Table 1 : RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS

ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF

Designation
Extremely Low Frequency
Super Low Frequency
Ultra Low Frequency
Very Low Frequency
Low Frequency
Medium Frequency
High Frequency
Very High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Super High Frequency
Extremely High Frequency

Frequency
3 Hz-30 Hz
30 Hz-300 Hz
300 Hz-3000 Hz
3 kHz-30 kHz
30 kHz-300 kHz
300 kHz-3000 kHz
3 MHz-30 MHz
30 MHz-300 MHz
300 MHz-3000 MHz
3 GHz-30 GHz
30 GHz-300 GHz

United States Frequency Allocations

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/2003-allochrt.pdf

Table 2 : LICENSED SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN U.S.A.

Service/system
AM radio, FM radio
FM radio
Broadcast TV: channels 2-6, channels 7-13
Broadcast TV (channels 7-13)
Broadcast TV (UHF)
Broadband wireless
1G, 2G, and 3G wireless
1G and 2G cellular
PCS
Wireless communications service
Satellite digital radio
MMDS, LMDS
Satellite TV
LMDS
Fixed wireless services

Frequency span
535-1605 kHz, 88-108 MHz
88-108 MHz
54-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz
174-216 MHz
470-806 MHz
746-764 MHz, 776-794 MHz
806-902 MHz, 1.7-1.85 GHz, and
2.5- 2.69 GHz
806-902 MHz
1.85-1.99 GHz
2.305-2.32 GHz, 2.345-2.36 GHz
2.32-2.325 GHz
2.15-2.68 GHz, 27.5-29.5 GHz and
31- 31.3 GHz
12.2-12.7 GHz
27.5-29.5 GHz, 31-31.3 GHz
38.6-40 GHz

Table 3 : NON-LICENSED SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN U.S.A.

Band
ISM band I
ISM band II
ISM band III
U-NII band I
U-NII band II
U-NII band III

Usage
Cordless phones, 1G WLANs
Bluetooth,
802.11b,
802.11g WLANs
Wireless PBX
Indoor systems, 802.11a
WLANs
Short-range outdoor systems, 802.11a WLANs
Long-range outdoor systems, 802.11a WLANs

Frequency
902-928 MHz
2.4-2.4835 GHz
5.725-5.85 GHz
5.15-5.25 GHz
5.25-5.35 GHz
5.725-5.825 GHz

Milestones in Mobile Radio History

1. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell formulated electromagnetic
theory of light (describe the propagation of electromagnetic
waves) and predicted the existence of radio waves.
2. The physical existence of radio waves was first demonstrated
by Heinrich Hertz in 1887.
3. Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radios ability to provide
continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel
(1897): beginning of the end for cable-based telegraphy.
4. During the period from 1895 to 1901, Marconi developed an
apparatus for transmitting radio waves over a long distance,
culminating in a transmission across the Atlantic ocean on
Dec. 12, 1901, from Cornwall, England, to Signal Hill in
Newfoundland, Canada.
5. In 1902, the first point-to-point radio link in the United States
was established.

6. In 1906, Reginald Fessenden made history by conducting the

first radio broadcast, transmitting music and voice using a
technique that came to be known as amplitude modulation
(AM) radio.
7. Commercial trans-Atlantic wireless service (1907)
8. Very high transmit powers required for longwave (huge ground
stations and antenna masts)
9. Wireless communications is often given credit for saving over
700 lives during the sinking of the Titanic in 1912.
10. Marconi discovered shortwave (< 100m) radio in 1920
(cheaper, smaller, better quality transmitters).
11. First used by British Army and Navy (first research funding by
the military!)
12. 1915: Wireless voice transmission NY to SF
13. 1920: First Commercial radio broadcast (Pittsburgh)
14. 1921: Police car dispatch radios in Detroit. By 1934, 194
municipal and 58 state police forces were using AM radio for
mobile voice communications.
15. 1935: Demonstration of frequency modulation (FM) for the
first time

16. WW II: Rapid development of radio technology

17. In 1946, the first public mobile telephone systems were
introduced in five American cities.
18. 1950s and 1960s: Development of the theory and techniques
of cellular telephony
19. 1974: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) allocates
40 MHz for cellular telephony
20. 1981: the first analog cellular system, known as the Nordic
Mobile Telephone System (NMT), was introduced in
Scandinavia.
21. 1982: European GSM and Inmarsat established
22. 1983: FCC allocated for AMPS (first US cellular telephone
system), 666 duplex channels each having a one way
bandwidth of 30 KHz (i.e., approx. 40 MHz) in the 800 MHz
band (additonal 166 channels were allocated in 1989)
23. 1983: Initial deployment of AMPS cellular system

24. 1991: IS-54, first US digital cellular system

I
I

3 times capacity improvement than AMPS

TDMA instead of FM and FDMA, and digital modulation

25. 1993: IS-95, a cellular system based on code division multiple

access (CDMA) developed by Qualcomm, Inc. The ability of
CDMA to operate with a much smaller signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) than conventional narrowband FM techniques allows
CDMA systems to use the same set of frequencies in every cell,
which provides a large improvement in capacity.

Device A

Intermediate
node

1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1

Device B

Intermediate
node

0
1
0
1

0
1
0
1
1111
0000
0000
111111111111
00000000
0000
1111

1111
0000
0000
1111
111111111
0000000000000
1111
peertopeer protocol (7th layer)

Application
76 interface
Presentation
65 interface
Session
54 interface
Transport
43 interface
Network
32 interface
Data link
21 interface
Physical

peertopeer protocol (6th layer)

peertopeer protocol (5th layer)
peertopeer protocol (5th layer)
3rd
2nd
1st

Network
Data link
Physical

3rd
2nd
1st

Network
Data link
Physical

physical communication

3rd
2nd
1st

Application
76 interface
Presentation
65 interface
Session
54 interface
Transport
43 interface
Network
32 interface
Data link
21 interface
Physical

7
6

Application
Presentation

Session

Transport

3
2

Network
Date Link

Physical

peer-to-peer protocol (user access)

peer-to-peer protocol, machine dependent application machine independent application
peer-to-peer protocol, connection
setup, maintenance
peer-to-peer protocol, reliable packet
transmission end-to-end
routing, mltiplexing
reliable packet transmission node-tonode
bit transmission