratan a ga ra sa mi
was
U pap lav ya ( M b h IV
.
t
ra m .
t
h
a
ar
n
a
as
n
a
a
p
g
ma r s h i
T h e Sat ap at h a
Br a hmana ( XI II 5 4 9 ) m en ti o ns a
asan D v a i ta v an a who celebrated
M atsya kin g named t
the horse sacrice near th e Sarasvati The B ra hmana
quotes the f o llowing g a th a
.
1.
F ourte en steeds
battle
did
king
D va i t a v a n a ,
victorious in
whe nce the lake
V r i t r a h an ,
P OL ITI CAL
30
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
M a ta ch i h a te s h u K u r u s h u ati k ya saha j ay a ya U s h a s ti r
ha C h ak r aya na i b h y a gr a m e prad r ana k a u v as a
O ne
co mm en tator took M a ta ch i t o mean rakta varnab
kshudra pak sh i v i s e s h ah Professor B h a n d a r k ar says
that the explan atio n of this com men tat o r is co n r m
Mata
ed by th e fact that M
a ta ch i
is a S an s k r i ti s e d form
now n O
ana
of the well know
Canarese
w o rd m i d i ch e
which
it 81 s
Kittel
s D
D ictionary a s a grassh o pper
i s explained by K
Jan ak a
l o cu st
1st
of Ja n a m ej a y a s successors be
If the Pur aniicc 1list
accepted as historical then it w o uld appear that
N i ch a k sh u w as probably the Kuru king i n the time
of J anaka
1.
J an am e j aya
Satan i k a
3.
A s vam e d h ad atta
4
1
A dh i si mak ri sh na
N i ch a k sh u
D a i vapa
5.
P OL I TI CAL
32
I ST O RY O F I N D I A
observes ( Buddha p 40 4)
We are to look to n d
i n the pe o ple o f the P a nch ala s of the stock of the
P a nch ala s
The
.,
AG E O F
en ough the
TH E
G R E A T J AN A K A
J a taka ( N o
S o m a n a ss a
Pa ch al an a ga ra i n K u r u ra tth a
33
places Uttara
50 5)
P r a vah a na
P O L ITI CAL
34
IS T O RY O F I N D IA
The Ka s is
t h e pe o p l e of K as i rst appear in th e
P a i ppa lad a recen si o n o f the A t h a r va Ve d a ( Ved Ind I I
The y w er e cl o sel y connecte d with the people
116
o f K o s a la and of V i d e h a
J a l a Jat k a r ny a is men tione d
in the Sankh ay a n a Sra u ta S atra ( XVI 2 9 5) as havin g
obtained the positio n of P u r oh i t a o f the three pe o ples of
K a s i V i d e h a an d K o se la in the life time of Sv e ta k e tu a
contemporary of J anaka C uriously en ough a kin g nam ed
J anaka is men tioned i n the S a tt u b h a s ta J a taka ( No 40 2 )
rei gnin g in Benares This J anaka cannot be the
as
J anaka of the Upanishads f o r w e learn from thos e works
that i n the ti me of the famous J anaka Aj a tas atru w a s o n
the thron e of K a si
Very little is k no w n regardin g th e an c e stors of
Aj a tas atru H i s n a me does n ot o ccu r in the P a u rani c
lists of K a s i sove reigns ( V av u 9 2 2 1 74 Vish nu IV
n or does the nam e o f D hritara sh tra kin g o f K a si
8 2
w ho was defeated by Sa tan i k a Satraj i ta wi th t h e res u lt
that the K a s is d own to the tim e o f the Sa ta pa th a Bra h
mana gave up the kindli n g of the sacred re The
Pur anas represen t the K a si fa mi l y as b ran ch of the hous e
the Bharatas O f the
o f P u r r a v a s the great ancestor o f
ki ngs m en tion ed in the Puranas the names of two only
ca n
b
e
traced
in
the
Vedic
v o d as a a n d P r a ta r d a n a )
i
D
(
literature But the Vedic texts do n ot c o nnect them with
Ka si
In the M a h ag o v i n d a S u t t an t a D h a ta ra t th a king o f
K a s i who must be iden tied with D h ritara sh tra king o f
K a s i men tioned in the Sa t a p a t h a B r a h ma na is represen t
ed as a B harata prin c e ( R hys D avids D ial o gues o f the
B uddha Part I I p
T h e B harata d y nasty o f K a s i se e m s t o h ave been
supplan te d b y a new line o f kin gs w h o h a d t h e fam ily
nam e B ra h m ad a t ta a n d were pr o b ab l y o f V i d e h a n o ri gin
That B r a h m ad a t ta w a s th e name o f a fami l y and n ot o f
'
'
'
'
'
'
AG E
OF T H E
G R E AT J A N A K A
35
S ata m vai
B rah m ad a t tan am
V i ran am K u r av ah
s atam
( M a t sy a p
The
hundred B rah m ad at tas
in the Mah a bh ar ata I I 8 2 3
.
2 73.
B r ah m a d at t a s
m utto mb i
K asi r aj en a
V e d eh e n a y asas si na
ti
o tth i s e n a
S
9
1
5
Sa
bula
Ja
taka
No
prin
ce
)
m
(
e
h
t
In
e d e h a pu t ta
V
s
i
kin
g
of
K
a
s
i
called
t
a
t
a
d
a
m
h
r
a
s o n of B
.
a
ti
tam
vid
i
a
s
r
K
a
putto
j
Yo
n
i
h
n
a
a
d
a
ava
r
n
e
v
a
a
i
a
r
h
b
Sambul
a
j
m
y
a
h
s
s
a
ta
te
vane
basati
a
turo
n
d
a
d
a
h
b
V e d eh a u t to
as sa S ot th i s e n o
of
J
anaka
seems
r
co
tempo
ary
n
Aj a tas atru the K as ya
h
e
T
fam
ily
U
pa
a
t
a
t
d
a
B
r ah m
belon
ed
to
the
g
to h ave
shows
that
he
w a s a contem p o rary of
n i sh ad i c evidence
u
s
Th
e
J
a
t
ka
tells
that
th
e
rei
n
g
a
a
a
k
l
d
d
a
U
a
k
l
a
d
d
U
h
m
r
s
w
a
a
k
a
l
d
d
a
B a a
i n the tim e o f U
'
P OL ITI CAL
36
I S T O RY O F I N D IA
A j a ta satru
'
'
w as
LATE R
TH E
LA
V A I DE H A S
TE R
OF
VA ID E H A S
M IT H I L A
M I T E I LA
or
Si r ad h vaj at tu
ata s tu
B h an u m an n am a M a i t h i l ah
M u n i s ta s y a
T as m ad
d h va j ah,
s u ttaa ssch ap ii
U rj ava
aha
h ab
h s m rri t ah
U r j av ah at
j h
Sa k u n i stasya
j e
t
j
s u ta d v a a
Jan ak a
5. 1 2 1 3 )
-
as yap i
S a t va r a
tatah Kunib
Ku
n e r a n an a
ch at m a a
j h
Sak u n e np u t rah
S vaga t ah
R i ta s y a S u n ay ah s m r i tah
S u n a yad V i ta h a v y a s t u
tas m ad K s h e masvah,
V i tah a v yat m aj o D h r i ti h
D h ri t i h ,
D h r i te s t u V a h u l as vo bh d
va
V a h u l as va
Tasmin
'
sutah
s a n t i sh
J an ak an am
th a te
D h r i te r
s an t i s h
v arn so
m a h at ma n am
J anak a
v a rn sa
K r i t ih ,
th a te y a m
ta s ma t
V a h u las
ta sya pu tran
K r i ta u
K ri ti h
d y u m n a h,
of
S i ra d h v aj a s ya p atyam Bh a
num a n B h an u m a tah S ata
B h an u m
mata
a t ah p u t r a h
P ra d yu m n a ch a
a p ra tapa van
Tasya
37
P OL ITI CAL
38
I S TO RY O F I N DIA
P OL I TI CAL
40
IST O R Y O F I N D I A
Th e p assage
Y ath a K asyo va V ai d e h o
vo r a u tr a u
a
m
r
dhan
u
v
a
a
a
d
h
i
k
r
v
v
u
t
a
m
i
d
a
a
n
g p
jj y
jy
v an ta u
s a p a t n ati vyad h i n a u
haste k r i tv o po ti s h th e d
B
r
i
h
a
d
o
Upan
ishad
I
I
I
pr
bably refers to frequen t
8
(
struggles between th e kings o f K aSi an d V i d e h a
The M ah abh arata ( XI I 9 9
refers to the o ld story
i
t
i
h
s
a
m
u
t
an
a
m
of
a
great
battle
between
r
a
r
a
P
ra
t
a
(
p
)
dana ( king of K a si according to the R a m a yana VI I 48
1 5) and Jan aka kin g of M i th i la
I t is sta te d in the
P a li co m m entary P a ra m a tth aj o t i k a ( Vol I pp 1 58
1 6 5) that the Li ch ch h a v i s
who succeed e d Jan ak a s
dynasty as the stron gest political power i n V i d e h a and
formed the m ost i m portan t elemen t o f the V aj j i a n Con
federacy were the off sprin gs of a queen of K a si This
probably indicates that a j unior bran ch of the royal
fam ily of K a s i establish e d itself in V i d e h a
k ing s fame
'
TH E
D E CC A N
I N T H E A G E on T H E L A
T ER
V A I DE H
S.
Th e expression
D a k sh i napad a
occurs in the R ig
Veda ( X 6 1 8 ) a n d refers to the place where t h e exile
goes on bein g expelled In th e opin ion of several scholars
this simply m ean s th e South beyon d the lim its of the
recognised Aryan worl d Dak sh i natya is found in P anin i
IV
m
entioned
by
Baudh
a
ak s h i napa t h a is
D
2
(
yana coupled wi th S u ras h tra ( Bau S a tra I 1
I t is
h owever extrem el y difcult to sa y what P anini or Bau
d h ay a n a exactly m ean t by D ak s h i naty a or D ak sh i napa th a
Whatever may be the correct m eanin g of those terms
it is certain that already i n the age of the later V ai d eh as
the Aryans had crossed the V i n dh yas a n d estab lished
several states in the D eccan O ne of these states was
V i d ar b h a or B erar was certai n l y a fa m ous
V i d arb h a
kingdom i n the time o f Nami or Nimi We have already
.
D E CCAN I N
TH E
AG E O F
LATE R
TH E
V A IDE H A S
4|
B h i m ay a V a i d a r bh aya N a gn aj i t e G an d h aray a
V i d a r bh a therefore ex isted as a n independen t kin g
v r i d h aya
P OL ITI CAL
42
I ST O R Y O F I N D I A
b h i s h i ch y a n te B h oj etye
OF
AG E
G R E A T J A NA K A
TH E
43
1
4
J
R
A
1
p
D
r
Smith
says
The
ame
S
9
n
(
B h oj ak ata castle of th e B hoj as i m plies that the province
was named af ter a castle f o rmerly held by the B hojas
o
n
d
h
u
r
r
v
i
n
s
a
sa
b
a
a
s
h
a
n
a B hoja
n
s
a
a bh i m a n ya m a a
t
k n own as Dandak ya or kin g of D a nd aka makin g a lasci
v i o u s attempt on a Br a h ma na girl perished alon g with his
relations and kin gdo m We learn from the Sar abh anga
J ataka ( N o 52 2 ) that the kingdom 6f D an dak i had i ts
capital at K u m bh a va ti
Accor d in g to the R am avan a
M
a dh u m a n ta
VI
I
the
n
am
e
of
the
capital
was
2
1
8
9
)
(
I t is clear from what has b een s ta te d above tha t there
were i n the age of the later V a i d eh as and th e B ra hmanas
many kingd o m s in the south namely the B hoj a kingdoms
o n e of w h ich was V id a r b h a an d another probably D a nd a
k a as well as Kali nga and Assaka ( on the Go d a var i Sutta
Nip a ta S B E X pt I I p
With the exception
of these states the w hole of Trans Vindhyan India was
occupied by n o n A ryan ( d as y u ) tribes such as the
.
P OL IT I C A L
44
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
.,
T e s h am p are
an a pa d a
D ak s hi n ap a t h a vas i n a h
as
as
K ars hasch a
P li
u
n da
sa h a i s h
i k a at aby ah
V i n d h y a P us h i k a V a id a rbh a D a n d a ka i b
1 1 4 46
( M a t sya
at aby ah Sa h a ras cha y e
.
Abh i rah
P li
u
S a h ach a i s h i k ah
da V i n d h
'
( Vay u
Sa ba ri
sa
ha
laces
the
An
dhras
p
Da k s hi napa t h aj a n m an a h
G u h ah P u li n d ah
M u l i k a V a i d a rb ha Da nt la k ai h
sa h a
P u li n d a s
s a r ve n ara va ran d h ra k a
C h u ch u ka M ad ra k a i h
( M bh
x11
sa
a.
2 07.
S I XTEE N
M A H AJA N A P A DA S
45
TH E
S I XTE E N M A H AJA N A P A D A S
N aS I
K o s ala
Anga
M agad ha
V aj j i
M a l l s.
( C h edi )
V amsa ( Va tsa )
C h et i y a
P OL ITI CAL
46
I ST O R Y O F I N D IA
d-
A ng a
O
l
an a
M a g ah a ( Magad h a)
M a l ay a
u
P
*
O
M al ava
A ch ch h a
V a ch ch ha
D
C
K och ch h a
( Va ts a )
( K achch h a
P OL ITI CAL
48
I ST O RY O F I N D I A
K os al a
that all the kin gs round cove ted th e kin gdom o f B enares
We are told that o n on e occasion sev en kin gs encompassed
Benares ( J a taka
Benares in this respect resem bled
ancien t Babylon and m edi aeval Rom e being the coveted
prize of i ts m ore warlike bu t less civilized neighb o urs
The kin gdom of K o s e l a was bound ed on the west
b y Pa nch a l a on th e south by the S a r p i k a or Syan d i k a
Sai
river
R
a
m
I
I
on
th
e
east
by
the
1
2
;
( )
(
Sad an i ra which separated i t from V i d e h a and on the n orth
by the Nep a l h ills R o u gh l y speakin g it corresponds to
the m oder n O udh I t incl uded the terri to r y of the Sakyas
of K a p i la va s tu I n the Sutta Nip a ta
X Part I I
S I XTE EN
M A H AJA N A PA D A S
pi asi ti k o
K osal a proper contained three importan t cities
namely Ayodh y a S a keta a n d Sava t th i or Srava s ti
Ayod h y a ( O udh ) was a town on the river Saray a
S a keta is often supposed to be the sam e as Ayod hy a but
Prof R hys D avids point s out that both cities are m en
ti o n e d as e x istin g i n the B uddha s tim e
They were
possibly adj oining like L ondon and Westminster Sava tth i
i s the great ruine d city on the south bank of the R apti
calle d S ah e t h M ah e th which
is situated on the borders
of the Gonda an d Bah raich d istricts of the United
Provin ces
I n the story of the spread of Aryan culture told in
the Sa ta p ath a Bra hma na t h e K o s a las appear as falling
later than the K u ru P a ch alas but earlier than the
V i d e h as unde r the inuen ce of B r ahm anical civilisation
In the R a m a ya na and in th e Pur anas the royal
family of K o sal a is represented as being descen d ed from
a king named I k sh vak u
B ran ches of this fam ily are
represented as rulin g at V i sal a or V a i s al i ( Ra m a yana I
at M i th i la ( V a yu P 8 9 3 ) and at K u s i n ara
47 1 1
The
Kusa
J
a
taka
No
(
A prince named I k s h vak u i s m entioned in a passage
I n the A t h a r va Ve d a ( XIV
of the R ig Veda ( X 60
or one of h is descendants i s
3 9 9 ) either I k sh vak u
referre d to as an ancien t hero
The P u r anas give lists of kin gs o f the A i k s h vak a
dynasty from I k sh vak u himself to P ra se n aj i t the
P OL I TI CAL
50
I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
M a n d h at r i Y u v a n as va
( Va yu 8 8 6 7 ) is m ention ed
in the G opa t h a Bra hma na ( I 2 1 0 6 t s eq )
P uru k u t s a ( Va yu
88 7 2 ) is men tioned in the R ig
Veda ( I 6 3 7 ; 1 1 2 7 1 4 1 7 4 2 VI 2 0
In the Sa tapa th a B r a h mana ( X I I I 5 4 5) h e
is called a n A i k s h v ak a
T ra s ad asy u ( Va y u 8 8 7 4) is m en tioned in th e R ig
Veda ( IV 3 8 1 ; VI I 1 9 3 etc )
T r y ar u na ( V a yu 8 8
7 7 ) is m entioned in th e R i g
Veda ( V 2 7
I n the P a ch avi msa B r a h m a na
1
2
XI
I
I
3
h
e
is
c
alled
an
A
i
k
k
h
s
v
a
a
)
(
T r i s ank u ( V ayu 8 8 1 0 9 ) is mentioned in the Tai t ti ri
ya Upanish ad ( I 1 0
H aris chandra ( V a yu 88 1 1 7 ) is m en tioned i n the
A i ta re ya B r a hma na ( V I I 1 3 1 6 ) and is styled
'
A i k sh v ak a .
R ohita th e
of H ari schandra ( V a y u 88 1 1 9 ) is
also mentioned i n th e A i ta r e ya Br a h m a na ( VI I
,
s on
1
6
V
a
yu
is
m
en
tion
ed
i
n
th
e
8
8
7
(
Ja i m i n i y a U pan ishad Br a h m ana ( IV 6 1 2 ) and
is calle d A i k s h vak a
B h a gi r a t h a
A m b a r i sh a
Veda ( I
V
a
y
u
(
.
1 00
88 1 7 1 )
.
is m ention ed
in
the R ig
8
1
3
d
V
a
u
is
m
en
tione
in
a
B
r
a
h
8
7
( y
)
mana li k e passage o f the B a u d h aya n a Sra u ta
S atra ( XX
R i t u p arna
R a ma ( V a yu
K o sa la .
S I XTEE N
M A H AJA N A PA DA S
51
i
V
a
y
u
8
s
m
e
ntion
8
(
the P rasn a Upan isha d V I 1 a n d the
ed i h
Sankh ay an a Sra u ta S atra XV I 9 1 3
H e is
probabl y conn ected with Para Atn ar a H ai
the K o sa l a kin g m entione d in a
r a ny a n abh a
ga th a o ccurrin g in the Sa tapa th a Br ah ma na
XI I I 5 4 4 According to the Pra sn e H pa ni
sha d H i ra ny an ab h a was a contemporary of
S u k e Sa B h ar a d vaj a ( VI 1 ) who was himself a
contemporary of K au sal y a As va lay an a ( P r a sn a
I
I f it be true a s seem s probable that
As val ay a n a of K o s a l a is identical w ith Assala
y ana of Savatt h i mentione d in the M aj j h i ma
N i k ay a ( II 1 47 e t s eq ) as a contemporar y of
G o tam a B uddha he m ust be placed in the
sixth centur y B C Consequentl y H i rany an ab h a
too must have live d i n that century The
H i ra ny a n ab h a K a u s a ly a
H i rany a n ab h a
P OL ITI CAL
52
I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
S IX TE EN
M A H AJA N AP A D A S
53
K o sa l a r aj a ah o s i d al i d d o
a
a
no
av
h
a
pp
vi
a
p
i
t
o
j
a p p ad h a n o
ar i
ap
ab h o g o a
p
u nnak o sa k o
tth agaro )
a
b
a
l
o
p
'
P OL ITI CAL
54
O F I N D IA
H I S T O RY
tw o
'
5 6
.
7)
C h am pas y a
tu pur i C ham p a
Y a M ali n y abh ava t pu r a
A
ga
has
since
been
known
by
the
h i s b o dy
n
o ff
)
(
na m e of A nga ( N u n d o l a l D ey N o tes on An cien t
J A S B 1914 p
The M ah a bh a ra ta
A nga
attributes the foun d ation of th e A nga kin gdom to a
prince n am ed A nga There m ay be som e truth in th is
tradition Anga V a i roch an a is included in the list of
-
P OL IT I CAL
56
ag a d
H IS T O RY
O F I N D IA
Ki k a t e s h u b h a vi s h y a t i )
'
S I XTE E N
M A H AJA N A P A D A S
57
P OL I TI CAL
58
I S T O RY O F I N D IA
t r i mSa ch ch h a ta m bh av y ah
P rad y o tah p a ch a te sut ah
Ash ta
t es h arn y a Sa h k r i ts n a m
Si SLI n aga b h a v i s h y a ti
a tv a
'
( V ay u
9 9,
ur an a ,
S I XT EE N
M A H AJA N A P A D A S
59
V i salam n a ga r i m ra m y am d i v y arn
m tad a
sv a r go p a m a
'
P OL ITI CAL
60
I ST O R Y O F I N D I A
ri j i )
V
(
chi k
'
S I XTEE N
M A H AJA N A P A D A S
61
V aj j i a n
In d . A n t
1 90 3 ,
In d . A n t ., 1 908 ,
p
p
2 39
78.
P OL I TI CAL
62
H I S T O RY
O F I N D IA
x ii ,
M an u
says ( X
Nata s cha
22)
Jhallo M all a s ch a
r a a n yad v r at
K a ranas ch a i va
'
a
n
y
N i ch ch h i v i re v a
K haso D r a vida
e va
cha
ch a
P O L ITI C AL
64
IS T O RY O F I N D IA
.
V e s al i
are described
in
1 79 ,
S I X TE EN
M A H AJAN A P A D A S
65
K u s i n ar a
i
n
)
(
.
'
'
Nv
a
M a lla i
t ra n s a t e s t h e
Th e
igh t
L i ch ch h a vi s
v L h h h i Ka i K
g th
f d t ki g f K i
na
as s a
e e n co n e
ec
o salas y a
tth ar a s a
vi
ga n aray a n o . Ja co
bi
us
e ra e
s o
as
an d
K o sa l a , t h e
n ne
M a l la k i s
an d
n ne
P OL IT I CAL
66
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
Geogr aphical
Su k ti m a ti ( I n d An t 1 9 1 9 p vii of
The Mah a bh a rata m entions a river called
Su k ti m a ti wh ich owed by the capital of R aj a U par i ch ar a
P a r gi te r iden ties th e river
of C h e d i vi s h ay a ( I 6 3
with the Ken an d places the capital Su k ti m a ti in the
1 8 9 5 2 55 M ark a nde ya
n eighbourhood of Banda (J
p
The Chedi people are men tioned as early as th e R ig
Ve d a Their kin g K a s u C h ai d y a is praise d i n a D an as tu ti
oc currin g at the end of o n e hymn ( VI I I 5 3 7
.
R oj a
V a r a r cj a
Kaly a na
V a r ak al y an a
U p o sa th a
M a n d h a ta
Varam an d h ata
Chara
U p ach a ra
or
A pach a ra
S I XTEE N
M A H AJA N A P A D A S
67
E pic tradition
m akes
'
10
P OL IT I CAL
68
I ST O RY OF IN D IA
'
ms o devarshi sa tk r i tah
r aj an am s ams th am pr apsy a t i v ai
yo
K s h e m ak am p r apy a
y oni r
va
kalau
S I XTE E N
M A H AJA N A PA DA S
M
h
s
u
t
as
o
m
a
a
a
(
69
part of the cen tral D oab The Mah abh arata the J atak as
and the D i vyava d an a ( p 43 5) refer to the division of this
state into n orthern a n d so u th ern The B h agi ra th i ( Ganges )
for med the divi d in g line ( M bh I 1 3 8
Accordi n g to
the Great E pic North ern P a ch al a h a d its capital at
A h i ch ch h at r a ( the mo d ern Ra mnagar n ear Aonl a in the
Bareilly D istrict ) wh i le S outhern P a ch ala h ad i ts
capital at K am p i l y a an d stretched fro m the Ganges to
the Chambal ( M bh 1 3 8 7 3
A great struggle raged
i n an cient ti m es between the Kurus and the Pa ch alas for
the possession of U ttara P a ch al a Som etimes Utta ra
P a ch al a was included i n K u r u ratth a ( S om a n as s a J a taka
No 50 5 Mah abh a rata I 1 3 8 ) an d had its capital at H asti
n apura ( Di vyavad an a p
at other times it for med a
part of K am pi llar atth a ( B rah m ad a t t a J a taka No 3 2 3
Jayad d i s a Ja taka No 51 3 and G anda ti n d u J a taka No
Sometimes kings of K a m p il la ra tth a held court at
U ttara P a ch al an agara at other tim es kings of U tta ra
P a ch al ar a tth a held court at K a m pi ll a ( K u m bh a k ara
Ja taka No
.
P OL I TI CAL
70
I S T O RY O F I N D IA
P OL ITI CAL
72
The
I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
Sat va ta s
ranch es
vata b abh uv uh
I t i s al so s tated that several southern states M a his
m at i Vi d ar bh a etc were founded by princes of Y ad u
li n eage ( M a t p 43 1 0 2 9 ; 44 3 6 ; V a y u 9 4 2 6 ;
6.
'
.,
M A H AJA N A P A DA S
S I XTEE N
73
di
The
sc u s s e
ue s t o n
i n my
of
th e
E ly H i
ar
hi
i l xi t
th
V ih v
s t o r ca
s to r y o f
a s
e n ce
na
of
S ec t ,
K i hn V d v
r s
pp
26 3 5.
