Two Port Network

A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network ) is an electrical network (circuit) or

device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two terminals constitute
a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port
condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from
the other terminal on the same port. The ports constitute interfaces where the network
connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a
two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the
output port. In two-port mathematical models, the network is described by a 2 by 2 square
matrix of complex numbers
, voltage across port 1
, current into port 1
, voltage across port 2
, current into port 2

In the two port network there are four variables. These are the voltages and
currents at the input and output ports, namely V 1, I1 (for input port) and V2, I2 (for
output port). Only two of the four variables V1, I1 ,V2, I2 independent. There exist six

different ways to describe the relationships between these variables, depending on

which two of the four variables are given, while the other two can always be derived.

The usefulness of the different methods of description comes clearly into evidence
when the problem is synthesizing or designing a network such as filters, matching
networks, wave shaping networks and many others.

Types of Voltage Sources

1. Independent Sources

Output of an independent source does not depend upon the voltage or current
of any other part of the network. When terminal voltage/current of a
voltage/current source is not affected by the current or voltage of any other part
of the network, then the source is said to be an independent voltage/current
source.
2. Dependent sources
Output of an independent source depends upon the voltage or current of any
other part of the network. When terminal voltage/current of a voltage/current
source is affected by the current or voltage of any other part of the network,
then the source is said to be an independent voltage/current source
.
1. Current Controlled Current
Source (CCCS)
2. Current Controlled Voltage
Source (CCVS)
3. Voltage Controlled Voltage
Source (VCVS)
4. Voltage Controlled Current
Source (VCCS)

Network Theorems

Electric circuit theorems are always beneficial to help find voltage and currents in multi loop
circuits. These theorems use fundamental rules or formulas and basic equations of
mathematics to analyze basic components of electrical or electronics parameters such as
voltages, currents, resistance, and so on. These fundamental theorems include the basic
theorems like Superposition theorem, Tellegens theorem, Nortons theorem, Maximum
power transfer theorem and Thevenins theorems.
1. Thevenins Theorem - Any linear electrical network with voltage and current

sources and only resistances can be replaced at terminals A-B by an equivalent voltage
source Vth in series connection with an equivalent resistance Rth. This equivalent voltage
Vth is the voltage obtained at terminals A-B of the network with terminals A-B circuited.
This equivalent resistance Rth is the resistance obtained at terminals A-B of the network
with all its independent current sources open circuited and all its independent voltage
sources short circuited.

2. Nortons Theorem- Any linear electrical network with voltage and current
sources and only resistances can be replaced at terminals A-B by an
equivalent current source INO in parallel connection with an equivalent
resistance RNO. This equivalent current INO is the current obtained at terminals A-B of

the network with terminals A-B short circuited. This equivalent resistance RNO is the
resistance obtained at terminals A-B of the network with all its voltage sources short
circuited and all its current sources open circuited.

3. Superposition Theorem- The Super position theorem is a way to determine the

currents and voltages present in a circuit that has multiple sources (considering one
source at a time). The super position theorem states that in a linear network having a
number of voltage or current sources and resistances, the current through any
branch of the network is the algebraic sum of the currents due to each of the source s

when acting independently. The strategy used in the Superposition Theorem is to

eliminate all but one source of power within a network at a time, using series/parallel
analysis to determine voltage drops (and/or currents) within the modified network for
each power source separately. Then, once voltage drops and/or currents have been
determined for each power source working separately, the values are all superimposed
on top of each other (added algebraically) to find the actual voltage drops/currents with
all sources active.

4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem- This theorem explains the condition

for the maximum power transfer to load under various circuit conditions. The
theorem states that the power transfer by a source to a load is maximum in a
network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source.

5. Tellegens Theorem- In any electrical network which satisfies Kirchhoffs

laws, the summation of instantaneous power in all the branches is equal to
zero.