An Integrated Approach For Monitoring Tea Plantations - Geospatial World

8/18/2016
AnintegratedapproachformonitoringteaplantationsGeospatialWorld
RishirajDutta
DepartmentofEarthObservationScience
FacultyofGeoinformationScience&EarthObservation,ITC,UniversityofTwente,Enschede
TheNetherlands
dutta13191@itc.nl
Abstract
Thisstudyproposesanapproachtodevelopasimple,timeefficientandgenericapproachtoassessandmonitorteaplantationsin
NortheastIndiausingtimeseriesremotesensingimages.TheteaindustryinIndiaisinaconsolidationphasewiththeplantations
sufferingfromyielddeclineandquality.Teaisaffectedbyaplethoraoffactorsincludingage,environmentandmanagement.Therefore,
monitoringandanalysinggrowthofteaplantationsoverspaceandtimeisaveryimportantaspect.Remotesensingoffersanefficient
andreliablemeansofcollectingtheinformationrequired,inordertomapteatypeandacreage.Throughtheuseofsatelliteimageries,
informationonthehealthofteaplantationscanbeextracted.Thespectralreflectanceofateafieldalwaysvarieswithrespecttothe
phenology,stagetypeandcrophealthandthesecouldbewellmonitoredandmeasuredusingmultispectralsensors.Informationfrom
remotelysenseddatacanbeintegratedintoGISbycombiningwithancillarydatawhichcanprovideinsightstotheculturalpractices
beingimpliedintothecroppingsystem.Itwillalsohelpfarmersidentifyareaswithinafieldwhichareexperiencingdifficulties,sothat
theycanapply,forinstance,thecorrecttypeandamountoffertilizer,pesticideorherbicide.Usingthisapproach,planterswillnotonly
improvetheproductivityoftheirland,butwillalsoreducefarminputcostsandminimiseenvironmentalimpacts.Basedonthis,a
stepwiseapproachhasbeendesignedtoassessandmonitorteaplantationsinNortheastIndia.
Introduction
Indiacontinuestobetheworldslargestproducerandconsumeroftea.Domesticproductionsaswellasexportshavebeenontherise.
However,thecountryisfacingstiffcompetitionfromcountrieslikeSriLanka,Kenya,China,BangladeshandIndonesia,andissuesof
qualityandrealisationsonIndianteashavebeenwitnessingadownwardtrend.Statisticsindicatethatteaplantsstartyieldingfrom
thethirdyearonwards,maintainasteadyincreasingtrenduptoacertainageandreachapeakfollowedbyadecline,thusquestioning
thefurthercommercialviabilityofthesection(Duttaetal.,2010).Theeconomiclifeofthebushhasbeenestimatedtobe40years.
Afterthis,theamountofnonproductivetissuesofteaplantsbecomessogreatthatitsmaintenanceadverselyaffectstheproductionof
newshoots(Hadfield,1974).Evenwithbestmanagementpractices,teabushesstillgetinfestedwithpestsanddiseases.Thiscauses
gradualdecayanddeath,thuscreatingvacantpatchesinthefieldwhichincreasewithtime,resultinginthelossofproductiveteaarea.
http://www.geospatialworld.net/article/anintegratedapproachformonitoringteaplantations/
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Beingamonoculturedcrop,teahastostandinfieldsinsituationswithverylessintercultureoperationandnocroprotation.Such
conditionsultimatelyleadtodegradationofsoilenvironmentandhealthofthebushes.Themonocultureofteaissaidtocausea
conditionofimpropersoilfunctioningknownassoilsickness(Barua,1969).Becauseoftheseconditions,whenateaareareachesthe
economiclifeage,thesectionisuprootedandanewgenerationofyoungteaisplanted.However,immediatereplantingafteruprooting
hasuniversallyexperiencedseriousestablishmentproblemsofyoungtea.Itsstandandhealthremainfarbehindanaveragehealthy
youngteaplantdespiteusingbestknowngrowingtechniquesandinputs.Tocombatsuchsituationsafteruprooting,Guatemalagrass
shouldbeplantedfor1824monthswhichissaidtorejuvenatethesoilforreplanting.Followingrejuvenation,adesirablegrowthof
youngteaisusuallynoticed.However,agestationperiodof1824monthshasalwaysbeenplayinganimportantroleinreplantingas
thebreakevenperiodofyoungteaincludingthesetwoyearsbecomesquitelonger.