-
as u e a
ha s
ee n
74
I S T O RY OF I N D I A
S IXT E EN
M A H AJA N A PA D A S
75
B uddha Part I I p
The M ah a
bh arata ( I 1 7 7 47) re f ers to A Sm ak o n a m a R aj a rs h i h
P a u d a n ya m yo n y a ve s aya t
P a u d a n ya is eviden tl y ide a ti
ca l with Potana or P o ta l i
We learn from the Assaka J a taka ( No 2 0 7) that at
one time the city of P o tal i was inclu d ed in the king d o m
of
K asi and its prince Assaka was presumably a vassal
o f the K a si monarch
The Chulla K a li nga J a taka men tions
a kin g of Assaka nam ed Aru na a n d his minister N a n d i se n a
and refers to a victory which they won over the kin g o f
Kali nga
A v a n ti roughly corres pon d s to modern M a lw a Nimar
and the adj oining parts of the Central Provinces Prof
B h a n d a r k a r po i n ts ou t that Avanti was divi d ed into two
pa r ts the n orthern part h a d its capital at Ujj ain a n d the
southern part cal le d Av an ti D a k s h i napa th a had its capital
at M ah i ss a ti or M ah i s ma ti modern M a ndh a ta on the
Narmad a
The M a h ago vi n d a S u t ta n ta m entions M ah i s sa ti as
the capital of the Avantis and refe rs t o th eir kin g
V e s sab h u
The M ah abh arata di stinguishes between th e
k in g d om s o f Avan ti an d M ah i Sm ati but locates Vinda
a n d A n u v i n d a o f Avan ti near the Narmad a
Narmad
a
(
m ab h i ta h I I 3 1
The P u ranas attribute the foun dation o f M ah i s m a ti
Avanti a n d V i d ar b h a to sc i ons o f the Y adu family The
A i t a r e ya Br a h mana als o associates the S a tv a t s a n d the
Bhoj as septs of the Y ad u family according to the Pur anas
with the southe rn realms ( M atsya 43 44 ; Vayu 9 5 9 6 :
Ait Br VIII
The P ur anas style the rs t dynasty of M ah i s m a ti
The
as H a i h a ya ( M ats y a 43 8 2 9 ; Vayu 9 4 5
H a i h a y a family is referre d to by such an an cien t aut h ori ty
as K a uti lya ( A r th as as tr a p
The H a ih ay as are said to
have overth rown th e N a gas w ho m ust have been the
ialogues
D
(
of
th e
11
P OL ITI CAL
76
I ST O R Y O F I N D I A
'
'
S I XT EE N
M A H AJA N A P A D A S
77
d
P
u k k u s at i the Gan
th
e
ate
of
(
We do not however
d h a rian c o ntem porary of Bim b is ara)
sa y that implicit relian ce ca n be placed on a statemen t o f
the U ttarad h ya ya n a
N a gn aj i t was succeede d by his son S va r j i t ( S at B r
VI I I 1 4
In the m iddle of the S ixth cen tur y B C the th rone o f
Gandh ara was occupie d by P u k k u sat i w h o is said t o h a v e
sen t an em bassy an d a le tter to king Bimbis a ra o f
I n th e latter half of th e six th century G a n
M a ga d h a
d h a ra w a s conque r ed by the king of Persia In th e E chis
tun inscription of D arius cir 51 6 B C the G a n d h ar i a n s
Gadara
ap
ear
am
ong
the
subj
e
t
pe
o ples of th e A c h a e m e
c
(
) p
n ia n E mpire
see
Ancie
t
Persian
L
exicon
and
the
Texts
n
(
of the A ch a e m e n i d a n Inscripti o ns by H erbert Cushing
Tolman Vanderbilt O riental Series Vol VI )
K a m b o j a is con s ta n tly associated with Gandh a ra i n
literature an d I nscr i ptions ( M bh XI I 2 0 7 43 A ng u t ta ra
N I 2 1 3 ; 4 2 52 2 56 2 6 0 ; R oc k E dic t V of As o ka )
L ike Gan d h a ra it is incl u ded in the U t ta rap at h a ( cf M bh
XI I 2 0 7
I t m u st there f o re be located i n s o me part
of North west Ind i a not f a r from Gan d h ara R hys
D av ids ( B ud I n d 2 8 ) ment i on s i ts capital D vara k a
We le arn fro m a passage of the M ah a bh arata that a place
called R aj ap u ra was the home o f the K am b oj a s ( M bh
VII 4 5
Karna R aj apuram ga t va Ka m boj a n i rj i ta
K
m
s t va a
s s o ciati o n of
b
a
the
oj as
w
th
the
Th
e
i
a
y
G a n d h a ras enables us to iden tify this R aj a p u ra with the
R aj a pur a
of H i n en Tsang ( Watters Y uan Chwang
Vol I p
which lay t o the south or south east o f
7 77 B C
an d
543
P u n ach
P OL IT I CAL
78
I S T O RY O F I N D IA
the B h ri d a t ta J a taka ( No
are credited with savage customs
ete hi dham m a an ar i ya r pa
In
543 )
K a m b o j ak a n am v i ta t h a b ah u n n an
K a m b o j as
the
ti
V I . 2 08 .
Jata ka ,
C ow e l l
Jata k a ,
VI
1 10
stocks
The K a m b o j as are know n as K a mbu j i ya i n th e old
In the M ah abh a ra ta the K a mb oj as
P e rs Ia n I nscriptions
are represented as l i ving under a monarchical constituti on
2
I
I
V
1
4
2
5
1
p
men
6
3
a
u ti l a
K
c
3
8
7
y (
)
(f
tions the Kshatriya s re ni of Kamb o j a as an illustration
of a V ar taSas tr op aj i vi n Sangha
Th e e p i c a cc o u n t o f t h e M a h aj a n a p a d as
An in terestin g accoun t o f the characteristic of the
peoples of most o f the M a h aj an ap ad as described above is
to be found in the Kar na Parva of the M ah a bh a rata
The P a ch al as Kurus M atsyas Sura s en a s and th e
C h ed i s receive uns tin ted praise :
K u rav ah saha P a ch alah S a l v a M a ts yah sa N a i m i s h ah
C h e d ay a s ch a m a h abh aga d h a r m a m j an a n t i SaSVata m
B rah m a rn P a ch alah K a u r a v e y as t u d h a r m a m
Sa t yam M a t s y ah Sura se n as ch a y a j fi a m
T h e Kau ravas wi th the P a ch ala s the S a lv as the
Mats y as the N a i m i s h a s and the C h e d i s who are all highly
'
'
3
,
M ah b h i
ra t a ,
I II
45. 1 4 1 6 ; 2 8 ; 3 4.
-
P OL I TI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
80
K o s al a
i e
B aran as i g gah o
K ams a a s the epithet
con queror
of Ben a res is a st a ndin g a ddition to h i s n a me ( the Seyy a
J at a k a No 2 8 2 a n d the T es a k un a J ata k a No 52 1
Buddh ist Indi a p
Th e in terv a l of time between
K ams a s conquest of K asi a n d the rise of B uddhis m could
n o t h av e b e e n very lon g bec a use the m em ory of Kasi as
of
an in depend e n t kin gdom w as stil l fresh in the minds
th e people in B uddh a s tim e a n d even l a te r when the
A ngu t ta ra N i k aya w a s com posed
S
FA LL O F K AS I
81
th a t is so Got a m a
We le a r n from the M a h ava g ga
a t the
1
9
5
e roy
SB
E
XV
I
I
th
Vic
of
K
si
a
w as
a
)
(
brother of P a s e n ad i
The S a m y u k ta N i k ay a ( the B ook of the K indred
S ay in gs tra nsl a ted by Mrs R h y s D a vids p 1 0 6 ) men
tions P a se n ad i as the h e a d of a group of ve R aj as O ne
of these w a s prob a bly his bro t her wh o w a s the Viceroy of
K asi Am on g the rem a inin g R aj as we shou ld incl ude
w as a
H i r a ny a n abh a K a u s al y a wh o a s we h a v e seen
contempor a ry of S u k e sa B h ara d vaj a a n d A svalay a n a
consequen tl y of Buddh a a n d P a s e n a d i if our
an d
identica tion of ASv a lay a n a K a u s al y a with A s s a laya n a
of S av at th i men tioned in the M ajj h i m a N i k aya be
correct
An other R aj a of the group w a s proba bly th e S aky a
ch ief of K a p i la va s t u F rom the introd uctory portion of
the B h ad d a s al a J ata k a ( No 46 5) w e le a rn th a t t h e S akya
terri t ory w a s sub rd in a te to t h e Kos a l a n mon a rch The
inclusion of the S akya territory t h e bi r t h pl a ce of B ud d h a
the Kos a l an em pire is a lso proved by the S utta
w ithin
N ipata ( SB E X P a rt I I pp 6 8 6 9 ) a n d the M aj j h i m a
.
'
P OL ITI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
82
f a ther
With the coron a tion
a noin ted kin g by his own
of B imbis ara ends the period with which this ch a pter de a ls
N i k aya ,
K I NGSH I P
B rah m a na
I
.
E ta s y am l rach y arh
dis i y e
ra
an a h
S am raj y ay a i v a
ke
P r ach yan m
t e bh i s h i e h y a n t c S a m ral i
t y e n an a bh i s h i k tan ach a k s h a ta
v i h i ti m a n u
ch a
e tam e v a
D e van am
E ta s yamd a k s h i na s ya dis i
y e k e ch a S a t va tam l t aj an o
B h a u j yay a i v a t e b h i s h i ch y a n te B h o j e ty e n an a b h i sh i
k tan ach a k s b a t a
E ta s y am
n arn
'
e t am e va
P r a ti ch y am
R aj an o
D e van am v i h i ti m a n u
d is i ye
ch yan a
a
p
III
l 4.
ke
ch a
N i c h ya
S varaj y aya i v a
te
P O L ITI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
84
high er
I f the P ur ana s ar e to be believed Bhoj a w a s origin a lly
B u t a fterw a rds it c a me to denote a
a proper n a me
cl ass of Southern kings The word C aesa r furnishes a n
e x a c t p ara llel O rigin a ll y it w as the n a me of a R om a n
dict a tor B u t af terw a rds it w as a title assumed by R om a n
E mperors
1
I n som e V e dic texts S varaj y a me ans un controll ed
2
dom inion an d is O pposed to R aj y a
The king w as usu a lly though n o t a lwa ys a Ksh a triya
The Brah man as were con sidered to be unsuited for King
ship Thus we re ad i n th e Satapa t h a B rahm ana to the
kin g ( R aj a n ) doubtless belon gs the R aj a s ya ; for by
off ering th e R ajas y a he becomes kin g an d unsuited for
3
kin gship is the Br ahm ana
We h ave however re f erences to S u dra a n d Ayo gava
kings in the Vedic texts Kin g Jana s r u ti P a u trayana is
mh i ta
K atb a k a S a
a
edi c I nde I I
IV . 2 .
x,
X IV . 5; M a i t r y nn i S a mh i tl
22 1
ll
5.
S B E , X LI. Eg g e l i n g ,
XI I
5. 4. 6 .
e tc .
Sa t
B r ., Par
1 1 1,
M a n n sad l hi tl
4.
X. 1 2
FA LL O F
K AS I
85
s
n
d
ik
h
i
t
a
a
the
r
s
the
kings
of
J
n
k
s
line
P
a
a
a
a
cf
also
(f
D
a
u
h
a
s
a
s
m
ru
a
the e x pression
raj y
a kingdom of ten
p
generations occurrin g in th e Sa tapath a Brahm ana XI I 9
3
yet i n others th e mon archy w a s elective The selec
tion w as m ade sometimes by the people a n d sometimes
by the m inisters The choice w a s sometimes lim ited to
the members of the roy a l f a mily only as is shown b y the
legend in Yask a of the Kur u brothers D e vap i an d
Sa n t an a In the S amvara J ata k a ( No 46 2 ) the courtiers
sa id the king
all m y sons h a ve a right to the
white
umbrell a But you m ay g i ve it to h i m th at plea ses your
m in d
Sometimes the popul a r choice fell o n persons who did
not belon g to the roy a l fa mil y I t is st a ted in the
P ad a j al i Jata k a No 2 47 th a t when a cert a in kin g of
Ben ares died his s o n Pad a j a li by n a me a n idle l a z y
loa fer w as set aside an d the minister in ch arge of thin gs
spiri tu a l a n d tempor al w a s ra ised to the throne
The
Sa ch ch amki ra J at a k a No 7 3 tells a story how the
n obles Brahm ana s a n d a ll cl a sses slew their kin g a n d
Sometimes a n outsider w as
a priv a te citi z en
a nointed
chosen The D a ri m u k h a Jat a k a ( No 3 7 8 ) an d the Sou ak a
J at a k a ( No 52 9 ) tell us how on fa ilure of heir at Ben a res
a P rince of M a ga d h a w as elected kin g
The k i n g durin g the Br ah m ana period h ad four queens
the M a hish i the P a ri vr i k ti the Vav at e a n d the P alagal l
Th e M a h i s i w as the chief wi f e bein g the rst one m a rried
2
The P ari vr i k tl
a c co rding to the Sa ta pa th a Br ahm a n a
w as the neglec ted wife prob a bly one th a t h ad no s o n The
Vav ate i s the fa vourite w h ile the P alaga l i w as a ccordin g to
3
Weber the d a ugh ter of the l as t of the court of ci als
In
'
Ni r n k t a ,
II
10 .
Ve d . In d
II
2 11
V I . 5. 3 .
V ed .
I nd I
.,
478 .
P O L ITI C A L H I S T O R Y OF I N D I A
86
S ixt ee n tho us a n d a pp e a rs to h a Ve
Wom en a t the le a st
Th e l n umber is evidently e x a g
b ee n a a stock phr a se
gera ted B u t it i n dic a tes th a t the k in gs of the Jata ka
period were extr eme polyg a mi sts wh o freq uen tly e x ceeded;
the Brahm anic num ber of four queens
'
'
'
'
'
'
consec ra ted
Th e
kin g w as
t r h i s suc cession or
elec ti on with an el a bora te ritu a l which i s de s cri bed in
sever a l Brahm anas a n d for which the M a n tras a re gi ven
i n the S amhitas
Those who aided in th e c onsecra tion of
function
The princip a l cere monies or s a crices o f
roy a l in a ugur a tion were th e V aj a p eya the R aj as ya the
P u na rab h i s h ek a a n d the A i n d ra M a h ab h i sh ek a
af e
'
'
'
'
'
'
l h eV aj a p eya
bestowed
the perform er
on
supe rior
th e R aj a s ti y a
kind of kingship called
2
merely conferred the ordin a ry roy a l dignity Th e P uu a ra
b h i se k h m ade the kin g elect eli gible for a l l sorts of roy a l
.
n d m e n t l U ni ty o f I n di p
R i jy
f S t B V l I 13
The F u
a, c
a,
r .,
83
PO LITI
88
C A L H I S T O RY
IN D IA
OF
.,
1.
3.
10
11
V. 2 . 3
Sa t
( et seq
Cf T a i t t i rf y s S a
.
mhi t I
,
8. 15 w
it h
co m m
e n t ry
a
Br
V . 4, 3 , 1
ct s eq .
S B E . xli , 1 00 ,
1.
FA LL O F K AS I
89
tv a m
A d h i raj o
S am raj am
M a h an ta m
b h av eh a ;
t va
'
m ah i n am
v i ro j aya te
A
i
t
B
r
s a m r i d dh a m t a d v i ra vad a h as m i n
(
VI I I
Here there is a mple provision for the preven
tion of roya l a bsolutism
of P a ri k sh i t w as eviden tl y
Ja n a m ej a ya the son
consecra ted with the P un ar abh i s h e k a ( A i t Br VI I I
The Aludr a M a h abh i sh e k a or Indr a s gre a t un ction
con sisted of three im port a n t ceremonies vi z
1
Ar ch ana ( Ascendin g the throne )
2
U t k ro an a ( Sin ging t h e king s pr aise )
3
A bh i m an tra na ( repetition of speci a l formul as or
M an tr as )
1
ch a r s h a r n ann.
'
A it.
Br
II I
P OL ITI C A L H I S T O R Y OF I N D I A
90
ch i ef no ble
the rst a mong equ a ls
w a s not m erely a
ri ll
4
B
I
U
IV
The
kin
g
is
c
lled
d as y ay e t i
a
(
p
an d
is further d e scri bed
V i svas ya b h t as y a a d h i p a ti
V i sam a t ta ( A i t B r VII I
as the devourer of the people
Raj a ta ek a m m u k h am ten a m u k h e n a Vi so ts i
K
ush
I
I
a
U
p
(
The king howeve r w as n ot a n a bsolu te des pot i n
pra ctice His power w a s checked in the rs t pl a ce by
,
'
'
d e f e te d Dh r t h t f K asi h
m i l i g t o the M h ag i d
S tt
t
c on te mp or ry f S t t bh f K l ng d B h m d t o f A s s k
no t re ferre d t o in p re l f i k h i t
i t i s p o b ble
A the D e cc n k in g d o m s
L
d hi s
th t S t a l k
on te mp o r ri es fl o r i she d f ter P k h i t Am b a h th y d
h ti
Y d h am
c on te mp o r r i es f P
ere ery n e r
d N ar d
h
in t i m e t o N g j i t the c o nte mp o r ry f N i h i t h p e n lt i m te k in g f V i d h
h ; cc o r d in g t
A ng
p r o b bly the i mm e d i t e p re d e c ess o r o f D d h i i h
J i n e i d e n e o u r i s he d in t h e 6 t h c en t ry B C
Sa t an i k a
w as
a n a,
an
w eIe
s ra u s
ar s
ra o
o,
ae e
a i
are
ra
a rl
an
ov
a an
a r va t a
or
ta
s,
n a
o w
a an
w as
na
an a w
a.
P O L ITI C A L H I S T O R Y OF I N D I A
92
S on a k a
Jatak a s
Sa m i ti m eyaya ,
n arh
P a fl ch alan am P ar i sh a d a m aj a gam a
Th e Brih a
m eyaya ; t amh a P r av ah ano J ai va l i r u vach a
d aranyak a U pa n ish a d ( V I 2 1 ) uses the te rm P a ri sh ad
K I NG S H I P
93
The
a lso expelled R e v o t ta ra s P ata v a Ch akr a S th a pa t i
A i ta r e ya Brahm ana ( VII I 1 0 ) re f ers to person a ges who
were e x pelled from their rash tr a s a n d who were a n xious to
recover th em with th e help of the Ksh a triy a consecra ted
with the P u n a ra bh i s h e k a S uch persons were the I ndi a n
Th e
king
w as
told :
'
a ct ,
m ethin ks
an d
P O L I TI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
94
soverei gn lord of
as
V i va sya b h utas y a a d h i pat i
V i am atta
devourer of the people
a l l beings
destroyer of e nemies
Brah
A m i tranam h a nt a
D h a r m as ya C opt a
protector of the l a ws
In the expressions q uoted a bove we h a v e re f erence
to the kin g s sovereignty a n d Im perium h i s power of
ta x a tion his milita ry functions his rela tion s with th e
Hiera rchy a n d his j udici al d uties
P O L IT I C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
96
The
h p ter on t h e L te r G u p t s
c a
w as
p u bl i sh e d i n t he JA S B
1 9 20 .
T HE
AG E
TH E R IS E
OF B I M B I SAR A
OF M A G A DH A .
TH E A G E
1.
97
B I M B I S AR A .
or
reigned
We le a rn f ro m the Sutta
a n d fty ye a rs he
Nip ata ( SB E X I I 6 7 ) th a t Bi mbisar a s c apita l w as a t
I n a ddition to these
o f consider able e x ten t a n d power
t here were a number o f sm a ller kin gdoms a n d some non
Ary a n princip a lities The m ost importa n t a mongst the
re publics were the V aj j i a n s of V a i sal i an d the M a ll a s of
An a ccount of both these peoples
K u s i n ara an d Pav e
Amon g the sm aller republics
h as a lre ad y been given
g
R hys D a vids m entions the Sak y as of K ap i l avas tu the
K ol i yas of R am a gam a th e B h a g ga s o f S u ms u m ara Hill
the B u lis of A ll a k ap pa the K al am a s of K es ap u tta an d
,
th e M o ri yas
of
P i pph a l i va n a
e l e m i les f r om K i I B ( C u n ni n gh m A G I p
P i p a i n t h e n r t h o f t he B t l d i s t ri c t ; o r Ti l
Tw
S
( m
it h
us n I I
E H I,
as
s u ra
K 69
i n t he
Tar i
P O LITI C A L H I S T O R Y OF I N D I A
98
t ri bu t ry o f th e R p t i
a
( Old e nb erg
B u dd h p
a,
P O L ITI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
1 00
6 , 6 4, 1 0 0 , 1 03 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 8 ,
m ents
I n h er interesting article S a ge an d King i n K o sa la
THE
an d a
AG E
O F B I M B I S AR A
101
'
P OL IT I C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
1 02
'
an d
M agad h a
P O L IT I C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
1 04
'
'
'
'
A JA I A SA T R U
'
1 05
'
II
K U N IK A
A JAT A SAT R U
'
P OL ITI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
1 06
'
P O L ITI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
108
'
'
'
II I
S uccn ss o ns
w as
.
'
A JAT A SA T R U
S SU
CC E S S OR S
1 09
'
P OL IT I C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
1 10
'
I nd ian
n t i q u ry
a
M am h , 1 9 1 9 .
POL IT I CAL
112
IS TOR Y OF IN DI A
SB
E
X
I
p
xvi
That
m
onarch
us
u
n
not
S
a
a
)
(
g )
(
unm indful of his m other s origin re established the city
of V esal i and xed in i t the royal residence F rom that
ti m e R aj a gah a lost her ran k of royal ci ty which s h e never
a re
and K ak a va rna
one and t h e
t h e crow coloured
This conclusi o n is c o nrmed by the eviden ce
s am e person
F ro m
A JAT A SA r a U s
'
of
the
M u nd a
S UCC E S S O R S
113
A so kava d an a
'
'
N a mdi .
Y akha
sa
P
( )
t na mdi
r va a
P OL ITI CAL
11 4
Dr
as
M aj u m dar
H I S T O RY O F
IN D IA
follows
Y akh e
sa
m V a j i n arh
70
'
'
JB O R S ,
ece m
e r,
19 19
M d
o
e rn
Re
vi
ew
O c to
er,
19 19
P O L IT ICAL
1 16
I ST O R Y O F I N D IA
IV
TH E
C H R ON OL O G Y o n T H E
G R OU P
B I M B I s An A
SI SU N Z G A
preposterous
Acc o rdin g to the Cey lonese Chronicles
B imbis a ra ruled for f ty tw o years Aj a ta satr u for 3 2
years Udaya for 1 6 y ea rs A n u r u d d h a an d Munda for 8
years N agad as ak a for 2 4 y ears S us u n aga for 1 8 years
K alaso k a for 2 8 years and K alaso k a s sons for 2 2 yea rs
Gautam a Buddha d ied when Aj a tas atru was on the throne
i
for 8 years ( Carm L ec p
years afte r
F leet and Geiger adduce
th e accession of B imbisa r a
good gr o unds for believing that th e P a ri n i r vau a really
took place in 48 3 B C ( J R AS 1 9 09 pp 1 3 4; Geiger
A ddin g 6 0 to 48 3 B C we
M ah av a ms a p x xviii )
get th e y ear 543 B C as the date of the accessi o n o f
Bimbis a ra In the tim e o f Bi m bis a ra Gandh ara w a s an
independen t kingdom rule d by a k in g named P u k k u s at i
B y B C 51 6 Gandh a ra had lost its indepe nden ce and had
become subj ect to Persia as we kno w from the Behistun
TH E
NA N DA S
117
TH
NAN D A S
'
P OL ITI CAL
1 18
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
king
The m urdered sovereign seem s to have been
K alaso k a K ak a v a r na who had a tragic end as we kn ow
from the H ar s h a ch a r i ta K ak a v a r na Sa i su n ag i says
B ana had a dagger thrust into his th r e a t in the vicin ity
of his city The youn g princes referred to by C urtius
were evid en tly th e sons of K alas o k a K ak av arn a T h e
Greek accoun t of the rise of the fami ly o f A gr am m e s ts
i n wel l with the Ceylonese account o f th e e n d o f the
Sa i u n aga lin e and the rise of the N a ndas but n o t with
the P u r a nic st o ry w hich represen ts the rs t Nanda a s a
son of the last Sai s u n aga by a S udra woman a n d m akes n o
m ention of the y oun g princes Th e name A gr am m es i s
probably a corruption of the San skri t A u g ra s ai n ya
of U gra s e n a
so n
U g ra s e n a i s , a s we h ave seen t h e
na m e o f the rst Nanda accordin g to the M ah ab o d h i
m a y ap tly be te r m ed A u g r a sa i n ya
H is
son
v a ms a
W hich the G reeks corrup ted in t o A g ra m m e s a n d later on
i nt o Xa n d ra m e s
The Matsy a V a y u a n d B rah m a nda Pur an a s call
M a h ap ad ma the rst Nanda k ing the d estroyer of all the
Ksh atriyas ( Sarva K sh a t ran ta k a ) a n d sole m onarch
k
a rat) of th e earth which was under h i s undisputed sway
e
(
wh ich term s imply that h e ove rth rew a l l th e d y n a sties
which ruled contem p o rane o usly wi t h th e Sa i s u n aga s vi a
th e I k s h vak u s H a ih a y a Kali ngas A sm a k a s Sura s e u a s
etc The Pura nic accoun t of the unicati o n of a co n s i
d er abl e portion of I ndia un d er Nan d a s sceptre is co r ro b o
rate d by th e classical writers wh o speak o f the m ost power
ful pe e ples who dwelt beyon d t h e Beas i n the tim e o f
,
P O L ITI CAL
1 20
R as h tr apala ,
an d
D hana
I S T O RY OF I N D I A
G o v i s h anak a ,
D a s a s i dd h a k a ,
K ai va r ta
N an d op ak r a m an i
m a n a ni
NAN DAS
TH E
121
U d d h a r i s h y a ti
K au ti l y o
vai
ta n sarv a n
d vi r
a s h a bh i
'
K a u ti l y a s C h a n d r a gu pt a m tu
'
Tate
Mr
e
y
j
ra
b h i s h e k s h y a ti
( Ind A n t 1 9 1 4 p 1 2 1 ) proposes to
read V i ras h trabh ih instead o f d vi ra s h tab h ih V i ras h tras
h e takes t o mean the Ar a tta s and adds th a t K a u ti lya w as
h elpe d by the Ar atta s
the band of robbe rs of Justi n
The Milin d a P a h o
SB E XXXVI pp 1 47 48 )
refers to an episode o f the great s truggle bet w ee n the
Nan d as and th e M au r ya s
there w a s B h ad d a sal a t h e
soldier in th e se r vice o f the royal family o f Nanda and he
wage d w ar a gainst king C h an da g u t ta N e w i n that w ar
N a ga sena there were eighty Corpse d ances F or t h ey
s a y tha t when one gre a t H ead H olocaust has taken
pl ace
w
n
by
hich
is
mea
t
the
s
lau
ghter
of
ten
tho
s
nd
ele
u
a
(
h
a n ts
and
a
lac
of
horses
and
thousand
charioteer
ve
s
p
a nd
a hun d re d k oti s of s oldi ers on f e e t) then th e head
less co r pses arise an d da nce in fren z y over the bat tle
eld
Th e pa ssage contains a go od deal o f what i s
un trust wor thy B ut we have here a reminiscence of the
blood y encounter between the con tendin g fo rces of the
t
1
Nan d as and the M au r y as
Ind Ant
2
p
.
