Textile Composites: Micromechanical Analysis Textile Composites: Micromechanical Analysis and The Wisetex Software

IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart
Composites modelling:
Micromechanics for textile composites
Textile composites: Micromechanical analysis

and the WiseTex software
Overview of micromechanics for textile composites
Fabric types
The Wisetex software: Basic concepts and theory
WiseTex example:
o
Construction and analysis for a simple biaxial 2D braid
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Mechanics on the micro

micro- (and meso
meso-)) level
Simplified tools:
e.g WiseTex
WiseTex builds a textile

representation and uses
RVE models for stiffness
Braid
Micro- and
Meso-level
analysis
Full FE modelling:
e.g PAM-CRASH
Micromechanics combines
fibre/matrix properties
> yarn properties
ti
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Textile pre
eforms
2D
1D
Main fabric types: Braids, Weaves, Knits, Non Crimp Fabrics and
3D textiles
UD tapes
We aves
Biaxial
woven
8 harness
satin
woven
NCF
Biaxial
Tri-axial
Braids
Biaxial
b id
braid
Knitting
Weft
knit
Warp
knit
Tubular
braid
Orthogonal
interlock
3D braid
3D
Braids
Triaxial
braid
Throughthickness
angle
interlock
Weaves
Triaxial
woven
Lock
stitch
Stitching
Knitting
Multi-axial
warp knit
Stichbonded laid in
warp
Weft inserted warp
knit laid in warp
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Examples of braids
Biaxial braid
Triaxial braid
UD - braid
Only 3/4 of the
braiding yarns are
carbon yarns, the
rest are support
yarns
Without 0Fibres
With 0fibres
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

An example
p braided structure
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Examples of weaves
Plain weave
Twill weave (2*2)

also 3*3.
modern machines work on

the same principles
The warp and weft yarns may be similar
(balanced), or dissimilar (e.g. UD weave)
5-Harness weave
also 8H,11H
5H weave
UD weave
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Press forming (draping)

Stacking the dry fabrics
The fabric is held in pretensioners (= Blank

Blankholders) ready for press
forming (draping).
Fabrics may have a well
distributed thermoplastic
binder that softens under
heat and temporarily
glues the layers together.
The preform is trimmed and

extracted ready for the next
resin infusion step
7
Courtesy BMW
http://www.e90post.com/forums /showthread.php?t=405334
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Micromechanics of woven or braided material

Micro-mechanical models for UD
materials could be applied to UD and
NCF composites:
R
Rule
l off mixtures
i t
can be
b accurate
t for
f stiffness
tiff
Laws for failure are available (to be used with
care and supported by tests if possible)
UD material
Micro-mechanics for woven type textiles

have been proposed:
E.G. academic software like WiseTex can be
used to predict homogenized material
properties
i for
f FE-simulation
FE i l i
New research is applying FE solutions for
stiffness and failure at the RVE level
Woven or braided architecture
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

IFB
The WiseTex software family

WiseTex is a software p
package
g for composite
p
micromechanical modelling.
g The
composite is described at the Repetitive Volume Element (RVE) level (mechanical
properties, lay-up, geometry)
WiseTex: For description of the geometry
LamTex: For description of lay-ups

37 GPa
TexComp: For computation of mechanical properties
FETex: For creation of FE based models
37 GPa
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

WiseTex: Architecture definition
P tt
Pattern
3D Geometr
Geometry
Braided Cone
1.Yarn types
specified
2.Yarn assignments to
warp weft
warp,
and inlays
10
Geometry
(RVE)
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

WiseTex: Yarn geometry

Warp and weft yarn types
Spacing of the yarns

11
Dimensions of the yarn

cross section (warp and
weft)
Dimensions of the yarn cross

section (warp and weft)
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

TexComp: Homogenisation of the unit cell
M h i l properties
Mechanical
ti
3D Geometry
G
Mechanical properties
Homogenisation of the unit cell

37 GPa
39 GPa
37 GPa
x
y
16 GPa
12
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE
1. Each yarn is idealised

as a spline type
f
function
i
2. These are descretised
into segments
Each segment () has an orthotropic stiffness matrix in local frame (x

(x ,yy,zz)) given by [C]
C L
13
E11 12 E22
E22
sym
13 E33
23 E22
E33
G12
0
G13
0
0
0
0
G23
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE

Each segment is transformed to the global frame (x
(x,y,z)
y z) and summated for RVE stiffness
Analytical (stiffness)
Yarn segment stiffness and

stiffness transformations
2
2
a11
a12
2
a222
a21
a231
a232
2a21a31 2a32a22
2a a
2a12a32
11 31
2a11a21 2a12a22
2
a13
2
23
2
33
a
a
2a23a33
2a13a33
2a13a23
([T
14
Assembly
n
[C ] V [C ]G
C T
a22a23
a23a21
a21a22
a32a33
a33a31
a31a32
(a22a33 a23a32 ) (a23a31 a21a33 ) (a21a32 a22a31 )

(a32a13 a33a12 ) (a11a33 a13a31 ) (a31a12 a32a11 )
(a12a23 a13a22 ) (a13a21 a11a23 ) (a11a22 a12a21 )

a12a13
])-1=([T
])T
a11a13
a11a12
cos cos
aij sin
cos sin
Weighting factor of
grain
grain (segment)
volume with respect
to total volume
(V=V
VGrain/VUnitCell)
sin cos
cos
sin sin
sin
0
cos
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Review: Stiffness and Compliace laws

1D Isotropic material (Hookes law)
2D plane stress: Stiffness law
1 Q11 Q12

2 Q21 Q22
0
0
12
1

2
Q66 12
0
0
Q or
where:
2D plane stress: Compliance law
15
E1
1 12 21
Q22
E2
1 12 21
Q12 Q21
{} : Column matrix of stress

[Q] : Stiffness matrix
{ } : Column
{}
C l
matrix
t i off strain
t i
1 S11

2 S 21
0
12
Q11
S12
S 22
0
1

2
S 66 12
0
0
21 E1
12 E2
1 12 21 1 12 21
Q66 G12
where:
[S] : Compliance matrix = [Q]-1
S11 = 1/E1
S22 = 1/E2
S12 = S21 = -12 /E1 = - 21 /E2
S66 = 1/G12
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Iso-stress
Iso
stress versus iso
iso-strain
strain
For the iso-strain assumption stiffness
contribution of each grain (total = n) are
summed for the unit cell stiffness
stiffness.
Identical computations are made for isostress except that grain compliance
contributions are summed
summed.
Corresponding unit cell compliance is

inversion of the stiffness matrix.
Stiffness is obtained from inversion of the

unit cell compliance matrix.
Isostress (Reuss)
Isostrain (Voigt)
Stiffness
Compliance
V
UC
[C]
V [C]
1
V
1
[S]UC
[C]UC
Compliance
Stiffness
R
UC
[S]
V [S]G
1
1
[C]RUC [S]UC
Note: We have done this already and used iso-strain for E1 and iso-stress for E2
Iso-strain (summing stiffnesses)
16
E1 E f V f Em Vm
Iso-stress (summing compliances)
Vf
V
1
m
E2 E2 f Em
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Comparing Stiffness and Compliance computed from Iso

Iso-stress
stress and
Iso-strain assumptions
Upper bound on stiffness
Lower bound on stiffness

Isostress (Reuss)
Isostrain (Voigt)
Stiffness
V
UC
[C]
Compliance
V [C]
1
V
1
[S]UC
[C]UC
Compliance
Stiffness
R
UC
[S]
V [S]G
1
1
[C]RUC [S]UC
These will not be equal due to the

simplifying assumptions made in the
models used especially the ones for
iso-stress
Upper bound
Lower
bound
17
Vf
V
1
m
E2 E2 f Em
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The Voight
Voight-Reuss-Hill
Reuss Hill model
The iso-strain (Voigt) and iso-stress (Reuss) models represent upper and lower bound
solutions to true values. For design it would be wise to take to most conservative value or,
alternatively, the Voigt-Reuss-Hill VRH model advocates computing both iso-stress and isostrain compliance and taking the average as a basis for the engineering constants.
[S]VRH
18
1
V 1
[S]RUC [C]UC
2
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

TexGen and Finite Element homogenisation
WiseTex - Model
FE pre-processor
pre processor
FETex
FE + Homogenisation
Simulation
SYSPLY - Analysis
19
Material properties from FE-Analysis
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Exercise in CIP-Pool
CIP Pool
Modeling of a woven fabric with WiseTex

and calculation of the material properties
20

Textile Composites: Micromechanical Analysis Textile Composites: Micromechanical Analysis and The Wisetex Software

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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014