Soilfertilitystatushastobekeptatanoptimumleveltoachievedesirableyields.Soilhealthdeteriorationisaprimeconcernfortea
gardensinIndia.Inordertoachievehighyieldsandquality,exactparametersonsoilphysics,soilbiologyandsoilchemistryinrelation
totwoyearsofrehabilitation/croprotationperiodhavetobestressedupon.Itisalsonecessarytoknowthevariousinputstosoilwhich
arebeingappliedtoincreasethefertilityandavailabilityoforganiccarbon/potash/sulphurinsoilsothateffectivesoilmanagement
techniquescanbeputintoaction(Duttaetal.,2010).Pestanddiseasesareveryimportantfactorsinthedeclineofyieldandqualityof
tea(Duttaetal.,2008).Accordingtotheseresearchers,useofremotesensingcouldprovetobeanimportanttoolinmonitoringthe
healthofteabushandalsodelineationofaffectedareasbypestsanddiseases.Waterloggingandfloodshavecausedseriousthreatsto
lowlyinggardens(Bhagatetal.,2009).Asaresultofwaterlogging,yieldandqualityhaveconsiderablydeclined.Thewholefacetof
waterloggingisonanupwardtrendandcontinuestoincludemoreandmoregardenswiththepassageoftime.Ithasbeenobserved
thatthecausesofwaterloggingincludeeutrophication,manmadebundsanddiversionofnaturaldrainagechannelsbygarden
authorities.AlltheseaspectsformaveryimportantareaofresearchthatwillimmenselyhelptheteaindustryinIndia.
Spacetechnologywhichlargelyincludesremotesensingandsatellitecommunicationsystems,offersanefficientandreliablemeansof
collectingthedata/informationrequiredtomaptheteatypesandacreage.Remotesensingthroughitssatelliteimageriesprovidesthe
structureinformationonthehealthofthevegetation(Dutta,2006).Thespectralreflectanceofateafieldalwaysvarieswithrespectto
phenology,stagetypeandcrophealthandthesecouldbewellmonitoredandmeasuredusingthemultispectralsensors.Information
fromremotelysenseddatacanbefedintoGISwhichwhencombinedwithancillarydatacanprovidedeepinsightintothecultural
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practicebeingimpliedinthecroppingsystem.Stressesassociatedwithmoisturedeficiencies,insects,fungalandweedinfestations
mustbedetectedearlyenoughtoprovideanopportunitytotheplantersforundertakingmitigationmeasures.Remotesensingwould
allowtheplanterstoidentifyareaswithinafieldwhichareexperiencingdifficulties,sothattheycanapply,forinstance,thecorrecttype
andamountoffertilizer,pesticideorherbicide.Usingthisapproach,planterscannotonlyimprovetheproductivityoftheirland,but
alsoreducefarminputcostsandminimizesenvironmentalimpacts.Remotesensinghasanumberofattributesthatlendthemselvesto
monitoringthehealthofteaplants(Dutta,2006).Satelliteimageriesalsogivetherequiredspatialoverviewofalargecatchmentor
landwhichcanaidinidentifyingtheteacropsaffectedbytoodryorwetconditionsbyinsect,weedorfungalinfestationsorweather
relateddamage.
Examiningtheratioofreflectedinfraredtoredwavelengthsisanexcellentmeasureofvegetationhealth.Thisisthepremisebehind
somevegetationindicessuchasthenormaliseddifferentialvegetationindex(NDVI).HealthyplantshaveahighNDVIvaluebecauseof
theirhighreflectanceofinfraredlight,andrelativelylowreflectanceofredlight(Rajapakseetal.,2002).Phenologyandvigourarethe
mainfactorsaffectingNDVI.Itispossibletoexaminevariationsinteacropgrowthwithinonefieldispossible.Areasofconsistently
healthyandvigorouscropwouldappearuniformlybright.Stressedvegetationwouldappeardarkamongstthebrighter,healthiercrops.