Ja y a s w al
POL IT I
12 2
TH E
CAL
ISTORY OF INDIA
P E R S I AN AN D MAC E D O NI A N INVAS I O NS
that the dis trict west o f th e river Indus as far as the river
C e ph en ( K a bul ) is inhabited by the A s ta ce n i a n s
Mbh VI 51 ) a n d the A s sa cen i an s
Indian tribes
These w ere i n ancien t times subject to the Assyrians
af te rwards to the Medes and nally they s ubmitted to the
Persians and paid tribute to Cyrus the son o f Cambyses as
P OL ITI CAL
12 4
IS T O RY O F I N D IA
desert b y reason of th e s a n d si
the s o n a n d
K h s h ay ars ha or Xerxes ( 48 6 46 4
succ e ss or o f D arius m ain tained his h ol d on the In d ian p ro
vinces I n th e great army w hich h e led a ga i n s t H e l la s bo th
C hi
n n oc
Ar r i a n
'
Ana
b i pp
as s ,
1 42 1 43
-
P E R S I AN A N D
MA
C E DO N IAN I N VAS I O N S
125
A ss a k en i a n s .
I t h ad i ts capital at M ass a ga a
form i d able fortress
p r obab l y situate d not very far to the n orth of the M ala
4.
P e u k e l ao ti s
C h i n n o ck
A rr i o u
pp
2 30 28 1 .
-
P OL ITI CAL
12 6
O F I N D IA
H I S T O RY
3
9
h
n n o ck s
E
dition
p
9
the
are
not
an
i
N
s
ae
n
s
C
a
)
(
y
I ndian race b u t descended from the m e n who came in to
C hi
n n oc
M Ori n d l e ,
V o l . 1 1 1 , p . 76 .
i
I v i
A rr
'
an a
An a
as on
b i
of
as s o f
l x d
l x d
e
an
an
e r,
er a n d
79
I di
n
es
il
H a m to n
2 28
and
Fa
co n e r ,
St b
ra
o,
P OL ITI CAL
128
Alexander p
IS T O RY O F I N D I A
2 7 4)
'
11.
G a n d ar i s
F s E d II I p 9 2 )
S trabo says ( H
some wri ters
place C a th a i a a n d the coun try of S e pe i th e s one of the
nomarch s in the trac t be tween the rive rs ( H y d as pe s an d
A ces i n e s
the J i h l a m and th e Chin a b ) s o me o n the
other side of the A ce s i n e s a n d of th e H y a r o ti s o n th e
.
P E R S IAN AN D
C E DO N IAN I N VAS I O N S
MA
129
f o re the
lord of the fastnesses of the Salt R ange
P OL ITI CAL
1 30
I ST OR Y O F I N D I A
'
P OL ITI CAL
13 2
I ST O RY O F I N D I A
K as m i r a H
'
Am b as h th a S i n dh a v ah
-
P E R S IA N
C E DO N IAN I N VAS I O N S
AN D M A
1 33
i
the Br a hma nas exercised considerable
B ra ch m a n s
inuence in the country The y were the instigators of
a revolt against the M acedon ian i n vader ( Chinnock
A rri an p
2 4 The principality of O x y k a n o s
Curtius calls the subj ects of O x y k a n os the Braesti
h
P
s
h
as
h
x y k a n os himself i s called
r
VI
o
?
M
b
O
t
(
both b y Strabo and D io d oros P or ti k a n os C u nningham
places h i s territory t o the west of th e Indus in the level
country around L ark h an a ( Inv a sion of Alexander p
25
The principality of Sam bos :
Sambos was the ruler of a m oun tainous country
ad j oining the kin g d om of M o u s i k an os with whom
he was at feu d H i s capital called S i n d i m an a h as been
identied with Se h wan a city on the Indus ( M C r i n d l e
Invasion of Alexander p
.
2 6.
P a ta l e n e
P OL ITI CAL
1 84
I S T O RY OF I N D IA
or
C o ph a e u s , A ss a ge te s
s va i t P ,
A
(
j )
Si s i k o t tos ( Sasi u ta )
g p
P OL IT I C A L
1 36
I ST O R Y OF I N D I A
TH E
MA U RY A E M PI R E
TH E
E RA
OF
D I G V IJA Y A
1
TH
RE I G N
or
C H A N D R A G U P TA M A U R Y A
POL ITI C AL H I S TO RY
13 8
O F I NDI A
gr eatn ess
Th e above ac coun t sh orn of its m ar vellous elem en t
a m ounts to this that C han dragupta a ma n of n on
m onarchical rank place d h imsel f at th e h ead of the
In dians who chafed u nde r the Macedonian y oke and
after Alexander s departure defeated his generals an d
P O LITI CAL
1 40
M i l i n d a pa h o
I S TOR Y
OF
I N D IA
Sometime after
his acquisition of sovereignty
Chandragupta wen t to war with the pre fects or generals
of Alexander ( of Smith As o ka third editi on p 1 4 n )
and crushed their power
The overthrow of the Nandas and th e liberation of
the P aj ab were n o t the only achievements of the great
Mau rya Pl utarch tel ls us ( Alex L XI I ) that he overran
and subdue d the whole of I n d ia with a n ar m y of
men Justin also in form s us that he was in possession of
I ndia
I n his
B eginnin gs of South I ndian H is tory
Chapter I I Prof S K r i sh n asw a m i A i yan gar sh ows that
m akes frequen t
M am u l a n ar an ancien t Tami l au thor
allusions to the M au r ya s in the past havin g penetrated
with a great arm y as far as the P o d i y i l H ill i n the Tin ne
velly district The statemen ts of this author are supported
by P aranar or P aram K o r r an ar an d K a l l i l A ttirai
yan a r
The advanced party of the invasion was
composed of a warlike people called Kos ar ( K o sal as P)
The invaders advanced from the Kon kan passin g the
hills E l i l m al ai about sixteen m iles north of Can nanore
and entered th e Kon gu ( Coim batore ) district ultimately
goin g a s far as the P o d i yi l H ill Un fortunately the
nam e of the M au rya leader is n o t given B ut the
e xpression
Vamba M o ri y ar
or M aurya upsta rts
H
Beginnin
gs
of
Sou
th
In
dian
istory
p
woul
d
seem
89
)
(
to sugges t that t he rst Maur y a t e Chand ragupta was
m ean t
C e rtai n Mysore Ins c rip tions refer to C h a n d ra g u p ta s
rule in north Mysore Thus one insc ripti o n says th at
,
'
.,
C H AN D RAG U P T A
MA
U RYA
1 41
Wa r
T I2 6 S e l eu k i d a n
P OL I TI CAL
1 42
H I S T O RY o r
I ND IA
.,
P OL IT I CAL
1 44
IS T O RY O F I N D I A
T h e most
country are built of brick an d m or tar
i m portan t cities of C h a n d ra gu pt a s e m pire besides the
m etropolis were Taxi l a and Uj j ain
[ Elian gives the followin g account of the palac e of
Chandragupta
I n the I ndian royal palace where the
gr eates t of all the kings of the coun try resides besides m uch
else which is calculated to excite admiration and with which
neither Susa n or E k b atan a can vie ( for methin ks only
the well known vanity of the Persians could prompt s uch
a comparison ) there are other wonders besides In the
parks tame peacocks are kept an d p he asan ts which have
been domesticated ; there are shady groves and pas ture
grounds planted with trees and bran ches of trees which
the art of the w ood sma n has de f tly in terwove n ; while
some trees are native to the soil others are brought fro m
other parts and with their beau ty enhance the char m s
of the landscape Parrots are natives of the country
an d keep hove rin g about the kin g and w heelin g round
him and vast tho u gh their n u mbers be n o Indian e ver
ea ts a parrot The B ra ch m an s honour them high ly
above all other birds because the parrot alone ca n
imita te h uman speech Within th e pal ace grounds are
articial ponds in which they keep sh of enormo us size but
q uite ta m e No one h as per m ission to sh for thes e
e x cept the king s sons whi le ye t in their boyhood These
.
C H AN D RA G U P TA
MA U R YA
1 45
C h a n d r ag up ta
G o v6 7 mn 6 n t
'
M C r i n d le , A n c
'
en t
I di
n
a as
escr
ib d i C l
e
i l Li t
a s s ca
e r a t u re ,
pp
1 41 -42 .
P OL IT I CAL
1 46
OF I N D IA
H IST O R Y
He
H e also s a t i n his court to administe r j ustice
re m ains there al l da y thus occupied not s u e ri n g
hi mself to be i n terrupted eve n though th e ti m e arrives
This atten tion to h i s
f o r attending to h i s person
pe rson consists of friction with pieces of w ood and h e
con tinues to lis te n to the cause while th e friction i s
'
'
P OL ITI CAL
1 48
IS T O RY
OF
I N D IA
of envoys
F rom the passage M an tri pa r i s h ad am
p
his
of a k in g with a
K s h u d ra pa r i s h ad
(
rej ec tion of th e views of the M a navas B ar h as pa tyas
an d th e A u San asa s a n d his reference to Indra s
Parishad of a thousan d R ishis i t m ay be presum ed
that his master w a s prevaile d upon to constitute a fairl y
big assembl y
.
'
C H A N D R A G U P TA
appoin ted to
superi ntend
MA
U RYA
1 49
the
bh a yo pad h as u d d h a
A m atya s sh ould be appointed to
im mediate service ( asa n n a k a rya ) w hile those who are
proved im p u re should be em pl o yed i n mines tim ber and
elephan t fores ts and m an ufact o ries Un tried A m atya s
were to be em ploye d in ordinary d epartm ents ( sam an ya
Perso n s e n d o wed with th e qualications
a dh i k arana )
required in an A m at ya ( A m at ya s am pad Ope ta) were
appointe d N i s r i sh tar t h ah ( m inisters plenip o ten tiary )
L ek h a k as or M inisters o f C o rrespondence a n d A d h y ak sh as
or S uperintenden ts
The statemen ts of K a u ti ly a regardi n g the em ploym ent
of A m atya s a s the chief executive a n d j udicial o i ce r s
are conrmed by th e classical w riters A r ri a n says from
them are chosen their rulers governors of provin ces
d e pu ti e s tr e a su r e r s
generals
admirals
controllers
of
h
P OL IT I CAL
1 50
I ST ORY O F I N D I A
ea ch
Next to the M agistrates of the city is a third bod y
of governors wh o have th e care of m ilitary a ff ai rs Thi s
clas s also consists o f s i x d ivision s each com posed o f ve
2
persons
The Magistrates in charge of the ci ty and th ose in
charge of m ilitar y a ff a irs are eviden tly the sam e as the
N a garad h ya k s h a s and B a l ad h y a k s h a s of the A r t h a sast ra
1
ysore
E
d
9
1
9
p
5
5
Nagara
D
h
a
nya
M
a
h
r
ik
a
V
v
a
a
y
(
D r S m ith rem arks ( E H I
K ar m an ti k a B a l adh y a k s h ah)
s t h ap a y e t
each department
a n i tya rn
ch ad h i k a rana m
a k s h a sak h ah kar ma ni k u ry u h
h
d
h
t
t
E
vident
k
o
a
r
a
r
a
a
y
g
l y D r S m ith notices o n l y the A d h y a k s h a s but igno res
existe nce of the U t ta rad h y a k s h as a n d others
the
A s in regard to the A r th a sas tra S m i th n otices onl y t h e
so
in regard to the classical accoun ts h e
A d h y aks h as
,
'
'
E ac
i l t
p vi i
p ca
h b dy
o
w as res
f ig
ar s,
o re
res
on s
f or
gi
ll t i
re
en s ,
f ll i g d p
the
o n e of
ow
bi t h
s t ra t o n o f
s and
art m e n t s , r
eat
ia
th e
s , s a e s an d e
m ech a .
xh g
c
an
es ,
ih
l
f th
B d
p ib l f
f ll i g d p t m t
E h divi i
v y t p t d m m i i t ( f Vi h t i K m gi f K t i ly Bk
mm t h
0 h IV ) t h i f
t y th
v l y th h i t d t h l ph t
X
h
f ll i g p g
H
ty
th
O p g 57
19 19 p 69
A t h t
t h ap y t i
l ph t
v ly h i t
d
k m kh y m
t h p d at m
a
i f a t y h l l h b p l d d m y hi f
su
er
p ib l
id t
s o n o f a rt s a n s , a n d co
na
ra n s
.,
vs ra
n r
oar
s on or
ac
n an r
s ra ,
e ac
or
ane
ec
w as r e s
a ce
un
es o n
or
s sa r a ,
a r
e ca
f t t
ons
co
an
on o
an
one
ave
e s.
ow
ar
ar o s a n
w e
a v as
er
e c
s a es.
e e
ow
an
en s ,
a.
an s .
e e e
ar
a s sa
a n s , ca
a r
ar o s ,
as
an
P O L IT I CA L H IS TO R Y O F I N D I A
1 52
.,
'
'
C H A N D R A G U PT A M A U R Y A
1 53
the R as h tri yas we r e ide n tical with the R ash tra pala s
whose sa lary w as equal to that o f K u m ara s ( A r th as as tr a
p
'
Sp i es
an d
Ove r s eer s
P O L I T I CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
1 54
to courtesan
v e s ya,
of the
2 2 1 , 2 49 , 3 1 6
A r th as as t r a
va
i
j )
r u pa
spies
pp
on
'
Vi l l ag e A d mi n i s tr a ti o n
Th e l a s t d a y s
C h a n d r a g up ta
.,
'
P O L I TI CA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
1 56
.,
F or ei g n
r e l a t i o ns .
B l N D U S AR A
write r s
S t r abo ) t h a t
1 57
B i n d as ar a
F a mi tg
'
PO LI TI CA L H I S TO R Y
1 58
O F I N DI A
an d n ot
2 73 B C
.
III
TH E
E A R LY Y E A R S
or
sok a
Th
e re w e r e o
th
er a
bh is h e k a s
a so ,
th t
a
of
Y uv a r aj a , K
n m ra ,
pati
S e na
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO R Y
1 60
or
INDIA
E A R L Y Y EA R S
AS OK A
or
1 01
K h arav el a .
e m pire
O n e hu n dred an d ft y tho u sa n d perso n s were
carried away captive o n e h u n dred thousan d were slai n
'
P O L ITI CA L H I S T O RY O F I N D I A
162
to
'
'
'
P O L I T I CA L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
1 64
P eriplus
products Bisi an d M ah ab i si
n
n
h
a
s
t
a
n
A
r
t
s
r
a
r
me
tio
ed
i
p
were
de
ived
from
them
9
7
(
)
I n the co m me n tar y o n the A r th as as tr a ( S h am asas tri s
Tra n slatio n p 9 1 n 1 0 ) it is sta ted that the twelve
v illages prod u ci n g Bisi an d M ah ab i si are situated o n the
Him alay as
We lear n f ro m the classical writers that th e co u n tr y
i e Be n gal f or m ed a part of th e
o f the G a n gar i d ae
do m i n ion o f the k i n g o f th e P ras i i i e M a gad h a as earl y
time o f A gra mm es i e the last N an da Ki n g
as the
2
2
1
pp
A
passage
r i n dl e I n v Ale x
o f P li n y
C
M
(
clearl y suggests that the P al i b o th r i dom i n ated the
whole tract al o n g the Gan ges ( I n d A n t 1 8 7 7
That
the Magadhan ki n gs retai n ed their hold o n Be n gal as late
o f the
as th e time of As oka is proved b y the testimo n y
p 2 55) an d o f
D i vyavad an a ( of S m ith s A s oka 3 r d e d
H i u e n Tsa n g who saw S t u pas of that mo n arch n ear Tamra
l i pti an d K am asu va rna ( i n W est Be n gal ) i n Sa m ata ta
i
n
u ndra var d h a n a
P
E
ast
Be
as
well
as
orth
n gal )
N
(
(
Be n gal ) K amar u pa ( Assa m ) seems to ha v e lai n ou tside
th e e m pire The C hi n ese pilgri m saw n o m o n ume n t o f
As oka i n that cou n tr y
W e have see n that i n the so u th the Ma u r y a pow er
at on e time had pe n etrated as far a s the P o d i yi l Hill i n
the T i n n eva ll y district I n the ti m e o f A s oka the Mau r y a
f ron t ier had receded probabl y to the P e n n ar river n ear
The m ajor part o f the D ecca n w as ruled b y the
N ellore
v iceregal pri n ces o f T osal i a n d S u varna gi r i But certai n
strips o f territor y were occupied b y vassal tribes e g the
A n dhras P u li n d as Bhoj as an d B as h tri k a s T h e word
P i t i n i k a me n tio n ed i n R ock E d i cts V a n d XIII should
accordi n g to P ro f B h an d ark ar n o t be read as a separate
adj ective qu a lif y i n g B ash tri k a ( E dic t
n a m e but as a n
V ) an d Bhoj a ( E dict XI II ) The P rofessor d r aws o u r
atte n tio n to certai n passages i n the A ngu ttara N i k aya
,
an d
th e n ames
of
,
th e
.
EAR
III
(
se n se
LY Y EAR S
or
ASO K A
165
70 3 00 )
,
"
PO L ITI CA L H I S T O R Y
1 66
'
IN DI A
or
'
'
58 , 6 4, 2 1 5, 2 3 7
The B aj u k as
3
The P rad e s i k a s or P rad es i k as
4 The Y utas ( t h e Y u k ta s o f t h e A r th a s as tra pp
1 9 9 R am a y a na VI
M an n VIII
5
P ulis a
2.
'
6 5,
59 ,
6.
P a t i ve d a k a
V a ch ab h u m i k a
P O L I TI C A L
1 68
H I S T O RY 0 15 I N D I A
'
'
A d h yak s h anam
ad h
k
h
a
s
a
y
u ru s h anam
n i y a m an a
ch a
n te n de n ts
checki
superi
The
y
acted
a n d their m en )
ng
(
as i n ter m ediaries betwee n the S a mah a t ri o n the o n e
ha n d a n d the G o pas S th an i ka s a n d A dh yak s h as o n the
other
A r th a Sas tr a pp 1 42 2 0 0 2 1 7
As t o the Y utas or Y u k tas the y are represe n ted b y M a n n
a s the custodia n s Of P r a nas h tad h i a ta dra y a lo s t
VII
I
4
3
)
(
g
(
property which was recov ered ) I n the A r th a sas tra too the y
are m e n tio n ed i n co n n ectio n with Sam u d aya or s tate fu n ds
The P uli sa
w hich the y are represe n ted as m isappropri a ti n g
are app a re n tl y ide n tical with the P u r u s h as or R aja P u r u
shas Of the A r th a sas tra ( pp 59
The P a ti ved a k a are
whil e
doubtless the C h ar a s referred to i n C hap 1 6 ( p
the V a ch abh m i kas were evide n tl y charged with the superi a
ten de n ce Of V raj a referred to i n chapter 2 4 ( pp 59
.
'
'
TH E MA U R Y A E M P I R E
TH E
D H A M M A V I JA Y A A N D
1.
A S OK A
AF TE R
TH E
ER A
D E CL I N E
KA L I N G A WA R
OF
'
P O L I TI CA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
1 70
'
T h e C h a ng e
A sok a
R e li gi o n .
V i h ar ay at ras u p a n e l) K ur nr i
jo
Yd h i
u
tb i ra h
k amim ma h ate j l} pr a d a d Av a m b i k as u t e .
Ma n a a se e a so Ja a k a s N o . 8 7 , an d N O 1 6 3
S ar van
F or
gl
F o r A ba
an d
V i v h a
s e e a so
M b h V . 1 41 . I 4.
.
( H at th i mah g a la )
P O L IT I CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
1 72
Kali nga war the histor y Of I n dia was the histor y of the
expan sio n O f M agad h a fro m a ti n y state i n S outh Bih ar
to a giga n ti c E m pire exte n di n g fro m the foot Of the
Hi n duk ush to the borders of the Ta m il cou ntr y After
the Kali nga war e n sued a peri od Of stag n atio n at the e n d
The e m pi r e g radu all y
o f which th e process is reversed
dwi n dled down i n exte n t till it sa n k to the positio n from
which Bi m bisara an d his successors had raised it
True to his pri n ciple A s oka m ade n o atte m pt to
a n n ex the fro n tier ( Pr ach a mta) ki n gdo m s vi z C hola
Pand y a S ati yapu tra K e ral a pu tra T al nbapamn i ( C e y lo n )
O n the co n trar y
an d the real m of A mt i y a k o Y o n ar aj a
he mai n ta i n ed frie n dl y relatio n s with the m
Th e C hola cou n tr y was drai n ed b y th e river K aver i
districts o f Trichi n opol i a n d Ta n j ore
a n d co m prised the
We lear n fro m a S outh I n dia n i n scriptio n ( H u l tz sch S I I
How could
V ol I p 3 4) that Hara asked G u n ab h a r a
I stan di n g i n a temple o n ea r th view t h e great powe r
?
a
r
i
r
the river K ve
Whe n P u l ak e s i n
o f the C holas o
I I strove to co n q uer the C holas the K aver i had her
curre n t Obstructed b y the ca u s e w a v fo r m ed b y his
elepha n ts
The C hola capital was U rai y ur ( S a n skrit
U ra ga pu r a F) o r O ld Trichi n op ol y
The P and y a cou n try correspo n ded to the Madu ra a n d
districts a n d had its capital at M a du ra
T i n n e vall y
K
The
rivers
r i ta m al a o r V a i a i a n d
a k sh i n a Mathur a)
D
g
(
Tam rap arni owed through it K atyay an a d e r ives P an d y a
fro m P and u The P and a s are m e n tio n ed as the rulin g
race o f I n draprastha i n the Mah abh ar ata as well as i n
several Jatakas P tole m y ( cir 1 50 A D ) speaks o f the
cou n tr y of th e P a n d o o u o i i n the P a j ab There ca n be
that P an du was the n a m e o f a r eal t r ibe i n
n o doubt
I n dia K atyay an a s sta te m e n t regardi n g the
n orther n
co n n ectio n o f the P andyas w ith th e P andu s receives so m e
suppor t from the fact that the n a m e of the Pand y a
.
A SO K A A F T E R T H E
K A L I NG A WA R
1 73
.,
'
On
re a d i n g
w as a so s
La w
u gge ste d
Anc
i t Hi d
en
by M r . N L . D e y .
.
l ty ( p
Po i
87
n.
n d
th t t h i d t i t i
a
en
ca
on
P O L IT ICA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
174
far as the
n d n o t Ale x a n de r o f E pirus
2
4
4
a
B
C
C
ir
5
2
2
2
2
7
)
(
(
cir 2 55) s on of P y rrhus
Though Asoka did n o t covet the territories Of h i s
he gave them advice
n eighbours there is evide n ce that
occasio n s a n d established philan thropic i n stitutio n s i n
on
their do m i n io n s I n other words he regarded them as
Objects o f religious co n q ues t ( Dh amm a v i j a ya )
M y n eighbours to o should lear n this lesso n
M
E
dict
R
(
Amo n g his fro n tagers the C holas P andyas the
K e ta l ap u t ra as far as Tam rapa rn i
Sat i yap u tra the
A n ti och o s the Greek ki n g a n d eve n the ki n gs the n eigh
bours Of that A n ti o ch o s eve r y wh ere have bee n mad e
heali n g arr a n ge m e n ts Of H is S acred a n d Gracious
Majest y the Ki n g
I n E dict XIII As oka declares that the co n quest O f the
Law o f P iet y
has bee n w on b y His S ac red
all h is n eighbours as far as six hu n dred le a gues
w here the ki n g of the Greeks n a m ed A n t i o ch o s dwells
T am r apar ni
P O L ITI CA L
1 76
H I S TO RY
OF INDIA
I
i
b
d
1
1
5
3
,
,
(
The ha r m less
V ats yay a n a
te
ha
han i
Sa maj ah)
am aj a is probabl y the
K am a s t ra
refer r ed to
in
j
n i u k tan am
m
t
n
i
a
y
y
k
h
s
as a
P
a
s
s
a
m
a
a
y
(
y
b h av a n e
S ar a s va tya
on e
va
ra
A S O K A A F TE R
A d mi n i s tr a ti ve R
the
In
rs t
e f o r ms .
