ANATOMY TEST REVIEW

1.) What are the levels of organization?

1.) Chemistry
2.) Cellular
3.) Tissues
4.) Organs
5.) System
6.) Organism
2.) What are the major elements found in living things? Oxygen, Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
3.) What is their significance? Oxygen
4.) What is the structure of an atom? Protons+, Neutrons (neutral), Electrons-.
5.) How do you determine the # of protons, neutrons and electrons of an
element? Protons are the atomic number(the top number), Neutrons are the
mass number(the bottom number), and electrons are usually the same as
protons unless you have an ion.
Ex.) Cl- has an extra electron
Na+ has 1 less electron
Ca has two less electrons
6.) What is an isotope? Elements with the same atomic number but different
mass numbers.
7.) What is an ion? An atom that has a charge.
8.) What are the types of chemical bonds? Covalent bond, ionic bond, and
hydrogen bond

1.) Covalent Bond- share electrons there may be equal or unequal sharing
of electrons.

Ex.) H2O=water

2.) Ionic Bond- opposites attract. +ion(cation) and ion(anion) come together.
Ex.) NaCl

Na+
Cl-

3.) Hydrogen Bond- occurs between two molecules that have polar covalent
bonds.
Ex.)

9.) What are the types of chemical reactions? Synthesis reactions,

Decomposition reactions, Reversible reactions, and Exchange reactions.
1.)

Synthesis Reactions= A+B AB

2.)

Decomposition Reactions= AB A+B

3.)

Reversible Reactions= A+BAB, ABA+B

4.)

Exchange Reactions= AB+CD AD+BC

10.) What is inorganic? Inorganic lacks carbon.

11.) What are some biologically important inorganic compounds?
1.) Water(H2O)
2.) Salts= cation with anion (NaCl)
3.) Acids= cation is Hydrogen & is paired with some anion Cl.
4.) Bases= anion is OH(Hydroxyl) & is paired with some cation Na.
12.) What is pH? The measure of Hydrogen positive ions in a solution.
13.) What is acidic on the pH scale? From 0-6 on the pH scale.
14.) What is basic on the pH scale? From 8-14 on the pH scale.
15.) What is neutral on the pH scale? 7

16.) What are some biologically important organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
1.) Carbohydrates
* ALWAYS CONTAIN C,H,O
* Are Hydrophilic-locks water
* Function
* Primary energy source
* Secondary energy source
* Structural units
3 types of Carbohydrates
1.) What are monosaccharides? 1 sugar unit.
Ex.) Glucose and Fructose
2.) What are disaccharides? 2 sugar units.
Ex.) Sucrose and Lactose
3.) What are polysaccharides? Many sugar units.
Ex.) Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose
17.) What do lipids consist of? C, H, O
* Hydrophobic- water with fat
18.) What are the types of lipids? Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids,
Eicosanoids, and Lipoproteins.
1.) Triglycerides
1.) What are triglycerides composed of? A glucose molecule with
3 fatty acids(chains of carbon)
2.) What can they be? Saturated of Unsaturated
3.) What does saturated mean? Fewer double bonded carbons=bad

Solid at room temperature (butter), animal fat

4.) What does saturated mean? More double bonded carbons=good.
Liquid at room temperature (oils), plant fat.
2.) What are phospholipids? The main component of cell membranes.

3.) What are steroids composted of? 4 carbon rings.

Ex.) * Cholesterol
* Hormones
4.) Lipoprotein
1.) What is LDL? Low density lipoprotein. ( Less protein & more lipid)
bad
2.) What is HDL? High density lipoprotein. (More protein & less lipid)
good
3.) What is the function of lipoprotein? To transport lipid in the blood.
5.) What is a protein? 1 or more amino acid chains intertwined and folded
1.) What do proteins consist of? C,H,O,N.
2.) Tend to be hydrophilic (but not as much as carbohydrates)
3.) What are proteins composed of? Amino acids
4.) What is a peptide? A chain of amino acids
5.) What is a dipeptide? When 2 amino acids combine.
6.) What is a tripeptide? When 3 amino acids combine.
7.) What is a polypeptide? When many amino acids combine.
8.) Why are peptide bonds formed between the amino acids? To
create proteins.
9.) Does the order of amino acids matter? Yes.
10.) How do you change the shape of a protein? Denature it.

1.) What can denature a protein?

