Predesign tool for tunnels

Lateral and face support

June 2011

Page 1

Summary

Introduction to Tunren calculation methods

2 modules: convergence-confinement and extrusion
More details about extrusion: model, validation, comparison with
measurements,, safetyy factor approach
pp

Example of Tunren application

Presentation of the tunnel project
Summary of the tunnel design calculations

Reference article for this presentation

A new stress-strain approach for tunnel face stability
A. Guilloux, A. Kurdts, V. Bernhardt, H. Wong
(to be published at next TC 28 conference in Amsterdam, May 2005)

June 2011

Page 2

2 modules
CONVERGENCE-CONFINEMENT
(lateral support)

EXTRUSION
(face stability, License CNRS-ENTPE)
3D symmetry (sphere)

2D symmetry (cylinder)
Classical AFTES methods

Calculation of extrusion deformations

Support: bolts, concrete ring,

segments, steel ribs
Wizard for s (similarity and
implicit)
Short term / Long term

Safety factor approach

Face support options: bolts or face
pressure
Short term

Page 3

June 2011

Convergencce/confinement module

CONVERGENCE/CONFINEMENT: lateral support

First approach for lateral support and lining design.

The convergence/confinement method was presented by Mr. Panet in his

book: Le calcul des tunnels par la mthode convergence/confinement
(Presses de lENPC, 1995).

It was adopted in the AFTES recommendations (workgroup n 7), Emploi

de la mthode Convergence/Confinement , published in magazine
Tunnels et Ouvrages Souterrains , March/April 2002.

It was intended to take into account:

The 3D aspect due to tunnel face;
The soil/structure
/
interaction.

June 2011

Page 4

Convergencce/confinement module

Basic assumptions
This method changes the 3D problem into a 2D plane strain problem, by
assuming that all happens as if convergence was due to a decrease of a
fictitious support pressure (R) with distance to the tunnel face.
: deconfinement ratio
R = (1-) 0

Basic assumptions:

Circular tunnel;

Infinite, homogeneous and

isotropic ground conditions;

Uniform initial stress

conditions.

June 2011

Page 5

Convergencce/confinement module

Soil curve

Elastic
behaviour

Elasto-plastic
behaviour

=0

=1

June 2011

Page 6

Convergencce/confinement module

Pressure in lateral support

ps = 0 if support not yet installed (0 d)

ps = min(psmax, (uR-us0)Ks/R) if support installed (d 1)
With:
psmax: maximum allowable pressure in lateral support (addition
of values provided by each support type)
Ks: stiffness of lateral support (addition of values provided by
each support
pp type)
yp )
us0: uR (radial soil displacement) at support installation ( = d)

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June 2011

Convergencce/confinement module

Unsupported span

Initial state

Unsupported span: d = (d1+d2)/2

Excavation

Support installation

5 available methods to estimate d:

Corbettas similarity;
Panets similarity;
Conventional implicit method;
New implicit method;
Implicit method of Nguyen Minh-Guo.

June 2011

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Convergencce/confinement module

Soil and support curves

Equilibrium is reached at intersection of soil and support curves

Long-term equilibrium

Short-term equilibrium

June 2011

Page 9

Extrusion module

EXTRUSION: tunnel face stability

Stability: safety on construction site + influence on project environment

(subsidence at ground level)
Deformations: lead to global deformations and thus to surface settlements

Reinforcement techniques:
Shield
S
tunneling
Face reinforcement with fiberglass bolts
Face stability = 3D difficult problem:
Semi-empirical solutions
Failure methods
Deformation analysis (analytical or numerical): not yet commonly used
Major difference between:
Clayey soils: oldest and best known problem (related to cu).
Granular soils (if c = 0, = 30 35: instability): developments are recent
and related to TBM (tunnel boring machines).

June 2011

Page 10

Extrusion module

Stress/strain calculations Basic assumptions

Basic assumptions
Circular tunnel;
Infinite, homogeneous and
isotropic
p g
ground conditions;
Uniform initial stress conditions;
3D symmetry (stresses and
strains);
Elasto-plastic soil behaviour:
Tresca or Mohr-Coulomb
criteria;
Bolts taken into account with
homogeneisation method;
Deconfinement method

June 2011

Page 11

Extrusion module

Deconfinement theory
(WONG et al, 1999-2000): 3D spherical symmetry

make R decrease from o to 0

( increases from 0 to 1) (no support);

calculate (r) with an elasto-plastic soil

behaviour (Mohr-Coulomb or Tresca);

deduce from that the face convergence.

June 2011

Page 12

Extrusion module

Deconfinement theory
3 plastification stages:
Medium fully elastic (EL);
Soil pastification (PLs);
Plastification of soil and bolts (PLs/PLb).

W=w/R: plastic radius for soil

plastification;
Z=z/R: plastic radius for bolts
plastification;

The extrusion calculated by the Extrusion method is an average extrusion.