M ah am atra s
an d
d e s i k as ,
1 77
A n as a mg ana
WA R
T H E K A L I NL A
S m ith ( Asoka
Mr
Ja y as w a l
and
Dr
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
1 78
M ea s
ur es a d op te d
th e
to d i ss emi na te I ns tr
L aw
ucti o ns
in
P i e ty .
tr u th f ul n ess p u rity
compas s io n liberalit y
I n M i n or
,
P O L I TI CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N DI A
1 80
A
i
k
h
n
re
dh
n
other
d
m
i
a
a
a
)
g
(
)
represe n tatio n s o f a d i vi n e n ature P rof Bh an d a r k ar
nt
9
n
A
1
1
2
p
2
6
refers
to
the
P
li
h
d
m
n
av
a
t
t
u
V
I
i
a
a
(
)
H
(
as ti d a sa n a
m a ss e s
of
.,
So
B h a n d ark ar
sc
h l
tk
t d th t S
o a rs
co n e n
S a m bo d h i
a mbod h i
is
to
eq
ean
u i va l e nt
u pre m e
t o Bo
d h i or
k no w
l dg
e
e.
M uh l b od h i .
B u t P ro f
A SO K A A F TE R
B e n evo le n t A cti vi ty
TH E
r o mo ti o n o
M an
K AL I NG A WA R
a nd
B ea s t
18 1
We lf a r e
th e
A r th a sas tra
'
'
e l i g i o us
T o ler a ti o n
i n th e B
a nd
th e P
ud d hi s t
r even ti on o
C h u r ch
he
d oes revere n ce to m e n of all sects whether ascetics
P
v a i t an i
a
r
a
o
G
h
householders
ra s tan i ) b y gifts an d
(
j
)
(
various form s o f revere n ce That he was si n cere i n his
In
S ch i s m
t hat
P O L I TI CA L H I S TO RY O F
1 82
l N D IA
o
f
m
i
n
S
ra
the
atter
ects
He
sa
y
s
that
he
who
a
s
(
)
d o es r eve re n ce to his o w n sect while disparagi n g the sec ts
o f others wholl y fro m attach m e n t to his o w n w ith
i n te n t
to e n ha n ce the sp l e n dour o f his o w n sect i n realit y b y
Th e S uccess
an
a i lu r e
D r S mith
A soka
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
1 84
U n fortu n atel y
K a u ti lya
no
M e gas the n e s h as
or
left
Sa ta d h an u s
var ma n ,
an d
B r i h ad r a th a
Th e
B r i h ad ra th a
The Vish nu
P ur ana
D as ara th a ,
S u ya s as ,
Sa ta d h a n va n
an d
B r i h ad ra th a .
P u sh ya m i tra
of
of
TH E
L AT E R
M AU R YA S
1 85
in
d e van amp i y a
D a sara th a w h o receives the epithet
the i n scriptio n s was a gr a n dso n of As oka accord i n g to
the Mats y a a n d Vish n u P ur anas a n d the predecessor o f
ng
m
n
varia
t
S
a
gata
accordi
to
the
sa
e
n
S am p r a t i
)
(
authori ties
I n d rap al i t a m ust be ide n ti ed w ith S a m pra ti o r S ali
s uka acco rdi n g as we ide n tify B a n d h u pali ta with D a sa
ratha o r Sam pra ti I n the m atter of the propagatio n o f
the Jai n a faith Jai n a r ecords S peak as highl y o f Sa m pra ti
as Buddhi st records do o f A soka Ji n aprabh asu ri sa y s
i n P atali p u t ra ourished the great ki n g S a m pra t i so n
the
o f K u n ala lord o r Bh ara t a with its three co n ti n e n ts
of
P O L IT I CA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
1 86
A r h a n ta
-
'
K i e l h o rn
'
i g ht u
l l y pp
cru e
eo
s,
37
hi
y Th
l th u gh th i i g
hi
u ty
S a m ta
T h e G ar i
Unr
B i i h a ts a nl h l tti
re s s e s
sa
eo r s n
s co
e re
on
w
r
il l b
i gh t
eo
Sa l i s k a
w ck e
u s n e s s ( d h a r ma vd i
u a rr e l so m e
a d h r m i ka
b)
i g
n
he
P O L I TI CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
1 88
P lav a
h y ate
a d ri
dh a yaj a r pa
kar m a
E tach ch h re y o y e bh i n an d an ti m dh a
Jaram ri tyu m te p u n are vap i y an t i .
In
t ah katha m m a y a s ard h a m sa m aga m o bh a v i s h ya t i
the s a m e work ( p 409 ) As oka sa y s to o n e o f his q uee n s
F rail ,
in
D EC LI N E O F T H E
D evi aha m
M A U R YAS
1 89
katha m palandu m
n scriptio n
n dra
n a
M
y
sore
i
C
ha
k
s h a y am i
I
i
h
a
r
b
a
p
gupta is described as an abode o f the usage s o f e m i n e n t
kshat r i y as ( R ice M y sore a n d C oo r g fro m the I n s cr i p
a bh i j ata
tio n s p
K a n ti lya s p r efere n ce o f an
ki n g see m s also t o suggest th a t his sovereig n was bor n
o f a n oble fam il y
cf
A
r t h as as tr a p
(
Havi n g refer r ed to the proh ibitio n o f a n i mal sacri ces
i
a rak s h i ta)
T
s
h
(
y
K sh a tr i y ah
'
of
th i
F or
me ly m
th i w ld T h th g d i
d
tt h v b tm
l ft b h i d T h m
h p f m
i
th g d di d d
ll
m m
i th t h g d d B h m i
th
i
t d w t th i p
g by P f D B B h d k
M y tt t i
r
e r sa cr
s acr
h e ve
a
ce s
n.
e n an d
ce s w e n
e
sa
en
g d l i v d t g th
o
ea
en ,
a n n er
o n w as
rs
ra
in
e n w e re
as
er
e
,
or
os e
w e
assa
en
ro
en w
s an
.
n re w a r
ra
an
e r or
ar ar ,
P O L ITI CA L H I S TO RY O F I N D I A
1 90
P O L IT I CA L H I STO RY O F I N D I A
1 92
on
M andav ya ( Ad i , 1 0 7 )
an d
L i k h i ta
n ti
a
S
(
The
DECLI N E O F T H E
M A U R YA S
1 93
s.
P O L IT I CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D IA
194
a r i bh a v a
m k u r v a n ti
Now
P OLIT I CA L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
19 6
F ro m
i
l
s
n
a
of
the
orth
west
the v e r y people who co m plai n ed
c
o f t h e oppre s sio n of the d u s h tam at a s as
e
rl
y
as
the
a
y
reig n of B i n d usara were the rs t to break awa y fro m the
Maur y a e m pire
The Magadha n successo rs of As oka had n either the
stre n gth n o r perhaps t h e will to arrest the process of
disruptio n
The m artial ardour Of i m perial M a gad h a
had v a n ished with the l a st cries of ago n y uttered i n the
battle elds o f Kalinga A s oka h ad give n up the a ggres
sive m ilitaris m o f his foref a thers an d had evolved a polic y
of D h am mavi j aya which m ust hav e ser i ousl y i m paired
th e m ilitar y e f cie n c y of his empire He had called upo n
his so n s a n d gra n dso n s to esche w n ew co n quests avoid
the sheddi n g of blood a n d take pleasure i n patie n ce a n d
ge n tle n ess These l a tter h ad hea r d m o r e of D h am m a gh o s a
th a n Of B h er i gh o sa It is therefore n o t at all su r p r isi n g
that th e r o i s f a i u ea u ts who succeeded to the i m perial th ro n e
t
sk
O f m ai n tai n i n g
o f P ata li u t ra proved u n equ a l to the
a
p
the i n tegrit y o f the m igh t y fabric reared b y the ge n ius
o f C ha n d ragupta a n d C h ana k y a
The disi n tegratio n w hich set i n be fore 2 0 6 B C w as
accelerated b y the i n vasio n s led b y th e Y a v a n as referred to
i n the G arg i S a m h it a a n d the M a h ab h as h ya O f P a ta j a l i
Th e n al coup d e g r a ce was give n b y P u sh ya m i tra Su nga
.
mh i
t a i s to
O n t h e co n r a ry , f t h e G d rg l S a
na
e y , Sa li s k a a c
a
a ce
th e
q ck e n e
o r a ni d h ar m av ad i a d h ar m i k a h.
gh
ml
'
t u ll y
ui
b li v d
by h i ty
be
o ne
r a n ny -
of
his
Sa i us bt ra
u cce s so rs
m a r d a te
TH E S U N GA E M P I R E A N D TH E BA C T R IA N
G R EE K S
.
TH
RE IG N
P US H Y A M IT R A .
or
E m p ero r
B r i h a d ra th a , t h e last M au ryaZ
Of M a gad h a was
,
'
P O L ITI CA L H I S T O RY O F I N D I A
1 98
P ri n ce
Or
Aa i r s i n th e D ecca n
P OL ITI CAL
2 00
I ST O RY O F I N D IA
P ush y am i tra
T
a n a s u li a v ata
o g h ati ta rn
a
n
i
m
m
Na
ara
a
m
d
y
p
g
(
pavesa ti ( i bi d p
I f I an a mtar i ya s ath i vas asa te be taken to m ean 1 6 5
years t i va s asata should be taken to m ean 1 03 y ears an d
we shall h ave to concl ud e that K h ara v el a ourished 1 6 5
years after a Maurya k ing and onl y 1 03 years afte r
N an d a raj a w hich is i mpossible as the Nandas preceded the
I f on the oth er han d t i vas as at a be taken to
M au r y as
mean 3 0 0 years pan amta r i y asath i va sasa te should be
taken to m ean n ot 1 6 5 bu t
years I n other words
years after a
K h arav e la will have to be placed
Maurya which i s also impossible Mr J a yas w a l h as
h i m self now given up the r eading pan a m tari y a sathi
vasa sate R aj a Mu riya k a le vo ch ch h i n e cha chhe yath i
A r gasi ti k amtar i ya rn u pad i ya ti
in lin e 1 6 and pro poses
to read pana ta r i y a sata s a h as eh i Muriya k a la m v o ch hi n am
TH E
R E IG N O F
P U S H Y A M IT R A
2 01
v o ch h i n a m
qualifyin g the s u b
E
ven i f we overlook vo ch h i n e
s ta n t i ve M u ri a k al a m
y
the passage appears to be a very u nusual way of s tatin g a
date Still more unusual is the statement of a date as an
T h e Ya va n a I n va s i on
2 02
O F I N D IA
iha
h
h
h
s
a
M a ab a y
here we
perform the
is cited as
an illustrati o n of th e V arti ka teachin g the use of the
presen t tense to denote an action which has been begun
bu t not nished ( Ind An t 1 8 7 2 p
The ins tances
given by P a ta j a li of the use o f the i mperfec t to i ndi cate
an action well k nown to people but n ot witne ss ed by
the speaker a n d still possible to have been seen by him
are A r u n a d Y a va n ah Sak e ta m A r u n a d Y a va n o Madhya
This says Sir R G B h a n d ar k a r shows that a
m i k am
certai n Y a van a or Greek prince had besieged S a keta or
A y odh ya and another place called M adh y amik a ( near
Chitor ; of Mbh I I
wh en P a ta j al i wrote th i s
K al id a s a in his M ala vi k agn i m i tra m refers to a conict
between the S u nga prin ce V a s u m i tr a an d a Yavan a on the
southern bank of the Sindh u U n fortunately th e name
of th e i nvader is n o t given either in the M ah abh as h ya
or the M al a vi k ag n i m i t ra m There is a co n siderable
divergence of opinion wi th regard to his identity B ut
all agree that he was a Bactrian Greek
The Bactria n Greeks were originall y subj ects of the
We learn from S trabo T ro g us an d
S el e u k i d a n E mpire
J ustin that about the m idd le of the third cen tury B C
w hen the S ele u k id r u lers were p re occupied in the w est
'
P OL IT ICAL
2 04
OF I N DI A
H I ST O RY
.,
THE
RE IG N OF
P U S H YA M IT R A
2 05
T r i eama i s
K an i k i ,
M n d ak u i
a
a
,
iv
er
m en t
Ya m u n a,
one
e t c.
in
the
B hag v
a
a ta
P a r ana , to
g th
e
er
i h th
w t
P OL ITI C A L
2 06
I S T O RY O F I N D IA
a force of
enem ies
D r S m ith assign s
Mithridates to the period from 1 7 1 to 1 3 6 B C E uk r a
tides and D e metrios m ust also be assigned to that pe r iod
that is the middle of th e second centur y B C
We have see n that D emet rios w as a y oun g m an and a
prince in 2 0 6 B C We n ow nd that he ruled as king
of the I ndians i n the m iddle of th e s econd century B C
H e was therefo re th e I nd e Greek conte m porar y of
P us h y a m i tra S unga who ruled from 1 8 5 to 1 49 B C
Menander o n the other h an d m ust hav e r uled over the
I nd e Greek k ingdom much later as will be apparen t from
J ustin tells us that D e m etrios
t h e facts noted below
w as deprived of his Indian possessio n s by E u k ra ti d e s
u k r a ti d e s was killed by h i s s o n
Watson
s
p
E
E
d
(
with whom he h ad shared his throne ( i bi d 2 7
The
i dentity of the parricide i s u n eer ta i n but n o on e says that
1
he was Menander
Justin f urnishes t he i mportan t in for m ation that the
E
u k r a ti d e s was a
ri
nce
who
m
urdered
col
league
of
h
i
s
p
father We k n o w that Greek r u lers w ho rei gned conj oin t
Thus we have j o i n t
1y someti m es iss u ed j oin t coin s
coins of Lysias an d A n ti al k i d as of Strato and A gath o k
leia of Strato I and Strato I I and of H er ma i os and
Kalliope The only G reeks whose nam es and portraits
a ppear on a coin together w ith those of E u k ra t i d e s are
Gardner suggested that
H e l i ok l e s and his wife L aodi k e
.
di g t C
h good
A cco r
p
f m i ly
R
so n s
ow s
i gh
un n n
re a s o n s
E u k r a ti d e s b u t
of
am
for
an d
e
er
e o
the
b l i vi g t h t
th
th
h d
e
w as on
Sm i th
an
i id
arr c
did
A p ol l o d o tos
a r u er o f
A po llo d o t os
w as
no t
K ap i a
ho
bl g
e on
B ut
th e
to
w a s o u s te d
by
B
li
pp
p i t
t (I t
b t
I d i d t h W t W l d p 7 3 ) t h t A p ll d t
pi t h t P h i l p t
th
ld b m h t i
g
if h
p i id It m y b
d th t itl
A p ll d t
d
t A p ll d t
g d t h t th p i i d
S t
P hi l p t
b t
m tim
d Phil p t
h l d m em b t h t t h t i t l S t
th
i ( Whi t h d C t l g f C i p 48 ) d t h f i t i i m p ibl t
m
f
A p ll d t
Ph i l p t
p ti
S t
d A p ll d t
j t i fy t h
ti ti
tw
E u k ra t i d e s
( JR A S
an
ue
we s
er
us
o en
es .
se
ea
a ra
ew
on
n co n
a a o
o
es
e w as
a rr c
aw
or
e so
re
ou
e co n
sa
1 90 5,
e w ou
ar
es e rn
a an
ue
os
an
o os
no
o er
an
an
ou
n er co u r s e
uses
w ere
o er an
o ns ,
o n s
o os
r uo u s
o er
n so n
a or
arr c
so
o os
a or,
a e r,
occ u r
es
e re o r e
e.
o os
e w ee n
on
os s
a or
as
P O LIT I CAL
2 08
IS TO RY
or
I N D IA
The G a rg i Sa mh i ta says
na
M ad h ya d e s e na s th as ya n t i Y a va
y u d d h a d u r m a dah
T esh am a n yo n ya
sa
'
.,
'
T H E l t E IG N
O I P U S H YA M IT R A
2 09
Th e A sva me d h a S a cr ice
PO LITI
2 10
CAL
IST O RY O F I N D I A
'
T h e rlf
a n tr i p a r i s h a d
i n th e
Snng a P e r i o d
'
D eva
e va m
A m atya pa r i sh a d o
vi
a
a
a
j p y i
M a n tr i pa r i s h ad o pye ta d e va d ar a n a m
D vi d h a
v i bh a k tam
d h u ra rn
ra th aSVav i va s a
'
Sr i ya m u d va h a n ta u
m grah i t u h
s t h as h va ta s te n ri p a te n id e s e
p
R
aj a
ara s p a r av a gra h an i r v ik ar au
tena h i
l e k h y a tame va rn k r i y a tam i t i
se n an
i
ra se n a a
V
y
y
e
'
B h l e r
M a h am at ra s .
p i t
Th
o n s
e se
out
p ro
h t A s k K ma
b bl y
p d t th
t
'
a s
co r re s
on
r a s a s o a r e ea c
as s s te
K u m aramat v a s
f the
b dy f
G pt p i d
by
u
er o
P O LIT l C A L H
2 12
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
By
ti o n ed in a P abh os a Inscrip tion which runs thus :
Asadh a se n a the son of G o pali V a i h i d ari and m aternal
u n cle of kin g B a h a s at i mi tra s on of G opal i a cave was
cause d to be mad e i n the ten th y e ar o f U d ak a for the us e
of th e K ass a p i ya Arha ts
We lear n fro m a n o the r
Pa b h o sa Inscrip tion that As ad h a se n a belonged to the
r oyal fam il y of A d hi ch h a t ra th e capital of N o rth P a ch ala
w
s
k
a
d
a
k
a
d
a
a
aintain
s
that
the
r
U
O
l
m
a
w
a
r
a
s
J
M
)
(
y
p aramoun t S u nga soverei gn
while the family of
As adh a se n a was either guber n at o rial or feudatory to the
M a ga d h a throne M arsh all ( A Gui d e to S a n ch i p 1 1 n )
on the o ther hand id en ti es th e f th S u nga w i th kin g
K as i pu l ra B h aga b h a d ra m en tioned i n a G aru d a Pill a r
Inscriptio n found i n the o ld ci ty o f V i d i sa n ow B es n a ga r
Mr Jayas w al i d en ties Bh a ga bhadra with Bh a ga S u nga
Bh a gavat a of the Pur a na s This theory h as to be
te
given u p in view o f the d iscovery o f another B e s n a ga r
Garuda Pillar Inscription ( o f the t w e l th y ear afte r th e
.
AG N I M IT R A S s UccEs s o as
2 13
'
The
s e co n
dp
imm
r ee
ar t o f
e l io
o r ta
do ra
l p
n s cr
t y g o p r a m ad ach a t e t ra y
p t ( d m h ag p m ad ) m t i d
i i pti
M h abha t ( X l 7 2 3
i th
B h m n h yah) Cf l G i a XV I
r e ce
ra
on,
o cc u r
a
a,
ra
a so
ra
one
en
in
th e
Da m e s
P O L IT IC A L
2 14
H I ST O R Y
or
I N D IA
B h aga v a ta s s u ccessor
bove
D e vab h t i or D e va b h m i was a young a n d
dissolute
prince The P ur anas state t h at h e w a s ove r thro w n
after a reign of 1 0 years by h i s A m aty a Vasudeva
B ana in h i s H a rs h a ch ar i ta says that the over libidinous
S unga was bere f t o f h i s life b y h i s A m atya
Vasudeva with the hel p of a daugh ter of D e vab h ti s
slave wo man ( Das l ) disguise d as h i s queen B a na s
state m ent does n o t n ecessarily imply that D e vab h ut i w a s
identical with the m urdered S u nga H i s statemen t may
be constru ed to mean th at V a sudeva entered into a
conspiracy with the e m l s s a r i es of D e va bh ti to brin g
about the dow n fall o f the reignin g S u nga ( Bh a ga vata )
and to r a ise D e va bh ti to th e throne B ut in vie w of the
unan imous tes ti mony of the Pura nas this in te rpretation of
the statemen t of B a na cann ot be upheld
The S u nga power was not altogethe r ex tinguished
after th e tragic end of D evabh uti I t probably survived
i n Cen tral In dia ( of D ynas ties of the Kali Age p 49 )
til l the rise o f the A n d h rab h r i tya s or S atavah a n as who
I nscriptions
m entioned
P OL ITI CAL
2 16
I ST O RY O F I N D IA
in
T H E S AT A V AH A N A S
AND
TH E
C B E TA S
T H E S AT A V AH A N AS
2 17
fth y
In h i s
ti
va s a s a ta
acce s s o n
p iti
os
th
the
be
m us t be
ta
en
a ce
xt d d
ti
th
n s cr
at
i pti
d
u m ara u n
t o m e a n 300
tim
ons
th
9 y e ar s
b f
e o re
BC)
ft
an d
at
he
w as
K li g
a
103 .
uct
i s ta
had
at
98
e.
dd
e
w as
o
H is
se
f th
by h i s
ac t u a
n ot
use
een
for
m ea n 1 0 3 , K h ar av e l a
to
en
K h ar a v e l a
r e ce
N an d a r aj a .
er
at
l v ti
f th
er ne
at
e re o r e
to t h e
er
N a n d arj a
h v b
a
But
er.
on
ft
m ust
er
e e
y e a rs a
ll y g v
f A s k hi m l f
Th
er t h e s u z e r a n ty o
an d n o t
y e ar s
a ce
e,
a qu e
an
va s a s a ta
103
k pl
en
at
'
If
N a n d a r aj a .
pl
t h an 3 2 3 B C .
ate r
ro n e
u ry a
K h ar a ve l a
Y u v a r aj a t oo
A o k a
ro m
Ma
a
s n ce
on o f
n ot
ear
at
e en o n
ea rn
t me
by
we
t i va sas a ta
h ld
ou
P OL ITI CAL
2 18
I ST O RY OF I N D I A
'
'
D vad a sad h i k a m
e tes h a
'
ch a
vai
P OL IT I CAL
220
I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
T H E S ATA V AH A N A S
22 1
G a u ta m i p u t ra Satak arn i
the
king
is
called
E
ka
p
with Kanha
R a j a of the Sad avah an a k u la m entioned
i n a N a sik inscription
The inscription tells us that a
certa in cave was caused to be m ade by an i n habitant of
N a sik i n the time of King Kanha
Kanha Krish na w a s succeede d accordin g to the Pura nas
b y Sata k a r ni This Sata k arni has been i n en ti e d wi th
1
n
k
i
a
k
s
h
i
h
Kin
g
S
t
a
a
r
D
a
a
t
a
pati
son
of
a
Si mu k a
n
( )
p
Sata vah a n a mentione d in th e N an agh at I n scription of
ra s as ti
of
.,
N a y an i k a
2
( )
deed by
w as
.,
.,
P O L ITI CAL
222
I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
P OL IT I CAL
224
K u s amb as
I ST O RY O F I N D IA
B h agabh ad ra .
E N D O F G RE E K R U LE
TH E
II I
T H E E ND
er
G R E E K RU LE
225
N O R T H W E ST I N D I A
IN
th e
B dd h
u
i g gi l
anc n
a,
i n the
in
n at
o r i e n t a l co s t u m e
i v i ty
s c e n e a cco r
acco r
di g t
n
di g
n
F o uc
to
er
Wh i te h ea d
( JR A S
M ay a
191 9,
mo t
er o f
P O L I T ICAL
226
H I S T O RY O F
INDIA
Saga la
n u g a r ri l
Y o n n k an a ni
A t th i
na
gr
a
Mi li nd o
t a t t h a M i li n d o
n
n i
n an p u t a bh e d n n n m
am a
]
R aj a
m a R j t
ah o s i
r nn a m
Hi
S g a l n n u ma
A t th i
r ti
o
kho
na
ga
am
N g us e m
"
Ja m b u d i pe
S g a l a l
n am a
P O LI T I CAL H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
2 28
I i dor of
s
d e n ce
of a
C h a ra x
Sa k e
i g
n
( JR AS . 1 9 1 5, p . 8 3 1 )
r f r to S ig
e e
al
i n S acns t e n e
as
the m i .
T H E E ND
O F G R EE K R U L E
229
I p 81 )
Whenever an y of the three kingdoms o f Tien Tch
ou K i pi u or N ga n s i became b ow e rf u l i t bro u gh t Kabul in to
subj ection When it grew weak it lost K abul
L ater
S C YTH I AN R U L E I N N O R TH ER N IN D IA
1
SA x A s
TH E
F irst Han D ynast y sta tes for merly when the H iung n u
conqu ered the Ta Y u e tch i the latter em igrated t o th e
wes t and subj ugated the Ta hia ; whereupon the Sai
wan g went to t h e south and ruled over K i pi n ( J R AS
1 9 03 p 2 2 ; M o d e r n R e vi ew April 1 9 2 1 p
S te n
Kono w points out that the Sai wang are the sam e people
wh ich are known i n I ndian t radition under the design a
ti on Sa k a m u r u n d a M uru nd a bein g a late r for m of a S aka
word which h as the same m eaning as C hinese wan g
master lord I n Indian i nscriptions an d coins it h as
fre q uen tly been translated with the Indian word Sv amin
The Chin ese E mperor Y u e n ti ( B C 48 3 3 ) refused
to take an y notice of an insult offered to his en voy by
I n m o f u the kin g o f K i p i n an d the E mperor C hing ti
declined
to
acknowledge
an
embassy
sen
t
2
B
C
3
7
)
(
from K i pi n ( J R AS 1 9 0 3 p
S L evi identies Kipi a with Kas m i r B u t his view
has been abl y controverted by S ten Konow ( E p Ind
X IV p 2 9 1 ) who accepts Chav annes identicatio n with
K api sa ( the country drained b y the northern tributaries of
the river K abu l i bi d p 2 9 0 ; c f Watters Y uan Chwan g
Vol I 2 59
Gandh ara was the eastern part of K i pi n
A passage of H e m a ch an d ra s A b h i d h an a Chintaman i
seem s to sugges t that the capital o f the Sai wang !( Saka
k
t
u
L
a
m
a
a
s
M u r u ndas ) was L amp aka or L aghma n
(
p
M u ra ndah S y u h) S ten Konow says th a t the Sai
.