Toachievetimelyandaccurateinformationonthestatusofcrops,thereisneedtohaveanuptodatecropmonitoringsystemthat
providesaccurateinformation.Remotelysenseddatahasthepotentialandcapacitytoachievethis.Theuseofremotelysenseddatain
cropacreageestimationhasbeendemonstratedbyvariousresearchersacrosstheworld(SahaandJonna,1994).Remotesensingand
cropgrowthsimulationmodelsarebecomingincreasinglyrecognisedaspotentialtoolsforgrowthmonitoringandyieldestimation
(Bauman,1992).Toharvestaneverlastingbenefit,theteaindustrywillhavetotakeupuprootingandreplantinginlargeareasata
time,whilelookingintotherealscientificcauseoftheproblemimmediatelyafteruprootingtoreduce/removethegestationperiod.To
monitortheactivitieseffectivelyandinrealtime,theuseofspacetechnologywhichmayincluderemotesensingandasatellite
communicationandmonitoringsystemisinevitable.Keepinginmindthevariousproblemsbeingfacedbytheteaindustry(asoutlined
above),theproposedmethodologyisdesignedwiththefollowinglongtermandshorttermobjectives.
Longtermobjective
Thelongtermobjectiveistodevelopaninteractivemonitoringanddecisionsupportsystemframeworkusingasystematicanalysisof
scaled(spatial/temporal)andgeoreferenceddata/informationforteaplantations(withspecialemphasisonreplantedcrop)ofAssam
andNorthBengalandconditioningvariables(policy,infrastructure,markets,ethnodemographics)relevantforplanningsustainabletea
production.
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Shorttermobjective
Shorttermobjectivesarethefollowing:
TodevelopageodatabaseofbiophysicalandsocioeconomicparametersofteagrowingareasofAssamandNorthBengalwith
specialemphasisonsoilparameters
Tostudyandmonitorreplantationactivityofteagardensusingsatelliteimagery
Tomonitortheextentofdamagetoteaplantationscausedbypests,diseasesandotherbioticandabioticstresses
TodevelopdrainageplansforteaplantationsvulnerabletofloodingusingaGISplatform
Todevelopasystematicdecisionsupportsystemframeworkforplanningsustainableteaplantations.
Criticalissues/researchquestions
Thefollowingarethecriticalresearchquestions:
Howwillradarimagehelpinstudyingthesoilstatusofteaplantations?
Howcanhighresolutionsatelliteimageshelpindelineatingteapatchesintodifferentcategories?(viz.pestsanddisease
infestations,categorizationofgoodandpoorgrowth)
Whichclassificationwillbemoresuitablefordelineatingteapatches?
Howcanfuzzyclassificationhelpinsolvingmultiobjectiveproblemsoftea?
Isitpossibletoseparateoutmixedclassesinteausingsubpixelclassifier?
Whichisthebestfuzzytechniquetoidentifyaparticularteagardenfromalanduse/landcovermap?
Whatwillbetheroleofmultitemporaldataincarryingoutthisresearch?
Howwillspatiotemporalanalysisanddecisionsupporttoolshelpinstrategicplanningandmanagementofteaplantations?
Studyarea
TheproposedstudyisdesignedforteagrowingareasofNortheastIndia(Figure1).Thestudyareawillbedividedintosixzones
comprisingoftheteaareasnamelyUpperAssam,SouthBank,NorthBank,Cachar,TeraiandDooars.Thesearethemajorteabeltsof
India.Theareaiscoveredbyforests,undulatingterrainsandalsobyhillsandplains.Assamextendsfrom248Nto282Nlatitude
and8942Eto96ElongitudewhileTeraiandDooarsliebetweenlatitudes275Nto209Nlatitudesand8759Eto8856E
longitudes.Summersarehotandhumidwithtemperaturerangingfrom2535Cwhilethewintersarerelativelycoldatnightbut
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pleasantduringthedaywithtemperaturerangingfrom1520C.BetweenJuneAugust,theregionalsoexperiencesthemonsoon
rains.Theaverageannualrainfalloftheregionisaround2000mm.
ThestudywillcompriseofsatellitedataprocuredfromNRSC,Hyderabadformonitoringandcarryingoutrequiredanalysisforthe
individualgardens.Timeseriesdatashouldbeconsideredinordertomonitorthedifferentstagesofreplantation.Thebasicobjectiveof
takingdifferentimagesistomonitorandassesstheentireprocessofuprootingandreplantinginteagardensofspecificareas.
Subsequentsoilsurveysshouldbecarriedoutatregularintervalsandmappingoftheareasshouldbedonebasedontheavailable
datasetsandgroundtruths.UseofRADARimagerywouldhelpindistinguishingbetweenteaplantsandshadetreesasithasthe
capabilitytopenetratebeyondcloudsandcanopycover.Inadditiontomonitoringofpestsanddiseaseinfestations,drainageaspects
shouldalsoneedstobeconsidered.Thisentireapproachwouldthengiveusabetterunderstandingofthepatternsobservedinatea
ecosystem.Thiswouldthenenabletheplanterstomodifytheircurrentdecisionsupportsystemforeffectivemanagementandstrategic
planningofthegardens.