1.) Temperature
2.) pH
3.) Salinity(salt concentration)
6.) What are nucleic acids? DNA & RNA
1.) DNA is double stranded.
2.) What is sugar is in DNA? Dioxyribose.
3.) What are the nucleotide bases for DNA? A,T,G,C
4.) RNA is double stranded.
5.) What is sugar is in DNA? Ribose
6.) What are the nucleotide bases for DNA? A,U,G,C
7.) What is ATP? Energy
19.) What are enzymes? Proteins
1.) What do enzymes do? Speed up a reaction(biological catalysts).
20.) What are the 3 primary parts if a cell?
1.) Plasma
2.) Cytoplasm
3.) Nucleus
1.) Cytoplasm
1.) What is the cytoplasm made up of? Cytosol, Organelles,
Cytoskeleton, Flagella, and Cilia.
1.)

What is cytosol? Fluid

2.)

What is cytoskeleton? Protein filaments giving a

structure to the cells.

3.)

What are flagella? Whip like structures that move an

entire cell.

4.)

What are cilia? Hair like structures that move material

across a cell.

21.) Name 7 organelles.

1.) Mitochondria
2.) ER
3.) Ribosome
4.) Centrosome
5.) Golgi Complex
6.) Lysosomes
7.) Peroxisomes
22.) What are the mitochondria? Powerhouse of the cell.
23.) What occurs on the mitochondria? Cellular respiration to convert
glucose to ATP.
24.) What 4 structures are in the mitochondria?
1.) 2 membranes
2.) Smooth outer membrane
3.) Rough inner membrane- cristae folds of inner membrane.
4.) Matria
5.) Mitochondria has its own DNA.
25.) What are the 2 types of ER? Rough ER(RER) & Smooth ER(SER)
1.) What does the rough ER have? Ribosomes
2.) What does the rough ER do? Transports protein type
components.

3.) What does the smooth ER lack? Ribosomes

4.) What does the smooth ER do? Transports lipids
26.) What are the ribosomes used in? Protein synthesis(translation)
27.) What do the centrosomes (centrioles) do? Direct cell division
28.) What does the golgi complex do? Sorts, modifies, and packages
items received from the ER and sends them somewhere else.
29.) What do the lysosomes have? Powerful digestive enzymes.
30.) What do the peroxisomes have? Detoxifying ensyes.
31.) What does the nucleus do? Directs cellular activity.
32.) What does the nucleus contain? A cellular membrane
33.) What allows items to come in and out of the nucleus? Pores
34.) What does the nucleus contain? Chromosomal DNA
35.) How many chromosomes do you have? 46 total or 26 pairs
36.) What do chromosomes contain? Genes which are units of heredity.
37.) What is the nucleoli(nucleolus)? A cluster of proteins and nucleic
acids.
38.) What is mitosis? The process where by cells reproduce themselves,
make exact copies.
39.) Where does mitosis occur? In somatic cells
40.) What is the purpose of mitosis? Growth and replacement
41.) What are the phases of mitosis? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase.
42.) What occurs in prophase?
1.) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
2.) Nuclear membrane and the nucleus disappear.

3.) Spindles form and spindle fibers attach the chromosomes at the
centromere.
4.) Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell.
43.) What occurs in metaphase?
1.) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
44.) What occurs in anaphase?
1.) Chromosomes split and the sister chromatids move towards
opposite sides of the cell.
45.) What occurs in telophase?
1.) Chromosomes disperse back into chromatin.
2.) Nuclear membrane and the nucleus reappear.
3.) Spindle breaks down.
4.) Cytokinesis=a cleavage furrow is formed to divide the cell into 2
parts.
46.) Where does transcription occur? Nucleus
47.) What do you start with in transcription? DNA.
48.) What do you end up with in transcription? RNA.
49.) What is RNA polymerase? An enzyme that makes RNA, reads DNA &
makes RNA.
50.) What does transcription start at? The promoter on DNA.
51.) What does transcription stop at? The terminator on DNA.
52.) What are the 3 types of RNA? mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
53.) What does mRNA do? (Messanser)- has information on how to put
amino acids in the correct sequence.
54.) What does tRNA do? (Transfer)-carries amino acids.