.,
PO L I T I C A L nI s
2 32
'
ro aY o r
I ND IA
a
a
K pis G an d h ara .
the E rythr ae an S ea
The m etropolis o f Scythi a in
the time o f the Periplus w as M i n n agara ; an d its m arket
tow n was B arbari cu m o n the sea shore
Pri n ces be ari n g S aka n a mes are me n tio n ed i n sever al
inscriptions discovered in T a xila M a thura an d western
TH E
SA K A S
2 33
n
t
Ind
A
pp
the
mes
Ma
es
n
a
n
(
Moga ( Taxil a plate) and M e va k i ( M athura L ion Capita l )
We learn f rom
a re vari ants o f the S aka n a me M a u ak e s
A r r i an that a chief n amed M aua k e s or M ava ces led the
S acians a Sc y thia n tribe belon gin g to th e Scythi an s who
dwelt in Asia who lived outside the j urisdiction of the
Persian governor o f the Bactri a ns a n d the Sogdian i ans
but were i n alli an ce with th e Persi an king K sh ah arata
or K h ah ara ta the f am ily design a tion o f a Satrapal house
of Western an d Southern I ndia is perhaps equivalen t to
Karatai the n ame o f a S aka tribe o f the North ( Ind Ant
p
The conquest of the L ower I nd us v alley an d part
of western Indi a m ay however have been e ff e cted
by the S akas o f wester n Sa k a s th an a ( S i st an ) who are
mentioned by Isidore o f C h ara x The na m
e of the
capitals of
Scy thia
L ower Indus valley )
and o f the Kingdo m o f M a m ba r u s ( N am ba n u s ? ) in
the time of the Periplus w a s M i n n agar a and this was
evidently derived from the cit y of M i n in Sak as th an a
m entioned by Isidore ( J R AS 1 9 1 5 p
R apson
points out that one o f the most ch aracteristic f eatures in
the names of the western K sh a trapas of C h ash tan a s line
'
P O L I TI C A L
2 34
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
P O L I T I CA L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
2 36
THE
SA KA S
237
The
word
S
trategos
means
a
general
t
r
i
o
o
G
(f
p )
I t is obvious that the Scythian s revived i n North wester n
I n dia the system o f govern men t by Satraps and m i litary
governo rs
Coins and Inscriptions prove the existence
o f several other Satrapal f amilies besides those m e n tioned
above
The North I ndian K sh atrapas or Satr aps m ay be
di vided into three main groups vi a :
1
The Satraps of K apis a
2
The Satraps o f t h e Wester n P a j ab
The Satr aps of Mathura
3
R apson tells u s ( Ancie n t India p 1 41 ) th a t an
inscription a ff ords the bare mention of a Satrap of K api sa
The
su
rf
a ce
co i n s
hi h
t h a th o o f
n
se
S mi t h
Az es
as s
ig
ns
to
19 1 4,
A z as
II
a re
fo
und
ge n e
ll y
r r th
nea e
OF I N D IA
PO L I T IC A L H I S T O RY
2 38
The
( b)
M an i gu l
M a h ay a l a
or
They were
Ji h an i m
the rei g n o f
A z es
II
I n d r a var m
hi s
Ze i on i s es
s on
or
a an d
hi s
( )
a cted as gover n or o f both
c
a nd
A Sp a va r ma
son
A z es
II
The
latte r
G o n d o ph ern es
an d
M a th ur a
f
The e arliest o f this li n e o f princes probabl y were the
H a gamas h a
Th e y were
a s sociated rulers Hag ana an d
perhaps succeeded by R a j n b n l a A ge n e alogical table o f
the house o f R aj u b n l a is give n below
T h e S a tr a p s
R a j nh o l a
as
am n d h a
N ad as i k asn -A
So d as a
rt
K h arao s ta
P O L I T I C A L H I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
2 40
.,
'
TH E
SA K AS
are
'
PO L I T I C AL
2 t2
TH
1 1.
PAH
H I S T O RY
OF
LA V A S
PA R T H IA N S
0a
IN DIA
.
He remarked
there
0 ; 1 9 1 3 pp 9 9 9
1 013 1 0 4
sh ould be n o hesitation about re f erring the year 1 0 3 to
the established V i k ram a e ra of B C 58 ; ins tead o f
havin g recourse as in other cas e s too to som e otherwise
u nknow n e ra begi n n i n g a t about t h e same ti me This
pl aces G o n d op h e rn e s i n A D 47 which sui ts exactly
the Christian tradition wh ich m akes him a contemporary
P O L I TI C AL H I S T O RY O F I N D IA
2 44
Taxila
f or the bestow a l o f per f ect health upon the
J. E A. 8
I9 1 2 .
T H E K U S H AN S
2 45
111
TH E K
US H AN S .
'
PO L I T I C A L
2 46
O F I N D IA
H IST O R Y
I n o l d days th e Y ueh ch i
o f the Y uch ch i con q uest
were van quished by the H iu n g n a They the n we n t to
Tahia an d divided the kingdom a mo n g ve Y a bgo n s
t hos e o f H i co n mi C houa n g m i Kouei chou an g H i to ue n
More tha n h und red ye ars after that the
Ton m i
and
Y ab gou of Kouei ch ouan g ( Kush an ) n amed K i e o n ts i e o u
kio attacked an d v anquished th e four other Y a bgo us an d
.
A la te
r h i t ri
s o
an
r g rd
e
oo
Ka f
u as a
it
s
a ke
f o r To n m i .
-
P O L I T I C AL
$2 4
8
H I S T O RY
O F IN DIA
'
"
49
T H E K US H AN S
P OL IT I CAL
2 50
O F I N DI A
H I ST O R Y
D
An
cien
t
istory
of
th
e
eccan
3
In
fact
the
1
H
p
)
(
reign of V a sudeva the last of the K n eh a ns came to an
en d 1 0 0 years after the begi n nin g o f the reign of
N u me rous inscriptions prove that V as udeva
K an i sh k a
reigned at Math ur a I t i s certain that this country over
which extended the empire of V asudeva was occupied
abou t 3 50 A D by the Y au d h ey as a n d the N a gas and
i t is probable that they reigned in this place n early one
century before they were subj ugated by Sa m ud ra G u pta
K a nti pura
T h e capitals of the N a gas were Mathur a
-
.,
'
P OL I TI CAL
2 52
I S TO R Y
O F I N DI A
0
( ) Pr o f J D ubreuil says M r Sten Konow has
s h own that the Tibetan and Chinese d ocu ments tend t o
T H E K U S H AN S
2 53
they ruled
It is n ot i mp robable that j ust as K a n i s h k a
i n the b o rd e rland used th e old S aka P a h la v a meth o d and
i n H i n d u s th an used the ancien t I ndian way of d atin g
prevalen t there so i n western India his ofcers added the
paksha to s uit the custom in that part of the country ]
K a n i s h k a c om pleted the Kush a n conquest of upper
India and ruled o ver a wide real m which extended from
Gandh ara and Kas m i r t o Benares Tra d iti o ns o f h i s conict
with the rulers of Soked ( S a keta ) a n d P atali p u t ra are
preserved b y Ti b etan a n d Chinese writers ( E p Ind XIV
p 1 42 I n d An t 1 9 0 3 p
E pigraphic records give
contem porary notices of him wi th d ates not only from
Z eda i n the Y u z u f z a i cou ntry and fro m Man ikiala near
R awalpin d i but a l so from S u e V ih ar ( north o f Sin d )
from M athura and Sravas ti a n d from S a rn a th near
B enares H i s c o ms are found in considerable quan tities
as far eas twar d s as G a zipur The eas tern portion of his
empire was apparently governed by the M ah a K sh a tra pa
K h a r a pa ll an a and the
He
K s h a t r a p a V a n a s h p a ra
xed his own resi d ence at Pesh a war ( Pu ru s h a pu ra ) and
established K a n i s h k a p u ra i n Kas m i r I t is however
probable that K a n i s h k a pu ra w as es ta b lished by his
namesake of the A ra in scription After making himsel f
m aste r o f the S o uth ( 11 6 I n d ia ) K a n i s h k a turned to the
west and defeated th e Kin g o f the Parth ians ( Ind A n t
1 9 03 p
In his o l d age he led an army against
the nor th and die d in a n attem pt to cross the
.
PO L I TICAL H IS T O RY o r
2 54
.
I N D IA
T s u n gl i n g
P OL ITI CAL
(0 11 p
H IS TO R Y
O F I N D IA
'
'
S C YT H I A N R U L E I N S O UT H ER N
AN D W E ST E R N IN D I A
1
Tu e K SH
A II A R
AT A S .
Kara tai
r as h tr
K s h a h a rata seem s to be i d en tical with
the designation of a famous S aka tribe m en tioned by th e
geographer P tolemy ( I nd An t 1 8 8 4 p
The known members o f the K s h a h arata K h a h a rata o r
C h ah ar a ta family are C hata ka B h u m a k a and N a h a pan a
B hu
O f these G h a tak a belo n ged to the M athur a region
maka was a K s h a tr a pa o f K a th ia w a r R apso n says that
a ,
P O L ITI CAL
2 58
IS T OR Y O F I N D I A
'
S ee
Ar
a so
i k
a
B mb
o
m ay
t
Gaz
.
'
be A ya l a o t
15
11 .
V a r ah a m i h i r a
B ri h a t
S mhi t a
a
POL ITI
2 60
C AL
O F I N D IA
H ISTO R Y
n o t o n ly of
and
but a l so o f the wo rd s grand s o n and
great grandson no trace of w hich can be fou n d i n the
original rec o rd H a d his translation bee n w hat the writer
of the A n d h a u inscriptions in tende d we sh ould have ex
t
e
c
d
e
to
nd
the
name
o
f
s
m
o
i
k
rs
t
then
the
X
t
a
a
an
d
p
name o f C h a sh tan a followe d by those o f Ja ya d am a n
,
an d
m a n Y s am o t i k a
u d ra d a
ra
au
t
ras a
p
p
It u d ra d ai n as a
J a y a d am ap u t ra sa
C h a s h ta n a
nda
the
G
u
p
and Ja s d h a n inscription ) M oreover it is signican t that
i n the tex t o f the inscrip ti o n the re is n o ro y al title pre xed
to the na m e o f J a ya d am a n wh o rule d betwee n C h as h tan a
a n d R u d ra d am a n accor d in g to D u breuil
O n the othe r
hand both C h as h ta n a an d R u d ra d am an are called r aj a
The two are me n tio n ed i n e xactly the sam e way with
the h o n o r i c R aj a and the patronymic The literal tran s la
a u t ras a
Cf
an d
St
ra t o
u ry o
i l
a s o t h e c a s s ca
dh
an d
an a
St
in
ra t o
II
the
; of
a cc o u n t o
re a t
os
E pi
a nd
f Pa t a l e n e
c
1 3 4 n n tc ;
f E u k ra t i d e s
Az i l ises
t c .,
and
t c.
the
h is
ca s e o
son
f Dh ri t n r s h tm
i n Ju s t
'
n s
o rk
of
T H E K S IIA H A lt A l A S
'
Mr
26 !
C h a s h ta n a
P OL ITI CAL
2 62
II
TH
R E S TO R A T I O N
G a u t a m i p u t ra
H I S TO R Y
or r u n
O F I N D IA
E M PI R E
S AI A V AII ANA
'
'
S h a m a s n s t ry
t ra n s
l ti
a
on o
f t h e A r t h a sas t m .
H 3,
n.
2.
P OL ITI CAL
2 64
I ST O R Y
OF
I ND I A
0 12 1i
Ba n e i j i
J. It . A . S , 1 9 1 7 ,
pp
28 1
t s cq .
TH E
R EST O R E D
S AT A V AH A NA S
265
PO
26 6
d K ad a mbas
L ITI C A L
IS T O RY O F I N D I A
an
III
S AK A S
TH E
or
U JJA I N
The Pe r
i n A.
7 5,
i pl
us
m en t
an d
A . e . 7 6 t o so ( JR A
on s
Z oeca l e s
Mali obo s
( Za
( Ma l i k n ) t h e k i ng o f t h e N a be t ee e n s w h o
H a k n l e ) k i n g o f t h e A n x u m i te e w h o re i g n ed
1 9 1 7 , 82 7 sec) .
di
ed
ro
P O L ITI C A L
2 68
IST O RY O F I N D IA
P u l u m ay i
u d r a d am a n
SA K A S
TH E
UJ JAIN
OF
2 69
w as
To
Ja s d h a n
mn l ha
ud r as e n a s
i i pt i
ppl i d t
n s cr
re
o n of
o al l
ig b l g
n
A.
th e
e on
2 0 5.
In t h e
a n ce s t o r s o f
M n lw a sn r i n s
the
a t te r
R nd ras e n n
of
A.
i pti
h v t h ti t l
x p t i g J y d m
n scr
r i pt i o n
ce
on w e
n
200 ,
B ha
and
ra
PO LI I tC A L H I ST O R Y o r
io
'
I N D IA
'
'
G u p tah
P O L ITI CAL
2 72
IS T O RY
OF
I N D IA
G h a t o t k a ch a
C h a n d r a G up ta I .
.
SAM U D R A G U P T A
d enin g
2 73
Sak e ta m M a ga dh ams ta th a
sarv a n bh ok s h ya n te G u p ta va ms a j ah
A n u G anga P r a y aga m ch a
E t a n j a n apad an
'
'
S a mu d r a G up ta
C handra
The
id
e n t ca l w
p i th
ith S
et
S ar v a r j o ch ch h e t t a
am u
d G pt
ra
a.
oun
on
K h
ac
a s
co n s
show s
at
he
w as
P OL IT I CAL
2 74
H I S T O RY
O F I N D IA
'
'
P OL IT I CAL
2 76
Y ayat i n a ga r i
on
I S TO R Y O F I N D I A
the M ah a nadi ( E p I n d X I p
in his P ava n ad fi t am connects th e K eral i s
.
The poet Dh oy i
with Y a yat i n a ga r i
,
L i l a m n e t u m n a ya n a pad a v i m K e ra l i n am ra te sch e t
G a ch ch h eh k h yatam j agati n a ga ri m akh y a yat am Y a yate h
G r i h i ta pra ti m u k tas ya
sa
d h a r m a vi j ayi
n r i pa
K a n r el a
te r r t o r y
(Vi z .
Th
of
er e
D ist
ca n n o t
H
is
as
be
K ll
o
t i v a r m an
an o t
G az
h K
er
of
l i
e rn o r oc a r w
V gi
o t uru
en
at
th e
hi h
c
oo t o f
must
th e
h v b
hi ll
'
e en
i l d d
nc u
i hi
t
i n t h e V i z u g a p at a m
th e
di t i
s r ct
SA M U D RA G U P TA
2 77
I nd XV pp 2 6 1
T h e dynasty rose to power
u n d er V i n d h yasak ti a n d his son P r a v a ras e n a I
P rava ra s e n a appears t o have been succeeded b y his
gran d son R u d ras e n a I P ri t h i vi s e n a I the s o n a n d
successor o f R u d r a se n a I m us t have been a co n te m p o ra ry
of
Samudra G upta inas much as his s o n R u d ra s e n a I I
was a con tem porary o f Samu d ra G upta s s o n C handra
Gupta I I P r i t h i v i s e n a I s political i nuence exten d ed
from Naclm e k i talai i n Bund e lkhand ( F l e et CII p 2 3 3 )
to the bo rde rs o f Kunta i a ( or Kar seta I nd An t 1 8 7 6
p
the Kanarese country
O ne of the
i e
Aj an ta inscriptio n s credits h im with having c onquered
T h e Nach n k i tal a i regio n
the l ord o f K u n ta l a
was rule d by his vassal V yagh r a d e va P r o f D u breuil
however
says that the N a chn a inscription w hich
mentions V yagh r a b elongs n ot to P ri th i vi s en a I but to
his descenda n t P r i th i vi s en a I I
But this is i m
probable i n view of the fac t that fro m the time of
P ri t hi v i s e n a I I s great gran d father if not from a period
still ea rlier d own to a t le a st A D 52 8 the princes o f the
regi o n which intervenes bet w een N a chn a a n d the
V ak ata k a territor y o w n e d the s w ay o f the Gupta empire
N o w as V y ag h r a of the N a chn a rec o rd a c knowledges the
s upremac y of the V akata k a P r i t h i v i se n a this P r i th i vi s en a
can o n l y be P ri th i v i s e n a I w h o ruled before the establish
me n t o f the G upta sup remacy in Central I nd ia b y
Sam ud ra G upta a n d Chandra G u pta I I ( of th e E ran and
Udayagiri Inscripti o n s ) and n o t P r i th i v i s e n a I I d uring
whose r ule the Guptas and not the V ak ata k as were th e
ack nowledged suzerains of the Central Provinces as we
know from the records of the P a ri vraj a k a M ah a raj as ( of
M odern R eview April l 9 2 l p
The absence o f an y re f erence to P r i t h i vi s en a I in
H a r i sh e n a s pra sas ti is ex plained by the fact that Samudra
G upta s operation s were con ned to the e as tern part of the
E
( p
.,
'
'
P OL IT ICAL
2 78
D ecca n
Y OF IN D IA
H I ST O R
obeisan ce
The most importan t among th e E ast In d ian
frontier kingdoms which submitted to the migh ty G u pt a
E mperor were S a ma ta t a ( part of E as t Ben gal b o rdering
on the s ea ) D a vak a ( not satisfactorily identied ) an d
K a marupa ( in Assa m ) ; we learn from the Damod a rapnr
.
P OL IT I CAL
2 80
of
of
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
B i j a ya gadh
S A M U D RA G UP TA
281
A s vam e d h ap a r ak ra m a h
com positions
Un fortunately none o f these composi
tions have survi ve d B u t the testi mony of H ar i s h e n a to
his musical abilities n d s corroborati o n in the l y rist t y pe
of his coins
The attribution of the coins bearin g the nam e Ka cha
to Sam udra Gupta may be accepte d B ut the emperor s
identication with D h ar mad i ty a of a F aridpur gran t is
clearl y wron g The titles used by the emperor were
,
P OL ITI CAL
2 82
I ST O R Y O F I N D I A
but
D h a r m ad i t y a
n ot
A D
.
3 7 5.
II
TH E A GE
or
VIK R
TH E
AM
AD I T Y A S .
C h a n d r a G up ta I I Vi k r a mad i ty a
Of . t h e
p d ma N a d
a
pith
a.
et
S a r va k s h at t r n ta k a
pp l i d t
e
hi s
rea t
o re - r un n e r
M aha
P O L I TI C A L
1
2 84
I S T O RY O F I N D IA
S i ni h av i k ra m a h, A j i ta v i k ra m ah, V i k ra m ank a
and V i k rama
d i ty a actually occur o n Chan d ra G upta s coins
We have n o detailed con tem porary accoun t of U j j ay i n i
l
d
m
i
s
a
P
a
v
also
called
V
a
a
a
t
n
a
va
i
t
i
H
i
r
a
B
i
h
o
a
v
t
a
)
(
y
g
in the days of Chan dra Gupta B u t F a hi en who visited
India from A D 40 5 t o 41 1 has left an interestin g accoun t
of P ata li p u tra The pilgri m refers to the royal palace
of As oka and halls i n the m i d s t of the city
which exist
and m edicines
Much ligh t is thrown on the character of Chandra
G upta Vi k ra m ad i tya s administ rati o n by the narrative
of F a hien and th e inscriptions that have hitherto been
discovered
Speakin g of the Middle Kin gdom ( the dominions of
Chan d ra G upta ) the Chinese pilgri m says
the people
are num erous an d h appy ; they have n ot to regis ter their
h ouseholds or a ttend to a n y magistrat e s a n d thei r rules
only those who cu l tivate th e royal land have to pay a
portion of the gain from it I f the y want to go they go
if they wan t to s tay on they sta y The ki ng governs
without decapitation o r other corporal punishments
Criminals are simply ned l ightl y o r heavil y according to
the circumstances of each case E ven i n ca ses o f repeated
atte mpts at wicked rebellion they onl y have their right
hands ou t o ff The king s body guards and atte n dan ts
C H AN D RA G UP TA
V I K R A M AD IT YA
2 85
P OL ITI CAL H I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
2 86
It
Ka lindi N ar m a da y o r M adh y a
are also perhaps to be
placed under this category
Am on g B h u k t i s we have referen ce to Ti ra bh n k ti
b h u k ti and Nagara
P u ndra v ard h a n a b h u k t i Srav a s ti
Am on g P rad e s a s or V i s h ay a s m en ti o n i s made
b h u k ti
A r i ki na ( c alled Pradesa
o f Lata v i sh a ya T r i pu r i v i s h a y a
in Samudra Gupta s E ran i nscripti o n and V i s h aya i n
that of T ora m ana ) A ntarve d i V ala v i Gay a K oti va rs h a
is
'
M a h ak h u s h apar a
and
K unda d h ani
P OL ITI CAL
2 88
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
K u mar a G up ta I M a h em l r ad i tg/ a
so
M h d
C i s p
a
o p
en
ra,
.
ca
ll d
e
S ri
M ah d
M h e d S i mh
S ri
en
ra
ra ,
a.
A sva m e d h a
M h d
a
M a h e n d r s k n mra ,
and
S ri Pr a t t ]
en
ra ,
S imh a
a.
A j i ta
M h d
V ik ra ma
en
ra .
( A ll a n
S i di h
G pt
K U M A RA G U P TA
M A H E N DR AD IT YA
2 89
D i ve k a r in h i s article
P u s y a m i tr as in Gupta Period
Annals
of
the
I
nstitute
makes
the
plausible
B
h
a
n
d
r
k
a
r
a
(
)
:
e men d ation Y u d h
ca
f
o r D r F leet s reading
a m i t rams
y
P u s y a m i t rams
iii p 55 I t is admitte d o n
ca i n
all hands that during the conclu d in g y ears of Kum a ra s
2:
'
'
name
T he
i dp d
h
i
y
e
nc
t he
en
e nt
F o to-
vi d
ron s m o f
ki ng me an t
e n ce
h is
w as
ki
re
to h as
ar
di
'
s n cc e s s o r s
Bu
g t he
xi t
a.
dd h G p t B t
h v
k i g m d B dd h G p t T h
i t h Mi hi k l i d i t t h t
Bu
as
s e n ce o
s u c ce s s o r
d h G pt
a
e e n r e s to r e
Bal ad i t r a
na
a.
ra
u a
w e
a.
ca e s
no
e
P OL ITI CAL H I S T O RY O F I N D I A
290
S k a n d a G up ta
Vi k r a mad i ty a .
n a me
The
K i e lh o r n
'
of
th e
f h
at
I n s . N os . 464,
er
of
re
ig i g k i g
n n
w a s a s o so me t
im
es
i d (f
o m t te
P OL ITI CAL H I S T O RY O F I N D IA
her h u sband
h avin g dis carded al l the other son s
o f kings
B u t i t does not necessari ly imply that there
was a s truggle between the s o ns of Ku mara i n which
Skanda came o ff victo rious It o n ly mean s that amon g
the princes he was considered to be best tted to rule
In the Allahabad p ra sas ti yve have a similar passage
S KAN DA G U PT A
V IK R A M AD IT Y A
293
P OL IT I CAL H I S T O R Y O F I N D IA
29 t
'
I II
TH
L ATE R GU P TA S
'
S mith
x d Hi
th e O f o r
s t o ry o f
I di
n
a, a
dd i t i
o n s a n d corre ct o n s
,p
17 1,
en d .