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Figure1:Studyareawheretheproposedmethodcouldbeimplemented
Methodology
Generationofbasemaps:Thebasemapswillincludethestudyareaboundaries,latitudeandlongitudeofthearea,roadmaps,contour
maps,cadastralmapsandattributedata.Individualgardenmapsshouldbecollectedforeachzoneatcadastrallevel.Everygardenhas
gardenmapswithwelldemarcatedsectionsandtheircoordinates.Thesegardenmapscouldprovideinformationlikeidentifyingthe
sectionsundergoingreplantationwiththeirsectionnumbersandalsothesectionsshowingvariationsduetosoilconditionsandcultural
practices.
Generationofthematicmaps:GenerationofDEMtoobservetheelevationoftheareaanditsroleisimportantinthisstudy.Basedon
theexistingcontourmapsand/orstereosatelliteimage,aDEMoftheentireterraincouldbegenerated,followedbythegenerationof
slopeandaspectmapssincethesefactors(slope,elevationandaspect)haveenormousimportancetoteaplantsandalsotosoil
conditions.Thesewouldthenhelpthemanagersineffectivedecisionmaking.HighresolutionDEMat30mcouldbeintegratedand
usedforfurtheranalysis.
Satelliteimages:Spacebasedremotesensingduetoitsadvantagesofsynopticandrepetitivecoverageandprovidingdataina
quantifiablemannerhasenabledthemonitoringandassessmentofnaturalresourcesandenvironmentperiodicallyandthushelp
decisionmakerstoappropriatelyintegratethesamewiththeotherconventionalinputs.IRSdatahasbeenextensivelyusedincrop
acreageestimation,groundwaterprospecting,croppingsystemanalysis,precisionfarming,potentialfishingzoneidentification,
biodiversitycharacterisationatlandscapelevel,desertificationmonitoring,wetlandinformationgeneration,watersheddevelopment,
urbanareamapping,disastermanagement,floodmonitoring,droughtassessmentandlandslidehazardzonationetc.
Resourcesat1(IRSP6)withitsvariedsensorswilladdtoourunderstandingintheaboveapplicationareas.Thedatatobeusedforthis
studyaretheLISSIV(5.8m)andLISSIII(23.5m).TheASTER(15m)datacouldalsobeusedformonitoringpurposes.ASTER
productshavecharacteristicssuchasclassificationofvegetables,grains,treesandpastures.Itcouldbeeffectivelyusedinmonitoring
teaareasduetoitsfollowingcharacteristicssuchasmeasurementofplantingandforestareas,cropyieldestimation,monitoringof
forestgrowth,investigationofsoilhealth,investigationofhumaninfluenceontheenvironment,mappingandmonitoringandinfluence
onenvironmentduetonaturaldisasters.CARTOSAT2(1m)couldprovidethecapabilitytoupdatethelargescalemapstothelevelsof
1:4000to1:2500scales.Withthesesatellites,severalapplicationslikemappingtheindividualsettlements,morphometricanalysisof
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urbanfeatures,declinationofwatershedsandindividualfieldsarepossible.Theimagecouldbeeffectivelyusedfordelineationand
characterisationofteaareasandtheirchangesinthelandusepattern.RADAR(30m)datacanbeusedsinceithastheabilityto
penetratethroughcloudsandcropcanopy,therebyavoidingshadetreeinterference.Itcouldbefusedwithopticaldataandinformation
couldbeextractedregardingtheactivitiesgoingonundershadetrees.Theabovementioneddatasetscouldbeeffectivelyusedfor
delineationofteapatchesintodifferentcategoriesbyapplyingvariousclassificationtechniqueslikethesubpixelclassifier,
segmentationbasedclassifierandfuzzyclassifier.Largescalevariationsintheterrainpropertiesthatarerelevanttoteabushcouldbe
studiedthroughtheuseofremotesensingtechniques.