Page 13

June 2011

Results: case of a tunnel at 100 m depth, with D = 12 m

Without bolts
Extrrusion [cm]

Marl:
c = 1 MPa (0.5 1.5 MPa)
= 30
E = 300 Mpa
p
Bolts:
fiberglass 840 kN
density 1 u / 1.2 m2

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1

Lambda

Extrusion [cm
m]

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Elastic soil behaviour

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Avec Boulon

With bolts
Extrusion module

Sans
Boulon
Without

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

c = 1 MPa

Calcul avec et sans Boulon/ c = 1.5 MPa

Extrusion [cm
m]

Extrusion module

Example

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Elasto-plastic soil behaviour

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Avec
Boulon
With
bolts

Lambda

June 2011

c = 1.5 MPa

Calcul avec et sans Boulon/ c = 0.5 MPa

c = 0.5 MPa

Sans
Boulon
Without

Lam bda

Page 14

Influence of cohesion on bolts efforts

c = 1.5 MPa

c = 1 MPa

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

0.7

Traction in bolts

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Traction [kN]

Extrusion module

Example

c = 0.5 MPa

Page 15

June 2011

Validation and comparisons

Comparisons with 2D axisymmetric FE calculations;
Comparisons with 3D FE calculations;
Comparisons with site measurements.
Toulon:
R = 5.8 m

o = 0.8 MPa

Tartaiguille
E = 300 MPa

c = 50 kPa

= 20

45
40

Extru
usion (mm)

Extrusion module

Example

35
30
Site measurement

25
20

EXTRUSION model
3D FE Calculation

Extrusion model

15
10
5
0
0

50

100

150

200

Number of bolts
June 2011

250

Distance to tunnel face

Page 16

Extrusion module

Safety factor approach

Results for cohesive soils:

N < 2:

elastic behaviour; very small displacements

2 < N < 4:

small displacements at tunnel face

4 < N < 6:

high displacements; face support should be

considered to keep acceptable displacements

N > 6:

failure: face support necessary

o
cu

With extrusion model: development of a c- reduction method

C, and bolts resistance are divided by factor F, which is progressively
increased until failure is reached for a g
given value of this F factor.
Extrusion results: F1(uf/R = 2,5 %) and F2(uf/R = 5 %)

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June 2011

Extrusion module

Safety factor approach - Example

Example: tunnel with R = 5 m; o = 2.4 MPa
cu = 2.4 MPa

u = 0

c = 0.2 MPa

= 30

F = 1.8 2.1

F = 5.8 6.9

June 2011

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Extrusion module

Safety factor approach - Example

Influence of face pressure
Extrusion is calculated for a partial deconfinement = (o pf)/o
Example: R = 5 m ; o = 0.6 MPa; E = 50 MPa; c = 10 kPa; = 30 (F = 1)
200

Extrusion uf [mm]

175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Face pre ss ure pf [k Pa]

Page 19

June 2011

Design of face bolts reinforcement

R = 6 m; o = 2.5 MPa; E = 200 MPa; u = 0; cu = 0.5 MPa
N = 5 (F = 1)

Example:

Bolts: FG 10 cm2; Tb = 700 KN; Eb = 20 000 MPa

420
360
300
240
180
120
60
0

800
uf/R = 5 %

uf/R = 2.5 %

T rractio n T [kN ]

Ext ru sio n u f [m m ]

Extrusion module

Safety factor approach - Example

Tmax boulons

600
400
200
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Bolts density bd [u/m 2]

Bolts density bd [u/m 2]

June 2011

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10

Application example

Tunnel design: application example

June 2011

Page 21

Application example

Tunnel design: application example

June 2011

Page 22

11

Application example

Tunnel design: application example

June 2011

Page 23

Application example

Tunnel design: application example

June 2011

Page 24

12

Application example

Lateral support: convergence-confinement

Results for a unsupported length of 1 m (after 15 years):

Intended structure is ok: Fs = 2,9 for compression in the section.
Total convergence (before + after support installation): C # 21 cm

June 2011

Page 25

Application example

FE calculation (program CESAR-LCPC)

Results for an unsupported length of 1 m:
Fs = 1,8 for stresses in steel after 15 years
Fs = 2,5 for stresses in concrete after 15 years
Convergence of soil ( sup) before support installation:
CH # 4 cm and CV # 31 cm
Support settlement (tunnel roof) after 15 years (after
support installation for inf.):
T # 2 cm

Main simplifications in convergence-confinement method:

No simulation of construction history and stages
No simulation of micropiles and local anchors
Circular tunnel and isotropic initial stress state
June 2011

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13

Application example

Face stability: extrusion model

Without face reinforcement:

Extrusion # 12,5 cm
F(2,5%) = 1,1

F(5%) = 1,4

Reinforcement is necessary
Face reinforcement with fiberglass bolts:
Bolts: DURGLASS FL Y35, Tfail = 350kN
Density

Spacing

Extrusion

Traction

Fs

0,75 p/m

1,15 m

6,5 cm

320 kN

1,09

1 p/m

1m

6 cm

295 kN

1,19

Design ok with 1 b/m (350 kN):

Extrusion divided by 50 % (6 cm 1% of excavation radius)
Safety factor equal to 1,2 on bolts traction

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June 2011

Conclusions

Conclusions
Convergence-confinement and extrusion modules are both based
on similar stress-strain approaches;
Quick and realistic pre-design for lateral support;
Help to decide whether more complex calculations should be
considered;
id d
Support to analyse site measurements;
Convergence-confinement

Extrusion

Safety factor;

Quick analysis of the

influence of various
parameters on convergence
values and forces in the
support structure;

Influence of face
pressure (shield
tunneling) on extrusion
displacements;
Design of face bolts
reinforcement.

June 2011

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14

Contact us

Thank you for your attention

TERRASOL Software department

Immeuble Central Seine
42/52, quai de la Rpe
75583 PARIS CEDEX 12
FRANCE
Phone: +33 1 82 51 52 00
Fax: +33
33 1 82 51 52 99
Email: software@terrasol.com
Website: www.terrasol.com

June 2011

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