P OL IT I CAL H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
2 96
'
'
i i
o es n o t n e ce s sa r
unfr i en d l y
Re
ent
Sk d
o m ss o n o f
Th e
i ly h
s
ow
n am e of
The
an
V i s h n n v a r d h a n a.
a s n a me
at
th e
a ri
l i bt
I I i mi t d i
f Bh j I I f
r e at on s
P u l ak e s i n
The
B hi t
in the
o a
men t
en
on e
es
es ,
so
an
e r
an
on o
n s cr
an
e s ce n
es o
n e sa an
s.
n s cr
ar
ro
e r e w a s n o cu s o
e r.
ro
n an
ar a
one
e o
r as e n a
'
s son s
n scr
ro
er
a re
er
an
en
en
one
s o
on
s ne
a,
o rn ,
w er e
ro
er a n
n as
ra
ra pal a
son
ra n
ra
en
th e
o ne
.
er s
I I, b u t i t i s
a h e n d ra
pal a
iv l l
th
i ip i
iv l
f th i
f
g g ki g
t
Aj
i pti
Dh m
ta i
on of
ro
on o
er a
ew
g d
f mi l y
d
f hi b th
dy ty i
tiha
b th
ura s
n s cr
na m e o
an
l n s . No.
a r
t on s o
n scr
e n a n a n ce s o r
hi s
an
on o
of
n an
i d i t h P t bg h i i p t i f h i
di
i i p t i f h i b t h V i ay k
m ti
B id th
hib t i g t h m t i
t m p
m
ti
b th
di
d G vi d I I
M g l
d t O t h th h d v
d th i d
I I i mi t t d i
m itt d
m tim
g R d
i i pti ( K i l h N
p tt i s m i t t d i h i
not
hi n d P
i i pt i
th I mp i l P
ph M h d
p al t h f t h
e w ee n
s o
n ame o
s ea
re i
n s cr
un c e or
e r r
ni n
on .
a s
w as
PU RA
AN D
N AR A S I M H A
2 97
'
'
d i t ya
of
V a l ab h i
Si
y u- k i ,
Fo
n ame un
ih
w t
II p
if f H
T g p 111
d W tt
l Fl t
d
R
p ig p h y T h y h i
t
r di
p v th t B dh G p i m
,
16 8
ea
no w n
M i b i ra k n l a
es
an
ra
sa n
i ue n
e o
ee
an
ro
e rs
ta
re n
nc
er
the
ro n s m
ea n t.
t erm
of
by
h is
B dd h G p
u
ra n
so n
t a,
B al ad i t y
P O L ITI CAL
2 98
H I S T O RY
OF INDI A
B aladi tya
.,
'
'
P OL ITI CAL
300
IS T O RY O I I N D I A
'
BH
AN U . G U P TA
301
'
.,
'
P OL I T I C A L
H IS T O RY
OF I N D IA
P OL ITI C A L
O I I
IS T O RY
N DI A
who
crossed the ri ver G o d a vari with the desire to
conquer the eastern region ( D u b reuil
p
The
l
Sal ik as were pro ba b ly the C h a l u ky as
I n the M a h ak u ta
pillar inscripti o n the n a m e a p pea rs as C h a l i k y a I n the
Guj arat rec o r d s we n d the fo r m s Solaki a n d S o la nki
S al i ka may be another d ialec tic varian t The M a h ak u ta
pillar inscript i o n t e lls us that i n the sixth ce n tury A D
K i r t i va r m a n I o f the C h a li k y a d y nasty gained victo ries
over the kin gs o f Va nga A nga M a ga d h a etc
A n e w power was rising i n the u p per Gan g es valley
which was des tined to engage i n a death gra p ple
with the G uptas for the mas tery o f nor ther n I ndia
This w as the M u k h ara or M a u k h a r i p o wer The
M a u k h a r i s clai m ed d escen t from the hun d red s o ns
wh o m k i ng A s va pa ti g o t f rom V a i va s va t a i
Y ama
T h e f am i l y c o nsisted o f t w o disti n ct gr o ups
The s t o ne
i n scripti o ns o f o n e g ro up have b ee n d isc o ve r e d i n t h e
Jau n pur a n d B ar a B ank l districts o f the Un i ted Pro v inc e s
while the s t o n e i nsc ripti o ns o f t h e o th e r group h t V O b e e n
T he M a u k h aris
d isc o vered i n t h e Gay a d istri c t o f B i h a r
of
Gay a name l y Y a j ii ava r m a n
Sard la va r m a n and
Sard ala i s ex
A n a n ta va r m a n wer e a f eudat o ry family
pressl y cal l e d s a manta ch daman i i n the B a ra ba r H ill Cav e
I nscripti o n o f his son
p
The M a u k h a r i s o f
the U ni te d P r o vinces were als o p ro b abl y fe u d at o ri e s at rst
The e a rlies t prin ces o f this fa m i l y v i a H a r i va r m a n
Ad i ty a va r m a n a n d Isva ra va r m a n wer e simp l y M ah a raj a s
Ad i ty a v a r m a n s wi f e was H arsha G upt a probabl y a sister
o f kin g H arsha Gupta
The wife o f his s o n a n d success o r
.
.,
'
I n t h e Bri h a t
T he
am
i ly
S mhi t a X IV
a
w a s ca
ll d b t h
e
P ns h pa b h t i M u k h a r a V a m
sn u ,
( H a r s h ac h a r i t a
F ara h
s ed
pp
8 the
Sa n l i h ua a r e
M nk h n ra
a nd
S a k a la b h m
1 41 , 1 4
6.
M kh i
a na
Cf . a
as s oc a t e
so
m n ns k r i t o
CII p
.
V i d a r bha
ar
an
d i th
o
ma
S ry nva
M kh i
an
ar
m i v i va
V a l ii n b
L I N E O F K R IS H NA G U P T A
TH E
3 05
I n the
la w
a r s h a v a rd h a n a .
of
'
The
v ar m a n
Si p
r
he
hi
is
k h i pp
b
h
b
i
g
t
(
i
n s cr
reat
as
to
h t
th t
t
on
be
for
of
on o
of
G pt
Dam o d a ra
on e n t of
so ns
i pti
B Gr y a v a r m a n
ce r t a n
e n
V ar m a n s
G pt
ar
an
u r sto n e
Isan a v a r m a n )
f M a h a i v a
a cco u n t o f
G pt
u
ei r
ca
su
t h e Ma u k h a r i s
ac
a var
i th
er
S nr y a v a r m a n
or n
i n the
re
ma n t h e
M a ga d h a
un
m ac
is
e s cr i
ro
Sa r v a
er
a.
au
an
n a va r
so n o
as se
or
d b d i th
bl m i h d f mi ly f
M g dh
If
y) v
f Ia
m
th
it
d f m th h d f th
S ry a va r m a n
Ad h i pa ty a ( s u
r
re
a as
i d ti l i t h S i y
p m y f
ti m th
en
a w as e
en
s o
P OL I TI CAL
3 06
I S T O RY O F I N D I A
Gupta
says the A ph s a d i nscri p t ion
m arked n i th
honour of vic to ry i n war over the illustrious S u s th i ta va r
still constantly sun g o n t h e ban ks of the river
-
L o h i ty a
Betwee n
M a h as e n a
P OL ITI CAL
3 08
I ST OR Y O F I N D I A
quarters
T o meet the formidable league bet w een the G up tas
and the Ga n d as H arsha t h e success o r o f It aj ya va rd h a n a
an alliance wi t h B h as k a ra va r m a n king o f
c oncluded
K a marupa wh o se fa the r S u s th i ta va r m a n had fo ught
against the predecessor o f D e va G upta This alliance w as
d isastrous fo r the Gandas as we kn o w fr o m the N i d h a n a p u r
plate o f B h askara At t h e time o f the issui n g of t h e
plate B h as k ara va r m a n was i n p o ssessi o n o f K a r na s u va r ua
The Gauda people
t h e c apital o f the G au d a k in g Sa sanka
h o wev e r d i d n o t tamely acq ui e sc e in the loss of th e ir
ind e pendence They became a th o rn i n the side o f Kanauj
K am a r ap a a n d th e ir h o stility to w ards th o se t w o
an d
p o wers was inh e rited by the Pa la and S ana s uccess o rs o f
,
Sa s ank a
'
D uring
TH E
L I N E O F K R IS H NA G U P T A
.,
G a u da va h o b y V ak pa t i raj a )
Petty Gupta dyn a s ties a pparen t l y
P O L ITI C A L H I S T O R Y O F I N D I A
3 10
.,
Jo u v e a u D n b r e u i l ,
-
Bo
mb
t he E a r y H
3
The
Vol.
s to ry o f
a c co
u nt o f
In
Pa r t I I,
di
a,
t h e La
er
76
pp
57 8 8 0
-
60.
G up
ow e
as w a s
S ir
th i
R . G . Bh a n d a r k a r
s r e e r e n ce
rs
to
t pu b l i h d i
s
p of
r
A Pe e
nt o
B h a n d a rk a r .
th e J A S B
.
1 9 2 0, N o . 7 .
A P PE N D I X
312
T h
po lya n d ro u m r i a ge f th e P and a v as d o es n o t
i n d i a t e t h t t h ey a re o f n o n K u r u
n eces sa r i l y
o igi n
T he 5s t e m o f N i y og a p re v a l en t a m o n g
f t h e M a dhy d e a w a s n o t f a r re m o v e d
t he K u u
10 ;
f o m f r te rn a l p ly a nd y ( M bh I
w h i l e t h e La w
37
1 05
( D h a rm a ) o f
m a r r i a g e h o n o u r d by t h e N o r t h e rn K u r u s w as
S ee a l so my
la x ( M b h I
ad m i t t d ly
Po l iti ca l H i to y pp 9 5 9 6 J o u n a l o f t h e
D e pa rt m en t o f L e t ters ( C al cutt a U n i v ers ity)
V ol I X
Pag e 7 3 7L S e v era l s ch o l rs j ec t t h e i d e ti cati o n o f V as u d e v a
K r i h n o f t h e M a hab h a a t w ith t h e h i s to ri ca l
K r i s h n a o f t h e C hhan d o gy a U p an i s ha d ( iii
B ut w e s h u ld re mem b er t h t
h
B
v e t h e m e t ro ny m i c D e v a k i
o th t he K r is hn as
( )
p ut ra
6
ach e r o f t h e U p an i s h d i c K r i s h n a
e l o n ged
t
b
e
t
h
e
( )
t o a f a m i ly ( Afi g i r as a ) cl o s e ly co n n ect ed w it h t h e
B hoj as ( Rig V ed a I I I
t h e k i n d r ed s o f
t h e Ep i c K r i h n ( M bh ii
( c) t he U p a n i s ha d i c K r i s h na a n d h i s G u r u G ho ra
Ang i ra sa w e re w o rs h i ppe rs o f S ii ry a
We
a re t o ld i n t h e
t h at t h e
S i t i p va
S t vat a vi d h i ta ug h t by t h e Ep i c K r i s h n a w as
12,
2 2.
ar
s o
re
ar
P r k Si ry a nz l t ka n i bsr i l a
Ang i ras a w as t h e G u r u
-
U pa n i ha d i c
K ri s h n a An g i as i Sruti i s q u t ed a s S r ut i
n am
u t ta ma
S u t i h by th e Ep i c K ri h na
h
M
v iii 6 9
b
(
( e) t h e U p n i s h d i c K ri h n a i s t a ug h t t h e w o rs h i p o f
t h e s u n t he n o b l e s t o f a l l l ig h t s ( Jy o t i r u tta
m m i ti ) h ig h a b v e l l d a k n es s ( ta mas as pa ri )
an d
l o t he v i tu es o f T a pod anam a j j avam
a h i m a s a ty a v ach u a m
T he Ep i c K r i s h n a
t eaches t h e s ame t h i n g i n t h e c an ( x iii 1 8
i
h
map i t aj j y o t i s ta m asa h pa ra m uchy a te ;
t
jy
x vi l QD an m d a m ch a y aj n s cha s v d hy a
y a m t p a arj j a va m a h i ns a s ty a m)
d
( )
an
f the
a s
s
'
'
A PP E N D I X
u m be r o f f u r q u eens w a s ex ceed ed ev en i n
t h e B rah m n i c p e r i o d
T h e A i t a rey a B rah ma na
n s t a n ce
f
o
r
V
II
i
re f ers
to t h e h u n d red
(
w iv es o f K i n g H r i sch n d ra
l S 1 E T h e Abh i s h eka w as p eced ed by an o at h ta k en by
K eit h ta k es u tk r
t h e K i n g to t h e p r i e t
t o m ea n p ro cl a mat i o n
T r iv ed i t ak es i t
san a
P ag e 8 6 l
,
T h
31 8
15
Pa g e
8 9,
o.
Pa g e
9 9 , 1. 1 8
T h
sen s e o f
i n t he
u
g pa
ki r tmza
p robab ly i d en ti ca l w i t h t he
C ha ch u co u n t ry v i it ed by H i uen T s an g D r
S m i t h s eem s t o i d e n ti fy t h e co u n t ry w it h t he
G haz i p u r re g i o n ( W a tt ers Y u an C h w an g V o l I I
e rea
lm
Ala v a k a i s
of
n-
4
6
3
0
1
,
)
pp
F o r t h e em
Pa g e
Pa g e
Pa g e
1 1 5,
4
5
8
)
p
Y o g an a n d a
2 4.
( Ps e u d o N an d a ) i s t h e n ame giv e n to
t h e rea i m a t e d co rp s e o f K i n g N a n d a ( K t ha
s a r i t s a a ra
Du rgap asad a nd Farah s ed it i o n
g
p
12 1 l 5
T h e yo u n g es t b ro t h er w as ca ll ed D h ana
N a n d f ro m hi s b ei n g a dd i ct e d t o b o ard i n g
t ea u e
H e co l l ecte d r i ch es t o t h e
a mo u t
f eig h ty k ti i n a ro ck i n t h e bed o f
i v er ( G n g es ) h vi g ca u s ed a g rea t ex
the
c
a t io
to b e m d e b bu r i ed t h e t ea s u e t he re
L vy i g ta x es a mo n g o t h er a rti cl es
nd
to n es h e a m s s ed
ev e n o n s ki n s gu m s t ees
Pa g e
1 2 0,
l.
a,
av
P ag e
25
va
as
3 14
P a ge
APP E N D I X
1 47,
33
A t h
t
M an iy a a ppo , a Ja ti li a n , w ho
the
co n fe r red
no
er
b l ess i n gs o f peace o n t h e co u n t ry by ex ti pa ti n g
m ara u d e rs
( T u rn o u t s M ahava n s a p x l ii )
Pag e 1 7 0 l 3 4 C f Aj atasa t ru s t rea t men t o f Bi mbi s ara a nd
U d ay a n a s t rea t m e n t of Pi n dola
Pa g e 2 l 3 n S ee J A S E 1 9 2 2 pp 2 6 9 2 7 L
Pag e 2 51 1 6 7
R aj at a ra ng i n i I
1 73
H ars h ac h a r i ta ( C o w el l )
p 2 52 ; W at te rs Y ua n C h w a g i i p 2 00
P a g e 9 51 l ast l i ne T he K ad ph i s es K i gs mea n t h ere a re K r j u la
K
hi
s
a
u
l
a
I
V
i
m
W
a
d
e
s
an
d
m
an
d
n
t
K
u
e
a
(
)
)
p
(
y
k ara K aph s a w h o se i d en ti ca ti o n w it h K ad phises
I i s a m e re s u rm i s e E v en i f K u u la kara be
i d en ti ca l w i t h K a ju l a a n d t h e K u s h an K i n g o f t he
T a x i l a i ns cr i p ti o n o f 1 3 6 it m y be po i n ted o u t
t ha t i t i s by n o m ean s ce r ta i n t ha t t h e d a te 1 3 6
r
4
S m
r e e rs
Pa ge
t o t h e V i k ra m a
era .
i d ea o f t h e g rea t po w e r of B h v a N aga s
dy n as ty and th e t er r it o ry o v e r w h i ch t h ey r u l ed
m ay be g t here d f ro m t h e f act t h a t t h ey pe r
form ed t en A svamed h sac i ces a d w e re
b p r i n k l ed o n t h e f o eh ead w it h t h e p u re w a t er
o f ( t h e r i v e r B h ag i ra t h i t h t
h ad b ee n o bt a i n ed
)
by t h e i r v a l u r ( C I I p 2 41 ; A H D p
T h e pe f o m a n ce
of
te n
A sva m ed ha
sa c ri ces i n
d i ca te s t ha t t h ey w e e ot a f u d a to ry
fam i ly o w i n g a l l e gi a n ce t o t he K neha s
M e g ha d ta ( I 3 1 ) n d K t has a ri ts ag ra ( T w n ey s
tra n s l t i on V o l II p
o
es
P a g e 2 8 4 l . 5.
'
'
'
B I BL IOG RA P H I CA L I N D E X
3 16
iv
A so ki vad na
A t h en a i o s
A t t ha ka th
1 13
1 43 , 1 57
108
,
B
1 13 1 1 8 1 8 6 2 14 2 6 6 2 7 0 2 8 3 3 0 1
B ana
B a n erj i R D
1 1 3 1 1 5 2 17 2 5 1 52 2 58 2 6 1 2 6 4a
1 10 1 14
B a rn e tt
2 98
B as ak R G
10 9 2 47 n 2 9 7 n 3 00
B ea l
B egi n n i n g s o f S out h I n d i an H i st o ry
1 2 0 1 40
1 74
B e l och
10 1
B h a d a rk a r C o m m e m o ra ti o n V o l u m e
B ha n d a rk a r P rof D R ii 2 8 3 0 44 58 7 5 9 3 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 09
,
1 6 3 , 1 6 1 1 6 5, l 7 9 n , 1 80 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 9 n , 1 9 0, 2 0 5,
2 1 3 , 2 2 1 , 2 3 6 , 2 58 , 2 59 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 2 6 5, 3 1 0n
B h an d a rk a r, S i r R G , 1 3 1 , 1 7 3 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 2 2 1 5, 2 1 8 , 2 2 8 , 2 51 2 6 2
2 6 4, 2 8 3 , 3 1 0
2 98
B h a ttas li , N . K
2 86
B l o ch
1 52 1 8 5, 2 05, 2 58 m 2 6 7D , 2 6 8, 2 8 0 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 0 n
B o m bay G az e ttee r
B o o k o f K i n d red S ay i n g s, M rs R hys D a vi d s
6 0, 6 3 n ,
B rahm an a
43 , 43 , 44, 45, 50 ,
A i ta re ya , ii , 2 , 3 , 4, 1 0, l ] , 1 4, 2 7 ,
7 0, 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 5, 7 6 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 0, 9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 ,
9 4, 1 3 1 , 1 6 5, 1 9 2
14
A i ta re y a ( T r i ved i s T ra n s l a ti o n )
1 1 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 50
G o pat h a
Ja i m i n i y a U p an i s ha d
7 , 1 4, 1 7 , 41 , 50
2 6, 32
K a us hi t a k i
'
Pa nch a v i m a o r I andy a
1 0, 1 4, 3 9 50
Q
h i t o pa n i s h a d
am
2 0, 2 1,
Sa ta pa t h a , E g g eli n g , ii , 3 , 5, 7 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 3 ,
1 1 1,
36,
6 7, 7 2
Ta i t t i ri y a
V a l h a
Br i h a t S a mh it a
76 ,
8 L 88,
n
1 2 5, 2 58 D , 2 6 2 ,
K rn
B u dd h a Old e n be r g
e
B udd h a g ho s h a
B u dd h i s t I n d i a , R hys
B u dd h i s t S utta s
B ii hler
D a vi d
2 6 7 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 0 , :ml n
1 8 6 n , 18 7 , 2 0 8
6 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 3 2 , 57
1 0 1 , 1 06
2 1 , 53 , 6 8 , 7 7 , 8 0 , 1 0 2
i v , 9, 18 , 99
1 6 3 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 1 6 8, 2 3 8
B I B L IOG RA P H I CA L
I N D EX
3 17
C
28
C a m i h ae l L ectu r e 1 9 1 8
C a ta l o gu e o f C o i s
A l l a n ( G u p t as )
r
s,
3 3 , 3 5, 58,
2 7 1 , 2 7 5, 2 8 1 , 2 8 5, 2 8 8
d ner
R p o n ( A n d h ras a n d W
h i te h ead ( I n d o G ree k s
226
2 19
ar
K s h at ra pas )
a nd
I n d o S cy t h i a n s )
2 0 6 n , 2 2 8 , 2 3 5, 2 55D
1 09
C ey l o n ese C h ro n i cl es
1 1 9 , 1 57 , 1 58 , 1 7 5
C ha n d a , Pro ess or R P
1 1 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5, 1 45, 2 00, 2 1 7 , 2 2 3
2
C ha u cer
04
2 30
C h a v a n n es
2 1 1, 2 1 2
C o i n s o f A n ci e n t I n d i a, Cu n n i n g h a m
C o r p o ra t e i e i n A n ci e n t I n d i a , D r R C M aju m d a r
73
C o rp u s In s cri pt i o n u m I n d i ca r u m , Vo l I I I, F l ee t
3 0 1 , 3 0 4, 3 0 8
C o w el l
9 2 , 1 3 8 , 1 56
Cu n n i n g h am
2 6, 2 3 , 59 , 6 4,
1 1 4, 1 3 , 2 0 6 n , 2 1 1 , 2 2 8 ,
s
'
Lf
Cu r tiu s
1 2 5, 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 ,
1 17,
D acca R evi ew
D ey N L
D ha m m apad a
,
2 98
54, 58 , 6 6 , l 7 3 n
Dh o y i
Di a l o gu es
Di od o ru s
D i ve k a r
D i v y avad an a
the
2 76
3 4, 41 , 55, 6 3 , 6 4, 7 5, 8 1 , 1 3 2
1 2 0 , 1 2 5, 1 2 7 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 1 3 5
B u dd ha
2 8 11
C
ll
w
o
e
(
an
N ei l )
D ub e ui l P ro fes s o r
1 84 1 88 ,
-
d 2 8 , 6 9 , 9 9 , 1 3 8 , 1 56 , 1 6 4,
194 199
2 58 2 6 0, 2 6 6,
1 9 9 , 2 50 4 52 , 5
3 0 4, 3 1 0
-
2 74 2 7 8,
-
D vat r i m a t pu l t a li k
Dy nas ti es o f t h e K a l i
P arg i te r
6 , 8 , 58 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 1 ,
A ge ,
2 20
2 1 4 2 1 5, 2 7 4
E r ly H i s t o ry of t he D e k ka n
S i r R G B h a n d a rk r
a
2 15
B I BL I OG RA P H ICA L
E a rly H i st o ry o f I nd i
D r V i n cen t S m it h
E a r ly H i s to ry o f t he V a i s h
n v a S ect R ay ch a u d h u i
E pi g ra p hi a I n d i ca
IN D E X
3 18
64
a,
73
1 3 0 , 1 52 , 2 2 0 , 2 3 0, 2 3 2 , 2 3 8 , 2 3 9 , 2 41 ,
2 45, 2 48 , 2 51 57 , 2 75 2 7 7 , 3 02 3 03 .
-
F a H i en ,
F an y e
L gg
e
Fi ck
M a it ra
S.
t ra n s .
F lee t
F o re ig n E l em en t s i n t h e
H i n d u P o p u l a ti o n
F o u ch er
Fu n d am e n t a l U n ity o f I n d i a
.
Dr
2 2 5n
86 , 87
B d h k u m u d
M oo kerj ee
G a n a patha
G a n g o ly O
G rd e
G a rd n er
G a g i S a mhi t
a
G a u da va h o
G az ett eer
A m
-
ti
B o m bay
ra o
G o d v a r i
G i g er
V i
za
ga p
at a
D i s t ri ct
1 08, 1 1 2 ,
G o lds t ii ck e r
G rea t Ep i c
of
I n d i a H o pk i n
,
B I B L IOG RA P H [ CA L I N D EX
3 2 0.
J atak a
A s ata r pa
A ss ak
( 1 00)
A t th n a ( 42 5)
B ha d d as l a
B h a ll t i y a ( 50 4)
B ho j aj i n i y a
Bh ri d a tt a
B rah i ch a t ta
B rah m ad att a
C ha m peyy a
C h et i ya
C h ul lak al i nga
C h u ll a S u ta s o m a
D a ri m u k h a
D as a B rah ma n a
D a s a rat h a ( 46 1 )
D h aj a v i h e th a ( 3 9 1 )
D h o n a si kh a
Dh u m ak r i
D u m m ed h a
E k a pa n n a
E k a rj a
G a gg a
G a n da t i n d u
G a n d hara ( 406 )
G h a t a ( 3 55)
G ha t a ( 454)
G u t t i la
C am b , F d a l s o F ausbii l l
H a r i t a m ta
Ja y ad i s s a
K a l i ng a B od h i
K h a nda h la ( 542 )
K os a mb i
K u mb h ak ra
K um m as api n da ( 41 5)
K u n la
K u ru d h a mm a
.
K u sa
o m as a
Ka
ss a
pa ( 43 3 )
M ah i a s s ii ro ha
M a haj a n ak a ( 53 9 )
V1 a h a
CL
'
K a nha
M ah N i md ak as s a pa
M ahs i la va
M a h s u t as o m a
M a h U m m ag ga
M ata nga
47
53 ,
6 3,
85
36
BI B L IOG RAP H I CA L
Jat k
a
I ND EX
32 1
M t i po s it ka
M s ik a ( 3 7 3 )
N a n d iy a M ig a
a,
Ni m i
2 1 , 2 8, 3 3
Pa d a k us a la m ana va ( 43 2 )
Pa d aj a li
S a ch ch a mk i ra ( 7 3 )
S a m bh a va
Sam
la
S a i h k i ch ch a ( 53 0)
S a mva ra
S a r a b h a m i ga
S a ra bh a ng a
S a t t u va s t a
S e ri v n i j ( 3 )
S et a k et u
S e y ya
S o m anas s a
S ou a a
S o na
an d a
S ur u ch i
S u s i m a ( 41 1 )
Ta ch ch h as k ara ( 49 2 )
T a n du la n li ( 5)
T el ap a t t a ( 9 6 )
T es a k u n a
T h u sa ( 3 38 )
d aya ( 458 )
Ud d al ak a
bu
k
N
U m m ad a n t i
C a m b Ed a l so F a us bii ll
V a ddh a k i s ka ra
V id h u ra pa n di t a
.
( 547 )
V es s a n ta ra
J u
o
l
O f t h e A s i ti c S oci e t y
of B e g a l
B i h ar a n d
of
t he
O i s s a R es earch S o
r na
of
3 1 0.
1 13
ci e ty :
54. 55, 58 , 6 6 , 6 8 , 7 1 , 2 8 9 . 2 9 6 , 3 03 .
t he
p tm e n t
t
a
C
l
ut
c
a
(
Le tt ers
U ni v er s it y )
.
ar
2 2 9 , 2 3 1, 2 3 9
B I B L IOG RA P H I CA L I N D E X
Jta ka , o f t h e
S o ci e t y
J u ti
s
Ro ya l A s i a ti c
43 , 57 , 2 6 4n , 2 6 6 .
1 2 1 , 1 3 4, 13 7 , 1 3 9 1 41 , 2 0 3 ,
2 2 6 2 2 9 , 2 43 , 2 6 ou
2 0 5- 2 0 7 ,
K
K ala k i cbry a K at hna ka
K al h an a
K al id sa
K m a n d a ka
V ats y y an a
K 5mas t ra ,
D urg
K a t hs a ri ts ag a ra ,
p ras ad an d P ara b .
1 02 ,
2 8,
1 02 ,
93
"
1 09,
231
1 6 2 , 1 6 3 , 1 9 4, 2 49 , 2 54
2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 1 0, 2 2 9 , 2 7 6
120
1 76 , 2 1 9
1 1 5, 1 1 9 , 1 2 0 , 2 8 3 11 ,
T awney
K aty y a na
K i ty y an a
K eith
'
r
a
n
g
a
m
r
i
a
m
(
)
K en n edy
K ern
K i el h o rn
K i n gs m i l l
K itte l s Di cti o n ary
K n i g bte s T a l e
K s h em en d ra
L
La w , D r . N .