55.) What does rRNA do? (Ribosomal)- makes up the ribosome which
directs the translation process.
56.) What is a codon? 3 letter sequence on the mRNA.
57.) What is an anticodon? 3 letter sequence on the tRNA.
58.) What starts translation? Start codons.
59.) What stops translation? Stop codons.
60.) What are the two sites on ribosomes for tRNA? A-site and P-site.
61.) What is the plasma membrane composed of? Phospholipids,
Glycolipids, Cholesterol, Proteins.
62.) What are phospholipids? Amphipathic
63.) What are the polar heads? Hydrophilic
64.) What are the fatty acid tails? Hydrophobic
65.) What is the cell membrane? A phospholipids bilayer
66.) What are glycolipids? Part sugar & part fat.
67.) What is cholesterol? Steroid(lipid)
68.) What is cholesterols function? It gives rigidity.
69.) What are integral proteins? They go into the bilayer of the membrane.
70.) What are peripheral proteins? They go along the inner or outer
surface of the membrane.
71.) What are the functions of membrane proteins? Channels,
transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-identity, and linkers.
72.) What is the function of channels? Allow specific molecules to pass
into or out of the cell. Ex.) Aquaporin
73.) What is the function of transporters? Binds to a substance then
changes shape to allow it to pass across the membrane. Ex.) Na+K-

74.) What is the function of receptors? Recognition sites. Bind to specific

molecules to result in a physiological change. Ex.) Hormones
75.) What is the function of enzymes? Biological catalysts (make reactions
happen).
76.) What is the function of cell-identity markers? Allow for recognition of
other cells. Ex.) Immune response
77.) What is the function of linkers? Link cells together.
78.) What is diffusion? The movement of particles from high concentration
to low concentration.
79.) What does diffusion refer to? Solute
80.) How does diffusion occur? With or without a membrane.
81.) What is the goal of diffusion? Equilibrium
82.) What is a factor that affects diffusion rate? How large the gradient is,
The greater the concentration difference= faster diffusion rate.
83.) What is a factor that affects diffusion rate? Temperature,
Higher temperature=faster diffusion
84.) What is a factor that affects diffusion rate? Size.
Larger size=slower diffusion.
85.) What is a factor that affects diffusion rate? Surface area.
Larger surface area=faster diffusion rate.
86.) What does active transport require? ATP and its from low to high
concentration( against the concentration gradient)
87.) What does passive transport require? No ATP and its from high to
low concentration(with concentration gradient).
88.) What is mediated? Requires a transport protein.

89.) What is nonmediated? No transport protein needed.

90.) What are the types of transport? Diffusion through a phosholipid
bilayer, diffusion through a channel, facilitated diffusion, pump, and
vesticular transport.
91.) What are the properties of diffusion through a phospholipid bilayer?
Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules, passive and non-mediated.
92.) What are the properties of diffusion through a channel?
Hydrophobic molecules, passive and non-mediated. May be gated.
93.) What are the properties of facilitated diffusion?
Passive and mediated. To large to cross membrane. Ex.) Glucose
94.) What are the properties of pump?
Active and mediated. Ex.) Na+K- pumps.
95.) What are the properties of vesicular transport?
Active and may be mediated or nonmediated.
96.) What does endocytosis do? Brings particles into the cell.
1.) Pinoeytosis=cell drinking small particles.
2.) Phagocytosis=cell eating large particles.
97.) What does exocytosis do? Removes particles from the cell.
98.) What is an isotonic solution? A solution that has the same
concentration of solutes. Cell stays the same
99.) What is a hypertonic solution? A solution that has a higher
concentration of solutes. Cell shrinks.
100.) What is a hypotonic solution? A solution that has a lower
concentration of solutes. Cell swells and may rupture.
101.) What are the four basic types of body tissues? Epithelium,

Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

102.) What is the renewal capacity of epithelium tissue? Very good.
103.) What is the renewal capacity of connective tissue? Somewhat good.
104.) What is the renewal capacity of muscle tissue? Somewhat poor.
105.) What is the renewal capacity of nervous tissue? Very poor.
106.) What are the characteristics of mucous membranes? Barrier for
microbes.
107.) Where are mucous membranes located? Nose, respiratory tract.
108.) What is the function of mucous membranes? To secrete mucous.
109.) What are the characteristics of serous membranes? They are watery
110.) Where are serous membranes located? Body cavities.
111.) What is the function of mucous membranes? Secrete serous fluid
(lubricate)
112.) What are the characteristics of cutaneous membranes? Protect
underlying tissues.
113.) Where are cutanous membranes located? Skin
114.) What is the function of synovial membranes? To cover body.
115.) What are the characteristics of synovial membranes? Slimy
116.) Where are cutanous membranes located? Joints
117.) What is the function of synovial membranes? To secrete synovial
fluid and lubricate joints.