L v i , Syl v ai n
Lif
of
of
of
L ii ders
M acd o ne ll
M a h ab hra ta
1 73 n
1 8 9 , 2 3 0, 2 45
139
60
56 , 2 9 7
1 9 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 55, 2 7 1
A l ex an d er
B u dd ha ( R ock h i l l )
H i nen
i i, 2, 36 3 8 19 7
i i i , 2 , 3 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4, 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9 ,
2 2 , 2 3 , 2 7 2 9 , 3 13 3 , 3 5, 3 9 , 40 44,
53 57 ,
7 1 7 3 , 7 5,
83 ,
.
324
BI B
L IOG R A PH I CA L I N D E X
N i r uk ta , Y s k a
N i t i s r a , K ama n d aka
N o t es o n t h e A n ci en t
G eo g ra p hy o f G a nd hara ,
F o u ch e r
56 , 85
12 0
24
Old en be rg
Old h am
a, 2, 6 ,
2 3,
2 79
O n es i k ri to s
12 9
O ros iu s
O x f o rd H i st ory of I n d i a
D r V A S m it h
.
2 51
P nku
P an yo n g
a
Para ma t t haj o t i k5
P a ra n a r
P a rg i t er
Pa ri i s h ta P a r v a n
P ata li pu t ra k alpa
Pa va n ad t a m
Pe ri pl u s o f t h e E ry t h rze a n
S ea , S ch o if
P i s ch el
.
Pli y
P l ut a rch
Po ly biu s
n
P o m pe i us T ro g u s
P ra bo d h a ch a n d ro d ay a
P ri y ad a r i k a, S ri H a rs ha
Pt o l emy , h i s t o r i an
Pt o l emy, g eo g ra ph er
Pu ran
B h g a va l a
Bra h m n g a
K rm a
M ar k a n dey a ,
P ar g i ter
'
1 60
BIB L I O GRA P H
I CAL I N D E X
32 5
3, 1 0
18
V is h n u
R Ej a ta ra g i n i
M,
43 , 1 6 0, 2 7 6
1 6 2 , 1 8 4, 1 9 3 , 2 54
3 6 , 40, 43 , 48,
1 9 , 2 0 2 6,
52 6 0, 6 7 , 7 0, 7 1
1 2 3 , 2 0 6 71 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 5, 2 3 3 , 2 3 7 ,
-
R apson
'
R a tn l val i
1 02
2 0 6 22
1 73
2 47 72
Raw l i nso n
R ay c bau d hu r i
r
R ecord s of be es te rn
Wo rl d , H ea l t
R el i g i o n s o f I nd i a, H o p k i n s
R h s Da v i d s
.
9 , 1 8 , 2 1 , 3 1 , 49 , 59 , 7 7 , 1 0 2 ,
1 43 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 6
12
1 06 ,
2 11
60
R ock h i l l
Ro t h
S acred B oo k s
of
9, 2 2 , 2 6,
3 8, 43 , 47 , 48 , 53 , 56
58 , 6 2 6 5, 6 9 ,
7 6 , 8 0, 8 1 , 8 8 , 9 1
2 6 7n .
'
S a i t Ma r t i V d e
S a n s k r i t L i t erat ure;
d o n el l
Si s t ri Pa g cj i t H .
n
n,
M ac
132
i ii, 20
1 8 9 , 1 9 0, 1 9 2 , 2 7 4
143
B I BL I O G R AP H I CAL I N D EX
326
S en a
rt
S h a m as as t ry
S i y u k i , Bea]
S m i t h , D r. V .
28
2 93
S o m ad eva
S o u t h I n d i an
H u l tz s cb
ns c ri
2 99
1 72
ti o n s ,
"
D
S p o o n er
S se ki
S s ma
-
S tei n
S te n K o n o w
S t h av i ri
2 2 7 , 2 30,
2 45 2 46
127
2 3 9 , 2 40, 2 44 2 48, 2 50 2 52
-
vali
S t rabo
a
t
a
s
t
B
h
a
a
va
d
a
s
V
a
,
S v ap
G
a n a p a t i S as t ri ) .
d
E
(
S uk h t h a n k a r
rk a r
a
B
K
S
i
t
i
an
r
k
u
S
,
S u m ang al av i ls i n i
na
.
'
S at ra
h a r ma
as t am ba
p
B o d h yan a
G ri h y a
A v a ly a n a
Si nk by a n a
J a i na
46 1 04i 1 05
1 07
B h a ga v at i
al pa
N i ray av a li
U tt a rad h yayan a
2 2,
1 0 4, 1 0 5, 1 0 7 , 1 0 8
3 8, 3 9 , 41 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 6 , 7 7
ra u 1a
pa s ta mb a
A va ly a u a
iBa u d h ay a n a
g zf
i t
at}
S utta
I};
B udd h i t
A mb a h a
Lo h i choh a
M ah ag o vi n d a
M ah al i
22
90
197
51
83
1 3 1 4, 8 4 45, 51
5
an a
8 11 3
23
on
o n
1 32
3 4, 41 , 42 , 55, 7 4, 7 5, 9 0
63
B I B L I O G RA P H I CAL I N D EX
328
V ed i c
I nd e x
M acd o ne ll
V e n ka t es va ra i y a r
V i dy bh ns h a n a , D r . S .
V i m na va tt h u
V i na a T e ts
M a hava g g 8a.
Vo n
an d
K eit h
S a l l et
Wats o n
Wat te rs
Webe r
We i li o
W h i teh ead
-
Wi l so n
6 4.
Y ua n C h w an g Wat te rs
Y u g a P u ri n a
,
Y w H o ua n
Z i m me r
53 , 59 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 2 3 0 , 2 6 7 71 , 2 98 .
1 87.
2 49
.
2, 2 7.
G E N E RA L
A
A bd a g as s , 2 43
Ab h ay a Li ch ch h a vi , 6 3
d a ga d h a , 1 0 5
M
A b h ay a ,
r i n ce o f D
A bhi ma n y u , 2 , 3 , 3 1 1
A b hi p ra t ar i n , 4, 1 4, 1 5
Ab h i ra
2 79,
Ab i ri a
44, 2 3 9 ,
2 6 5,
2 6 9,
80
A bh i s ra , A bhi s a res , 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 4,
135
A b h i s h e ka , 8 8 , 8 9 , 3 1 3
A ch a e m en i a n , 7 7 , 1 2 2 , 12 3 , 1 2 1
A ch ch h a , 46
A chy u t a , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4
A d hi s i m a k r i s h g a , 1 3 , 1 5, 3 0
Ad h y a ks h as , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 6 8
2
Ad i chchas ( Ad i tyas ) , 48
Ad i ty as en a 2 9 5, 3 0 8 if
,
Ad i ty av ar ma n 3 0 1
,
A d ra i s ta i , 1 2 8
A g a las s o i , 13 1
A g a t h o k lei a , 2 08 , 2 2 5
A g at ho kles , 2 2 5
A g ik h a rh d h a, 1 80
A g n i mi t r a , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 , 2 1 0 E ,
A g ra m m es , 1 1 8 , 1 2 0, 1 2 1, 1 3 5, 1 3 7 ,
A h i ch ch h a t r a, A d h i ch h at r , 69 ,
7 0,
A i k sh v ak a , 49 , 50
Ai l a , 7
A i n d ra ma h h h i s h e ka , 8 9 , ff .
A i n d ro ta , 1 4, 1 7 , 3 0
Aj a , 1 10 , 1 1 3
Aj a k a, 1 1 2
A j a m i dh a , 7
i ta s a t r u K i y a , 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 4 3 6 , 3 9
6 5,
i ta a tr u ,
K n i k a , 58 , 6 3 ,
103 11 6 , 3 1 1
'
Aj i v i k a 1 69 1 7 1 . 1 8 2 , 1 8 5
Ak a r va n t i 2 6 2 2 6 7
,
A k o u ph i s , 1 2 6
I N DE X
G E N E RAL IN D EX
330
A nur ud d h a , 1 1 0 , 1 1 6
A n us amy n a , 1 7 6
A n y a ta p1a k s b5 6
A pach a ra , 6 6
A pch y a , 8 2
A p a ra M a ts as , 7 1
A pa r n ta , 1 6 5, 1 7 7 2, 2 19 ,
Apaya
Api a li
2 58 ,
262
5, 6
131
A po llod o tos , 2 0 6 11 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 5,
226
A po o n i os , 2 3 5. 2 42
ra m a i c, 1 2 4
A ri a k e , 2 58
A ri k i n a , 2 7 5, 2 8 6 , 3 0 0
A ri s bta , A ri t tha J a n a k a , 2 2 , 3 8
A ri tt h a pu ra , 1 3 0
A ry a ka, 1 1 2
A rj u n a , K i n g o f K a n a u j , 3 0 8 ,
r j un a
an d a va , 6 2 , 2 7 9
ll
Arj u ni y a nas
Arta
2 79
2 38
Artabhaga
A r un i
Am u i 8
,
23
9, 1 7,
2 3 2 5,
-
2 7,
3 3, 3 6
As a nd i va n t 6 1 0,
A s hd h as en a 2 1 2
,
As i ani
As i k
a,
ll
227
2 62
A s i t a m ri ga , l l
A maka , A ss a k a , 42 47 , 7 4, 7 5, 1 1 8 ,
-
A so k a , 43 , 59 , 7 1 , 1 58 ,
A s pas i a n 1 2 5, 1 3 5
A s pa varm a , 2 3 5, 2 3 8
Ba bhr u, 41 , 7 3
B aby l o n , 48 , 1 41 , 2 42
Ba ct ri a n, i i i , 1 2 4, , 1 4-1 ,
19 9
2 02 ,
2 03 ,
2 0 5, 2 2 5, 2 2 7 , 2 3 3
Ba ct ri a na 2 0 2 , 2 0 4, 2 2 6 , 2 2 7
Bac t r i an G re e k s ,
2 0 3 , 2 1 3 , 2 2 7,
Bag he lk h a n d , 1 9 8 , 2 9 5
Ba h a pa t i m i t ra ,
Ba has a t i 1 9 9
Ba h as a t i m i t ra ,
Ba h ra i c h , 49
Ba i r t , 2 9 , 7 1
Ba i t h a n , 2 6 4
a j i , 46
B a ad li i ka ra ua ,
1 9 9, 2 1 2
'
2 87
G E N E RAL I N D E X
332
B h o j as , 42 ,
43 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 6 , 8 4, 1 6 4,
Bh o j a D59 3a ky a , 3 9
B h o j a ka , 2 8 6
Bh oj a ka ta , 43
B hoj a n a ga ra , 2 8
Bh d e va , 1 8 9
B h uj y u , 2 3
Bh m i m i t ra , 2 1 1
B h ta p la , 1 1 9
B h ta vi ras , 1 1
B i h ar, 1 8 , 56 , 59 , 2 9 0, 3 0 4, 3 0 8
B i j ay a ga d i , 2 6 8 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 0
B i ls ad , 2 88
Bi m bi s ra , i , v , 45, 50 , 55, 58 , 59 ,
6 8, 7 7 , 8 1 , 82 , 9 1
L,, 9 7 , 10 1 , 10 3 ,
,
Bi n d usara , A m i t ra g h ta ,
1 3 8,
160
1 54,
196
Bi
i, 1 6 4
B i t h u r, 2 8 0
B o d h g a i , 1 0 8 , 2 1 2 , 2 8 1
Bo d h i , 3 8 , 1 0 8 , n
B rach m a n s , 1 3 3 , 1 44
B ra h ma , 1 8 9 , n
B ra h m ad att a o f A fi g a , 55,
10 4
s
a es a r,
84
C a li n gae , I6 O
a m b s es 1 2 2
C a u a kka , 9 9
C a n d ag u l ta M au rya . 9 9 ,
a n n a n o re
1 40
,
C ary a nd a , I2 3
C a t haea n s , 1 2 8
a u cas us , 1 9 3 , 2 03
e
o n , 1 7 2 , 1 7 3 , I7 4, 1 7 5
C ha h a ra t a , 2 57
C li a i ty a , 1 6 2
C ha i t ya ka , 56
C h a i d yo pa r i ch ara , 57 , 6 6
C h a i k i t aya na , 3 3
h ak ra , 9 3
C h a k ra p li ta , 2 9 4
C hi krya n a , 1 4, 1 6 . 2 3 , 2 9 , 3 0
C
C yl
99
G E N E RAL I N D EX
Ch
a n d ra g u
Chi
M a u ry a ,
p ta
6.
Ch
Ch
p ta M u u i pa t i 1 54
G u p ta V i kra md i tya
a n d ra g u
a n d ra
2 82
3 1 0 if
C han d r msa , 2 56 , 2 7 4
C h an d ra v ala, 55
2 74
C h a n d ra var m a n ,
h and ur, 41
h a n g - K i eu , 2 45, 2 46
h ara , 1 53 , I6 S
G h ara k a , 2 54
h ars ad d a , 2 4
C h a rs h an i , 8 9
C h as nlga n a , 2 3 3 , 2 40, 2 59 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 1 ,
2 6 6, 2 6 7 , 2 6 8
C h a urod d h ara n i ka , 2 8 6
C hed i s , 2 9 , 45, 6 5, 6 7 , 7 1 , 7 8 , 2 2 3
C h ella n a, 6 3 , 1 0 4, 1 0 6
h em , 1 7 3
C h e ta ka , 6 2 , 6 3 , 1 04, 1 0 6 , 1 0 7
C h e ta s , 2 1 6 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 5
C h et i s , 2 2 3
C h h a h a ra , 2 3 7 , 2 3 8
C h h a t rava , 2 3 9
C hha v i llakara , 1 6 3
h i caco l e , 2 7 6
h i na , 1 6 3 , 2 6 5
h i nab, 3 1 , 1 2 8
.
C
C
C
'
'
C
C
C
Dabbas en a , 8 0
2
4
1
2
8
6
9
3
0
2
5
a
i
l
7
b
h
a
,
,
,
D
,
D a d d a ra pu ra , 6 7
D ad h i v aha n a , 55, 6 8 , 9 0
Da h ae, 1 3 4, 2 45
D ai vapa , 3 , 1 1 , 1 4, 1 7 , 30
Da i va pu tra , 2 56 , 2 8 0
Da i vi v r id ha , 41, 7 2 , 7 3
D k s h y a na S acri ce, 6 0
Da ks l i i rj a M a t h u ra, l 7
Da k s h i napad a, 40
Da ks h i napa t ha , 40 , 44, 7 5, 1 51 , 2 1 6 ,
2 2 2 , 2 75
D a ks h i n apa t li a pat i , 2 2 1
Dak s h i n at y a , 40, 7 4
Dalbh y a C ha i k i t ay a n a 3 3
Dalb h y a K esi n 3 2 , 3 3
Dama g h s ad a 1 , 2 6 9
"
33
2 3 5, 2 44, 2 45
2 50, 2 52 , 2 53 , 2 54, 2 7 1 , 2 8 1
'
h i n es e l u rk es ta n , 2 45
h i ng ti, 2 3 0
C h i i at ad at ta , 2 8 8
h i r S t pa , 2 51
h i to r , 2 0 2 , 2 0 5
C hi t ra s e n a , 2
h o a, 1 7 2 , 1 7 4, 1 7 5
C h o ra m rga n a , 1 6 8
h o ra ajj u, 1 6 8
h o ra R aj j u kas , 1 6 8
( h o u a n g mo ,
h o ua n g m i , 2 46
h u k s h a, 2 3 7
h u a n i , 70
C le i s o b o ra , 7 1
och i n , 1 7 3
h i n a , 54
o ch i n
C o d o ma n n us , 1 2 4, 1 3 5,
o i m ba t o re , 1 40 , I7 3
o n j e e e ra m , 2 7 6
C o ph ze us , 1 3 4
C o p he n , 1 2 2
ri n t h , 1 2 2
r e ta n s , 1 3 3
re n e , 1 7 4
( y ru s , 1 2 2
u t c h , 2 59 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 7
n e se ,
C
C
C
C
C l
C
C
C
C l
C
C
C
C
C
C
Cy
a
'
3 00
G E N E RAL I N D EX
33 4
Da sa pu ra, 2 8 8
D as ara t ha ( I ks h vak u ) , 3 6
Dasa ra t ha M a u r a , 1 8 4. 1 8 5, 1 86
D a r na , 44
D a s a s idd h a ka , 1 2 0
D as y u t ri be , 45
D a t ta d ev i , 2 S2
D a t tam i t ra, 2 0 1 3 1 1
D a t ta m i t r i , 2 0 5
D attas , 3 0 2
Da u hs ha n t i , 7
Da v ka , 2 7 8 ,
D eccan , 40, 44, 7 4,
57 , 2 6 5 2 6
2 78
Dei ma ch o s , 1 57
De l h i , 6 8
D e m e t r i as o l i s , 2 0 5
D emet r i o s , 1 9 3 , 2 0 33, 2 0 5, 2 0 6 , 2 0 7,
'
D esa
2 86
Devabh m i , 2 1 4
D e va b h t i , 2 1 4, 2 1 6
D e vacli a n d ra 1 1 4
De va qra va s , 6
D eva G u p ta 1 , 1 1 4, 2 8 2 , 3 0 7 11
D e va G u pt a , 1 1 , 3 0 7
D e va G u p ta , 1 1 1, 3 09
D e v a k i p u t ra , 3 1 2
1 7 0, 1 7 4, 1 8 5
D ev n a mpiy a,
D e \ na i npl y a Da s a ra t h a , 1 8 5
D e vana mpiy a Pi ya d a s i , 1 59
De vii ua th piy a T i s s a , 1 7 4
D e va pala , 2 9 6
De v pi , 8 5
D e va pu t ra , 2 48, 1 51 , 2 55
D eva i j a , 2 8 2
De va i s li t ra , 2 7 5, 2 7 6 , 2 7 8
D evas , 1 7 1
De va va r m a n , 1 8 4, 1 8 6
De va vata , 6
D h a m ma , 1 7 6
D li zi m m a g li o s o , 1 7 1
D h a mm an i y a ma 1 8 1
D ha m ma v ij ay a 1 6 1 , 1 6 9
Dli a m ma y u t a s , 7 7 , 1 7 8
D h ana ( a n d a ) , 1 2 0, 3 1 3
D li a n a bh t i , 2 7 1
D h a n a j a y a , 2 7 5
D ha n a j ay a K o ra vy a, 6 8
Di o n , 2 1 3
,
G E N E R A L I N D EX
836
H a g ms h a , 2 3 8
H a g an a
H a i h a y a , 7 5, 1 1 8
H a i ra ny a n b ll a , 51
H ak us i ri , 2 2 3
H a s b rg , 9 3
H a ri cba nd ra , 50 , 5 1 9 2 , 3 1 3
H a ri s h e n a K i n g , 3 1 0
k a ra
ra , 2 7 7 , 2 8 1
H a r i s h e n a , Pr a a s t i k
H a r i v a rma n , 3 0 4
H a ro, 2 4
H a rs h a , 55, 2 9 0 , 2 9 5, 3 0 6
H a rs a
t a , 3 03 , 3 0 4
H as ti ,
1 80
H as t in , 3 0 1
H as t i n a pu ra , 6 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 5, 3 0 ,
H a s t i v a rm a n , 2 7 5, 2 7 6 11
H a t t h i pu m , 6 7
p u
"
h G up
I bbya g r m a , 3 0
I k n ato , 1 8 3
Iks h vak u , 2 0, 3 6 , 49 ff , 6 9 , 6 1 , 7 1 ,
1 1 8,
I n d a pat ta s e e I n d m p ra s na
I n e r ee k , 2 1 5
I n e S cy t i a , 3 9 , 2 40
I n d rad vu m n a , 2 7
I ra Jy es h glna , 8 9
I r a M i t ra, 2 1 ]
I n d ra pl i ta , 1 8 4, 1 8 5
I ra ras t h a , I n d a pa t ta , In d a pa tta n a
d G
d
nd
nd
nd p
I n d ras e na , 2
Ji b za 2 7
Ja i va li , 3 3 . 7 0 , 9 2
Ja a Ji t u ka r tgy a 3 +
Ja 1a u k a , 1 8 1 , 1 9 3
Jam b ud pa , 47 . 9 9 , 1 8 9 , 2 2 6 n
33-36
Ja n a k a , i i , 8 . 1 5- 2 3 , 2 6
9 0,
19 1
Ja n a ka pu r , 59
Jan a ka vatb a , 2 0 , 2 1 , 3 7
24
G EN E R A L
Je t h a m i t ra , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2
Je t t u tta ra , Je t u t t a ra , 9 9 , 1 3 0
Ji h u lgi a , 2 3 8
Ji n a p m bha s u r i , 1 8 5
Ji va d m a n , 2 6 9
Ji va k a , 1 03
1 N DE X
G u pta
J1v i ta
1 , 3 0 2 , 3 03
Ji vi t a. u p a. M . 3 0 8 , 3 0 9
Ji y as a t t ii , 9 9 , 10 0
Jh t ri k a s , 59
'
1
2
9
1
6
6
3
5
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
,
,
,
,
2 0 4, 2 2 5, 2 2 9 , 2 54, 2 56 , 2 8 5
K ch a , 2 7 3 , 2 8 1
K ach chh a , 46 , 2 6 7
K ad a mb as , 1 9 7 , 2 1 9 , 2 6 6 , 3 0 9
K ad ph i s es , 2 47 , 3 1 4
2 48 , 3 1 4
K ad ph i s es
,
K ab a K a u s h a k i , 9 , 2 3
.
ff
I
II
ol
ff
'
K a i k ey f , 2 7
K a i s an
K kas . 2 7 9 , 2 8 0
K k a v a r g a , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 1 1 8
K a k s h a s e n a , 2 , 4, 1 4, 1 5
K ks h a s e o i , 4 1 4
K a k u d a. K a chchy a n3
na 9
K i k us t h a va r m a n , i50 9
K lac h a m p , 54
K lm as , 9 7 , 9 8
K alra Ja n a k a , 59 , 45
K 8121 8 6 11 3 , 52
K l o ka , 1 1 1 E
K ali d s a 43
K a li g a , 3 8 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 59 , 7 4, 1 0 4,
if ,
3 , 1 69
115
1 9 9, 2 0 1
K a li ga n a g a ra, 2 2 3
,
K a l l m 2 55 n
K a ll i o p e 2 0 6
,
K a ls i g r ma , 2 0 4
K m a n d ak a , 3 1 1
K i m ar pa , 2 7 8, 2 9 5, 30 6 , 3 08
K a m bo j a , 2 3 , 45, 7 7 7 8 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 6 ,
1 52 , 16 2 , 1 7 7 , 1 9 0
K a mcba g a pu ra , 42
K am pi ly a , K a m pi l la , 3 1 , 3 3 , 6 9 , 7 0 ,
1 00
K a ms a o K o s ala , 8 0
K a th sa. o M a t h u r , 7 3
K a n a k bea , 2 8
K ch i , 1 7 3 ,
2 7 5, 2 7 6
K an i s h k a , 2 49 if .
-
f
f
Jus h ka, 2 49 , 2 54
K.
K abu l
G EN E R A L I N D E X
338
K e ka y a , 2 1 , 2 3 , 2 6 2 7
K en , 6 6
K era li , 2 7 6
K es a pu t ta , 9 7 , 9 8
K e i u s , 3 2 , 9 8
K eta la pu to , 1 7 2 1 7 4
K e va tta , 7 0
K h u da va, 5
K h a ra o s ta , 2 3 8 , 2 41
K ha ra pa ll n a, 2 53
0
89
K h a ra pa r i ka s , 2 7 9 , 2 3
K harav a la , 1 1 5, 1 19 , 1 6 1 ,
2 17 , 2 2 1
-
'
1 9 9 , 02 00 ,
K h as a
62
K h s h ay rs h , 1 2 4
K i e u t s i eu k i o , 2 45 .
K 1ka a , 56
K i ng m ak er . 86, 9 1 . 9 2
K i n gs h i p , 8 2 .
2 55
K i i , 2 2 9 if 2 3 3 , 2 3 5,
2 57
K i rta , 2 3
K i rt i va r m a n, 3 04
K leo ph i s , 1 2 5
K oh i M o r , 1 2 6
K o li vi s a , 9 1
K o li y as , 9 7 , 9 8
K o l lg a , 59
K oll e r n , 2 7 6 n .
K o n ka m a ua , 1 80
K o ra vy a , K a ura vy a , 1 2 , 6 9 , 1 3 1
K o s a la. ( o rt h ) , 9 , 1 9 , 2 1 , 2 3 , 3 4,
9 8 , 1 00E
3 6 , 45,
K o s a 1a ( S o u t h ) , 2 51 , 2 6 2 , 2 7 5
K o a r, 1 40
K o ta k u Ia , 2 7 5
2 75
K o yi va rs h a , 2 8 6
K o ggu ra , 2 7 5, 2 7 6
K ra i vy a , 3 3
K ra m d i ty a , K u m r a
ta I I , 2 9 7
ta , 2 8 9 , 2 9 2
K ra md i ty a , S k a n d a G
297
K ris b ua
t a , 3 03
-
pn
G up
up
G up
K r i s h ua Si ta v ah a na , 2 2 1
K g i s h ua V s
eva , 7 3 , 2 9 0 , 3 1 2
K ri ta m li 1 7 2
K ri t i , 2 0, 3 7
a ud
GE N E R A
3 40
L I N DE X
M a u ry a i v , 8 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 9 E
M od es , 1 2 2
M eg as t he n es , 1 43 , 1 45, 1 47
M la va , 46 , 2 6 1 2 7 9 , 2 9 5
M aIa y a 46
M a 1a y as 2 58 2 6 1
'
Ma l i ch o s
2 6 6 74
54
M li n i ,
M a l l a 45, 46 , 6 4, 6 5, 9 7 , 1 51 ,
,
176,
19 2
M a lla ki s , 6 3 , 6 5, 1 0 7
Ma k , 1 0 1
M a llo i , 1 3 1 , 1 3 5
M arn i 1 13 2 6 2
M a m b a r u s , 2 3 3 , 2 58
M anda v y a 1 9 2
M a ng a a 1 7 0
M a n i g u l, 2 3 8
M a n i y a t a ppo , 3 14
M a n ta rj a , 2 7 5
M a t , I47 , 2 8 5
Ma n t ri pa r i s h ad . 1 48 , 1 6 6 , 2 1 0, 2 86
M a ru t ta , 8 4, 9 0
M i s , 1 89
M as s a g a , 1 2 5, 1 3 5
M a ga cbi , I4, 3 0 , 3 1
M at ha va 2 0 , 2 1 , 3 8
M at
M e t ho ra , 42 , 7 1 , 1 7 2 ,
,
1 7 3 , 1 8 7 , 2 0 4, 2 1 1 ,
2 1 2 , 2 2 4,
2 3 1E , 2 3 7 11 , 2 55
M a a, 2 7 3
M t vis h g u , 2 86 , 3 00
M a t sy a 2 3 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 45, 7 1 , 7 8 , 7 9
M a es 2 2 8 , 2 3 2 3
M au k ha r is , 2 9 7 , 3 0 41f
lli
n ri n
ki
hu r a
ti l
u
15
1 6 0 , 1 6 5, 1 7 3 , 1 8 4
M eg ha va rn a , 2 8 1
M e a e , 2 033
M e va k i , 2 3 2 , 2 3
M i h i ra k u1a , 2 9 7 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 1
n nd r
M i l in d a
M e n a n d er
Bee
M i n, 2 3 3
M i n n a g a ra 2 3 2
M i t h rad a t es M it h ri d a tes , 2 0 5,
,
20
2 2 6, 2 2 7
M i th i
1 9, 2 0
M i l h i l, 1 6 , 1 9 E, 3 7 5, 47 , 49 , 5
6 0 , 7 0, 8 6 , 9 9 , 10 0
M
2 1 1, 2 1 2
,
M lec hch h as 2 9 2
Mo a 2 3 2 if
M o 46
,
i tra Ki ng s
g
li
M ol i n i
33
M o r iy as 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 1 88
M o u s i ka n o s , 1 3 2 , .
M yi g adha ra , 1 0 1
M r i g as i kh va na , 2 7 1
M ch i pa , M t i ba M u vi pa ,
'
M j va n t
M u l a k a,
M u nda ,
M u n das
\53
M u ri y a k la ,
M ur u nda
N.
N aba t aea n s
266
N abh ag a . 6 0
N a bba ka , 1 6 3
N a bh a pa m t i , 1 6 3
N c li n e ki ta a i , 2 7 7
N ad as i Akas 2 3 8
N ga , 7 5, 2 2 0 , 2 50 , 2 55, 2 56 ,
2 83 , 3 1 4
N ag a b ha g , 2 55
N ga Di sa k a , 1 1 0, 1 1 1 , 1 1 6
N i g ad a tt a 2 7 3
N i ga k ba n da , 1 41
N ag a a V i y o h la ki , 1 6 6
N i g an ik , N ay a n i k a, 2 2 3
N a ga rabli u k ti , 2 8 6
ll
N a g a rd hy a ks h a , 1 50
N i g i j u n a , 2 51 , 2 54
N gi rj u n i , H i
1 8 5, 2 9 5
N ag asi h vay a ( H i s t i n a pu ra ) , 6
N gas e n a , S ag e, 2 2 6 u
N g as e n a , k in g , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4
N a g n a j i t ( N ag g aj i , N a g ga ti ) 3 8 , 3
41 , 7 3 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 9 0
N a h a pana , 2 48 , 2 57 , 2 58 , 2 59 , 2 6 1
N a h us h y a 7
N a k h a van t , 2 56 , 2 7 4
N a ks h i R u s t a m , 1 2 3
N ak a , l 2
N i la n d a , 3 0 0
N a m ba a, 2 3 3 , 2 58
2 7 4,
ul
nn
GE NE R A
N a m i Nim i
N a nd a
,
L I N D EX
34
3 7 41 , 7 0, 7 6
,
1 1 5 E , 2 0 0, 2 0 1 , 2 1 7 if ,
-
3 13 .
N a u d i 2 55
N a nd i ki n g
69
2 73 , 2 7 4
N a n d i var d h a n a , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2
,
ff
20 1
N a pe i k ea , 1 6 3
an d a, 41 , 9 0, 1 3 1 , 2 8 1
N a ras i th ha. G u t a B l d i ty a , 2 9 7
N a ra va r m a n , 2 7 0
N ai y a n a K n v a , 2 1 5
N ri y a lga p la , 2 9 0
N z s i k P raas t i , 2 2 1 , 2 2 9
N i vad hy a ks h a , 1 51
N a va n a ra , 2 6 4
N g a n s i , 2 2 9 , 2 47
N i ch a k s h u , 6 , 1 3 , I 5, 1 6 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 6 7
-
(O
J.
Od ru ka , 2 1 2
O h i n d , 2 56
O k kaka, 6 4, 8 i
O l y m p i a n G a m es
87
O m ph i s , 1 2 7
O r i s sa , 42
O r o s i u s , I3 1 , 2 2 6
O r t ha g n e s , 2 43
P d , 1 7 4
Pad a j a l i , 8 5
Pd h a , 46
Pa d i ka , 2 40
P a d m va t i , c i t y , 2 56 , 2 7 4
Pa d m va t i , q u e en , 1 0 2
P a h la v a s , iii , 2 42 , 2 44,
2 6 5, 2 6 8
Pa k o res , 2 43
Pa k t h a s , 1 3 0
Pa k t p i k e , 1 2 3
a k a d ha , 9
Pa la es i m u n d u , 1 7 3
P515g a la , 8 8
P 515331 11, 8 5
P la k a ,
al a k k a , Pla k k a d a , 2 7 5, 2 7 6
Pa l ibo t h ra , P a li m bo t li m , 1 1 8 , H 3
Pa l i bo t h ri , 1 6 4
O s s ad i o i , 1 3 2
O tgghad d li a , 6 3
O u d h , 3 6 , 48, 2 0 5, 2 88
O x u s , 2 2 7 , 2 46 , 2 49 2 55
0 x 5d ra ka i , 1 3 1 , 1 3 5
O xy k a n os , 1 3 3
O z en e , 2 6 6
,
G EN ER A L I N D E X
3 42
Pi i ks hi t as , 1 E
P a ri s h a , 9 2 , 1 48, 1 06 5, 1 6 6 ,
179 , 2 86
Pa l i vak r , Pa r icha k r, 3 1
2 7 7,
r j as ,
P a r i v rj a ka , M a h ra
1 78 ,
2 9 4.
P a r i v rj i kas 1 53
P a ri v r ik t i , 8 5
P ri 551ra , 2 6 2 , 2 6 7
Pa r k h am , 1 0 8
P a r n ad a t t a , 2 9 3 , 2 9 4
P a r o pa n i s a d a i , 1 42
Pi r v a , 47 , 7 6
P a rt h a ( A rj n a ) 3 0 1
l rt h a , 2 9 9
P a r th a l i s , 1 6 0
2 4|1, E ,
P a rt h i a s , 2 0 5, 2 2 6 E ,
Pa s en ad i , S e e Pra s en aj i t
Pa t ale ne , 1 3 3 , 2 0 3
P i ga l i pu t ra 9 9 , 10 6 , 10 9 , 1 1 1 ,
,
Pata m ch ala , 2 6 , 2 7
Pa ta j a li , 1 2 , 0 1 E
P a t ik a , 2 3 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 40 , 2 41
Pa t i ved a k a , 1 6 6 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 8
Pa t n a S ta t es ,
1 15
P a t ro k le s , 1 57
P a ud a n y a , 7 5
Pa u lu s h i S a ty ay a j a , 1 7 , 2 7
Pa u m va i , 10 6
Pa ura va 6 7
P a r a V y vah ri k a , 1 6 6
P v , 6 5, 9 7
Pe i s i s h a t u s , 7 3
P e r s e o i s , 1 2 3 , 1 45
P e r s i a n , 1 1 2 , E, 2 6 6
P es h w r, 2 4, 1 2 6 , 2 42 E
Pe l t a n i k a , 1 6 5
P e u k e 1a o t i e , 2 4, 1 2 5
P h ilad e l pho s , 1 57 , I 7 4
P i i o f M a ce o n , 6 5
Ph i i s, 136
I lni lo pa to r , 2 0 6 n
Pli ra o tes , 2 42 , 2 43
Pli ry n i , 2 0 4
Pi ntj o la , 1 0 2 3 1 4
P i pp d a , 3 11
P i pp h a li v a n a , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9
P18 11 1 pl l l a , Pi t h a
ra m , 2 7 5, 2 7 6
P i y a d a s i , 1 59 , 1 8 3
P o d i vi l H i l,
a a
p l
hlp
l ppu
pu
G E N E R A L I N DE X
3 44
S ad i n i r I 9 , 2 0 , 3 6 , 48
S g a l a , S g a la n ag art a , 2 7 , 9 9 , 2 0 4,
226
s ag a rad v i pa , 2 0 3
8 5g a k5, 1 0 3
'
Sa h ad e v a
12
S a h ad a S m j ay a 6 0
S a h a d v a f a t h e r o f SS o m a hkua
Sa h ad e va s o n o f Ja r s an d hl a
Sa h a d eva o f V a i i li 6 0
ev
'
.
41
39
,
57
,
'
S a h as r ani ka , 6 8
S a h et h M a h e t h , 49
S ah i , 2 3 1
S a i 2 3 11
S a i 1 i ve r
,
48
Sa i u u g a
57 , 1 1 4,
1 1 5,
16 ,
1I
I
1 17 ,
2 01
S a i i s m 2 55
Sa i w n g 2 3 0
v
Sa k a
i ii
2 2 8,
2 27 ,
23 0
231,
2 43 , 2 1 5, 2 50 , 2 52 , 2 53 ,
Sa k a
Sak a
2 48 ,
2 51 ,
2 52 , 2 53 ,
K s ha t ra pa , 2 41 , 2 6 6 , 2 7 0 ,
55145 14 2 7
saka ly a 2 3
2 0 4, 2 0 5, 2 2 5, 2 2 6 , 2 8 0
Sa k a M
Sa k a P h l
2 3 0, 2 80
t a
n ru u
,
2 42 , 2 52 , 2 53
a va ,
S a kas en a , 2 6 5
Sa kas t han a
Sak a Y
2 2 8, 2 3 1, 2 3 2 , 2 3 3 ,
a va n a ,
iii
S k e ta , 49 , 52 ,
Sa k l d i t y a
S a k ti
1 3 4, 2 6 2
53 , 54, 9 9 , 1 02 , 1 8 7 ,
,
2 89 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 0
S ri ,
S ky a m u u i , 7 4, 16 7 2 1 0 , 2 5 1
,
43 , 49 , 51 , 9 1 ,
Sali s k a
'
9 7 , 9 3 , 1 0 0,
1 8 5, 1 8 0 , 13 7 . 1 9 151
S vh a n a . 2 2 0
S al a
78
S a mi h a rt r i , 1 48 , 1 54, 1 6 8
S a m j zi s ,
18 1
S a mi pa I 6 1 , 1 6 2 1 6 6
S a a ka
. 2 27
v
2 8,
m r nd
G EN E RAL I N D E X
222
S a ra ga n us ,
S a ra o s t o s
S a ras va t i , 5, 6 , 7 , 2 0 , 2 9 , 8 9 ,
1 7 5, 2 8 0
S a ray , 3 6 , 49
S e le u ko s ,
'
12 8 ,
Sard u la va r m a n 3 0 %
Si l ka rks h y 2 7
,
S a r pa s a tra , 1 0 , 1 7
Sa rpi ka
48
S arv a b h a u m a , S a r va b h m li , 1 0 , 8 7 , 9 0
S a r va n g a , 2 9 3
,
Sa r va va r m a n
Sa ry a xg va n t
,
90
Saaak a
305
30 7, 308
2 43
8 21 3 3 8 ,
Sa tad h a n va n
[ 8 4, 1 8 6
S t a h a n i r a t t ha , 2 2 0
,
Sata kar g i I
Sa l i m k a
Sat ni ka
Sa ti n i ka
221, 222
f K a u s mbi , 55, 6 8
0
1 4, 3 4, 47 , 9 O
S at raj i t a , M
so n o f
Ja na mej ay a , I3 , 1 7 ,
30
Sat avah a n a
1 6 5, 2 14,
,
S ta va h a n i h ra , 2 2 0
S a t a va s t ra ,
S a t iy a pu t ra , I7 2 1?
33
S i t ra s i h a , 3
53
at ri ,
ms
2 6 2, 2 80
'
Sa t ru g h n a
26
S a t ta bh u , 41 , 7 4, 9 O
S at va ts , S at va t a s , 42 , 7 1 3 , 7 5, 8 2
S t va ta v i d h i , 3 1 2
S a ty ay aj a , 1 7 , 2 7 , 3 0
S a ubh ti ( S o pe i t h es , S o ph y t es ) , 1 2 8
S au d y u m n i , 7
.
S a u n a k a , I n d ro t a D a i vapa , 5,
1 7, 3 0
auna
k a K ap eya
S cy la x ,
S cy t h i
y p
12 3
ans
iii
14
S a u v i ra 2 0 5, 3 1
S va t t h i ( Sr va s t ? i n
49 , 51 E , 9 9 f?
S a vi t. S a t
ra s a v a ,
K o s a la ) , 9 , 47 .
88
1 3 4,
2 3 7 , 2 41, 2 43 , 2 57 , 2 7 1
2 3 3:
34
1 3 8 , l 4l , 1 57 , 1 8 7 , 1 9
'
G E N E RAL I N D EX
3 I6
S k an d a N aga 2 57
S k d a N i ga S i akk a
,
an
2 19 , 2
S ka n d as vati , 2 1 9
30 4358 91
2 3 SE
S od ra i ,
136
S ogd i a na, 1 2 4, 2 2 7 , 2 3 3
S o k ed , 2 53
S o l an k i , 3 04
S o mad a t ta o f V a i li , 6 0
S o m a k a S h ad e vy a , 3 9 , 41 , 6 0
S o ma a r ma n , 1 8 4, IS6
'
S o ma s u h ma S by a y aj ii il P ra
i c h ihn a
o
g a, 1 7, 1 8, 3 0
80 0 3 , 3 3
S o n ad a pa , 1 04
S o n a K o l i vi s a , 9 1
S o ph a g as enu s , 1 9 3
S o tt h i sen a , 3 5
S o t th i va th ag a ra , 6 6
S p a lag a d a m a , 2 2 8
S pa la h o ra , 2 38
S pa li ri s es , 2 2 8 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 5, 2 3 6
S o u ra s en o i , 7 1
'
y y
Srai s h gh y a
S r vas t i
87
va t t b i
(Si
9 , 4711 ,
Sr vas ti bh u kt i 2 8 6
Sre p i ka 55 9 7
Sri ch a nd ra S t i 2 6 5
Sri g u pta 2 7 1 2 7 2
Sr? H a ri d s a 2 7 1
Sri ka g gha 2 9 5 3 0 6
Sri n aga ri 1 6 2
,
S t i j ay a o f V a i n, 6 0
9 3, 3 11
S t i j ay as ,
Sr? Pra t pa
Sri s aw 2 6 5
Sr? V at s a D ev i 2
Sru tas e n a 2 E 1 3
,
'
'
1 5, 9 0
S t ham i k a , 1 54, 1 6 8
S t h a pa t i , 9 3
S trate go s , 2 3 5, 2 3 7
S t ra tos , 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 , 2 0 9 ,
2 6 00
S t ry a d h y a ks h as , 1 6 7
S u bh gas e na , l 9 3
S uch an d ra , 6 0
,
2 2 5,
2 41 ,
G EN E R A L I N D E X
3 48
U ra g a pu ra , 1 7 2
U ra iy r , 1 7 2
U ra a , 1 2 7 , 2 3 )
Us h a s t i C b k r y a g a , I4, 1 6 , 2 3 , 2 9 ,
U z h a va d zi ta , 2 58 , 2 6 1 , 2 7 9
U i na ra , 2 3 , 2 6 2 9 , 8 3 , 13 0 ,
2 79
U i n a ra g i r i , 2 8
1 3 1,
V
V ac h a bh u m i ka , 1 6 6 , 1 6 8
V i c li a k n a vi , 2 3
V arfa n a ga ra , 2 6 7 0 ,
V hli k as , 2 7 4
V a h u Ii va , 2 0 , 3 7
V a i ch i t ra vi ry a , 7
V a i d a rb h a , 41 11 , 1 6 5
V a i d e h a , 1 7 11 , 1 04
V a i d eh a ka , 1 53
V a i d e h as ,
a t er , 3 7 , 4
0
V ai g a i ,
V a i hara , 56
V a i i j y a , 8 3
V a i ro ch a n a , 54
V a i s li , 49 , 59 6 4, 9 7 , 1 0 3 1 0 9 , 1 1 2 ,
1 1 3 , I6 S , 2 7 2 , 2 73 , 2 8 7
i
V a Ii a n s , 1 0 8
n as t , 6 0
V a i l i ka
V a i a m p y a n a , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 3
V a isy a , 1 41 , 1 52
V a i ta ra p i , 42 , 1 6 0
V j a p q a 8 3 , 8 4, 8 6 , 8 7
V i j a s a n ey a 3
V aj h es hka 2 49 , 2 54
V a j i i i , 1 0 1 , 1 05
V aj l ri , 1 0 1
V aj j i , 3 9 , 40 45, 46 , 58 , 6 0 , 9 7 ,
106 , 1 0 8, 16 3 .
V aj ra , 2 9 6
V k i tga k a , 43 , 2 56 , 2 6 6 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 7 ,
3 10
2 78, 2 8 1 , 2 82 ,
V a k ra d e v a , 2 2 3
V Ia vi , 2 8 6
\ m a d cv a , 3 8
V m a k a k s li ya na , 1 8
V a m ba M o r iy a r , 1 40
V a ga, 2 7 4, 3 04
V q i yagm a , 6 0 , 10 0
Dy
V a j i , 1 7 3
V a rad , 1 9 9
V a i h a , 56
V a ra ku Iy n a , 6 6
V a ra mi n d h ti , 6 6
V a ra rcj a , 6 6
V a rd a n e s , 2 42
V a rd ha m i na , I6 9
Va r m a n s , 2 H 5 n
V a r u D a D li a r ma pat i , 8 9
Va m a tga, 2 9 9
V ar s li a g a n y a , 3 1 1
V a r u s , I3 7
7
\ a s as , 2 7 , 2 8 , 83
V as a b h a k li a t t i y i , 1 0 1
V a ti , 1 3 2
V i s a vad i t t , 1 0 2 , 1 0 3
V i s e t tgbas , 6 4
V as i s h k a , 2 49 ,
2 54, 2 55
V as i s h gh i p u t ra , 2 2 2
V i s i s h pbi put ra P u l u m ay i , 2 6 4
Vasi s h tgh i pu t ra Sata ka m i , 2 6 5, 2 6 8
V as i s tgli a , 2 0
V as i gli i , 2 2 2
V as sa k ara , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7
V as u , b 7 , 6 7 ,
V a s ud an a , 6 8
V as ud eva K us h an, 1 6 5, 2 49 , 2 5
2 52 , 2 3 5
V a s ud e v a K lgva , 2 1 1 , 2 1 4, 2 I5, 2 1
V ac u d e va K r i s h na , 2 1 3 3 1 2
V as u J3 es h lgh a , 2 1 1
V i s u Iad a It , 1 0 2
Vas u ma ti , 511,
V as u m n d h u . 2 9 7
V ii t p i , 3 0 9
V a t s a , 45, 46 , 55, 6 7 , 6 8 , 9 8 , 1 0 0
1 02 .
'
G E N E RA L I N D E X
V zw tai , 8 5
V ed e h a p u t t a , 3 5
V ed eh i , 6 0, 1 0 4
.
V ed e h i pu t ta , 1 0 4
V ed i Sr i , 2 2 3
eg i
76
, 2
V e h a l la , 1 0 5, 1 0 6
V e g i , 2 7 5, 2 7 6 , 2 7 6 m, 2 9 9
V e s ali , 49 , 6 0 , 9 9 , 1 1 2
V es sa b h u , 7 4, 7 5
V e s s a n t a ra , 9 3
V i d ag d ha , 2 3
V i d a rbh a , 3 9 , 40, 41 , 43 , 7 2 ,
'
V i d a r bh i K a u g di ny a , 41
V i d eg h a , 2 0 , 2 1
1 8, 1 9 ,
V i d e ha , 1 5,
2 3 , 3 4, 3 9 , 59 , 6 1 , 1 0 4
V i d e h a d a t t , 59
V i d i i , 44, 1 9 7 , I9 S , 2 1 0 , 2 1 2 ,
I9 8 ,
2 1,
V i du dab h a , 10 1 , 1 0 5
V i g a t o ka T i s hy a , 1 57
V i g ra ha pla , 1 1 4, 2 9 0
V i g ra h a ra , 1 1 4
V i h ray t r, I 7 O, 1 8 0 , 1 8 1
V ij a } i d i t y a , 3 0 9
V i j a y d i t Q a. IV , 2 9 9
V i j a y a k i rt i , 2 51
2 96
V i j ay a l
V i j a y e a , 1 6 3
V i k ra m a e ra , 2 3 5, 2 3 9 , 2 42 , 2 51 ,
3 14
V i k ra mad i ty a , C li a n d i a G u p t a 1 1 ,
i
'
'
V i k ra m zvl i t y a , S k a n d a. u p t a , 2 9 0
u pt a , 2 9 7
V i k ra m a , P u ra
V i m a K ad i i s e z 1 1 , 2 1 7 , 3 1 4
V i m a a K o x a a , l 0 5
V i m n a d a s a n , I7 9
V i m n m , 1 3 0
V i n aa n a , 2 8 0
V may d i t y a , 3 0 H
V i n i y a k a p la , 2 9 6 m,
V i n a y a s t h i t i s t I pa ka , 2 8 7
1 6 5, 2 6 2 , 2 0 7
hy ii a k t i , 2 7 7
d
3 4.
G EN E R A L I N D E X
3 50
W
Wa rd e n o f t he M a rch es
Wa rd h 41
Wema K ad ph i s es 2 48
Wes se x I3 6
We t m i ns te r 49
Wi t S u 2 1 5
I6 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 9 3
X x es
Xa n d ra mes 1 2 0
Xat h ro i 1 3 2
er
I2 4
Y.
Yay t i 7 , 2 6
Ya.) i t i n a g ar I, 2 7 6
YeIIa m a n ch i lu, 2 7 6
Ye n kao c h e n , 2 1 7 R
Y o g a a n d a ( m3 t hi ca l) , 1 1 5, 3 13
Yo na , 1 3 6 , 1 42 , 1 6 2
Y s mo l i k a, 2 59 , 2 110 , 2 6 6
Yud hi j i t , 2 7
Yu d h n ra n s h t i , 9 0
Yud h i s h t h i ra , 1 2 , I5, 6 8 , 2 7 9
Yu e m li 2 2 7 , 2 4417, 2 55
Yue n t i , 2 3 0
Yab g o u , Ya v u g a , 2 46
Y ad a va , Y a d u, 41, 42 , 6 2 , 7 1
Ya j i i as en a o f Pa cli a la, 3 2
Yaj as e n a o f V i d a r b h a , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9
Y a j a ri , 2 135
Yj a va lky a , 1 6 , I 7 , 1 8 , 2 3 9 0 , 1 9 1
Ya j a v a r m a n , 3 0 4
Ya k s h a ( y a k k h a ) , 1 0 0 , I 1 0 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4
Ya m un a, 42 , 7 I 7 2 1 3 0 . 2 03 m, 2 0 5m
Ya as ka ra , 2 9 9
Yzu k a , 3 1 1
Ya od zi ma n , 2 6 9
Ya o d h a rm a n , 3 0 1 11
Ya s o ma ti , 2 9 0
Ya o va r m a n , 3 0 9
Ya u d h ey a s , 2 50 , 2 6 8
Ya u n a a ve e , i ii , 2 3 , 1 52 , 1 6 5,
'
Y a k t ae Y
,
179
u ta s ,
I6 6 ,
I6 7 ,
Y u va n va , 50
2 0 51f , 2 2 9 , 2 3 1 , 2 0 2
2
7 m Il a ka Ie Z o s ca le s 2 6 6 n
Z ed a , 2 53
Z e i o n i s es , 2 3 8
,
Z eus , 2 08 , 2 3 0
Z o ro as t r i a n
,
.
2 54
1 68 , I 7 7,
O P I N I O N S AN D R E V I E WS
3 5:
co n ec tu re
h at
mo r e t h a n
o n e w as a s o a
i c bo l d n ess w h i ch
i n t h a t pas sa g e as
m e n t i o n ed
e.g .
Bh a g a vad gl ta
-
T ru ss
TH E
t he
of
rrs
ou s
ow
t he
an d
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19 2 1.
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Po li t i ca l H i s t o ry
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3 53
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t h o ro g h l y s c h o l arl ik e w ay a n d m re es p ec i a l l y i t e e m to m e t h a t
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O PI N IO N S
3 54
AN D
R E V I E WS
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In s c r i p t i o n o f H e l i o d o r o s
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