Monitoringteareplantation/rejuvenation:Teareplantationisastepwiseprocess.Thereareeighteenstepsthatthereplantationprocess
hastoundergo,startingfromuprootingtofertilizerapplicationtotheyoungplants(Figure2).Thereplantationprocessgenerallystarts
fromthemonthofOctoberinthosesectionswheretheplantationsaremorethan40yearsoldandwherethereisadeclineinyieldand
qualityoftea.Duringreplantation,theteaplantsareuprootedfromthesectionsandthelandisploughed,followedbyplantingof
Guatemalagrass.After1824monthsstandinthefield,theGuatemalagrassesareremovedandthelandisploughedfornew
plantationfollowedbylevelingandmanuring.Onceready,theseedlingsareplantedfromthenurseries.
ThisstudyaimstomonitorGuatemalagrassanddetectthepatternsrelevantforteabush.Tocarryoutsuchastudy,amultitemporal
imageanalysisneedstobeperformed.AnimageforthemonthofOctoberwillgivethestatusofsectionsbeforeuprooting,whilean
imageofJanuarywillgivethestatusofsectionsuprootedcompletely.AnimageforthemonthofJuneforthenextyearwillshowthe
Guatemalaplantations,confirmingthattheprocessofsoilrehabilitationhasstarted.Fromthisstage,atanintervalofthreemonths,
satelliteimagescanbeusedtodetectpatternsandextractinformationregardingthestatusofthesectionwhichwouldenableusto
takeeffectivemeasuresasrequired.Thepatternanalysiscanbedoneusingwavelets.Afterthereplantationprocessiscompletedand
thepatternsanalysed,aproblemspecificfitnessfactorcanbeusedtoconstructafitnessfunctiontothefeaturespace.Thisprocess
woulddiscoverthepatternsthatwouldyieldhighfitnessvalue.Thetemporalpatternthatmatcheswillthenbeobservedthrougha
thresholdingprocess.Thisalgorithmwillhelpinidentificationofstatisticallysignificanttemporalpatternsinteaplantations.
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Figure2:Diagramshowingthedifferentstepsofreplantation(TeaResearchAssociation,Assam,India)
Imageprocessing,reconnaissanceandsurvey:Oncetheimagesareprocured,theywouldbegeometrically,radiometricallyand
atmosphericallycorrectedandthenoiseintheimageswouldberemoved,followedbythegenerationoffalsecolourcomposites(FCC)
anditsinterpretation.Theimageinterpretationwillinvolvetheidentificationofteapatchesusingshape,size,colour,tone,texture,etc.
Itwillalsoinvolvemonitoringofuprootedandreplantedteagardensections.Theidentifiedpatchesintheimagesrequireverification
throughvisualinterpretationandfieldvisitswhichwouldinvolvevisitingthearea,identifyingthepatches,groundtruthingand
collectingrelevantgardendataforcarryingoutbothimageprocessingandstatisticalmodelling.
Analysis:Differentclassificationtechniqueswouldbeinvolved(subpixel,fuzzyandsegmentationbasedclassifier)todelineatethetea
patchesintodifferentcategories.Fortheclassificationtechniques,differentdatasetsatdifferenttimeperiodsshouldbeusedtoclassify
thehealthstatusofteapatchesinthearea.Thesubpixelclassificationwouldhelpidentifythemixclasseswithinasinglepixel.The
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fuzzyclassificationwouldhelptocharacterisethecomplexitiesintheteaplantations.Theanalysiswilldividetheimagedatainto
varioussegmentsandthenclassifythesegmentsbymeansoffuzzybasedapproach.Thefuzzysupervisedclassificationusedfor
mappingtheteaareaswithhighresolutionimageslikeLISSIVorCARTOSAT2mayprovidehighspectralseperabilityamongdifferent
classes.Byapplyingthefuzzyclassification,vegetationheterogeneityandvariabilitycanbemodelledifarelationshipbetweenfuzzy
membershipandpercentcovercanbereliablyestablished.Improvedclassificationaccuracyandthepotentialtomodelvegetation
structureanddensitywillproveusefultothemanagers.Thisisespeciallytrueinareaswhereexistingclassificationsdonotadequately
portraythecomplexityofvegetationfoundintheregion.Fielddatacanbeusedtobuildareferencedataset.Thesoilmapandyield
mapgeneratedusingsoilandyielddatacanbeusedtodetectandanalysediseases,therebyassessingthecropdamage.Further,the
useoffuzzytechniquewouldhelpinbetterunderstandingoftheinfluenceofvariousparameterslikeNDVI,texturaldata,etc.Asoil
moistureretrievalalgorithmcanbedevelopedbycombiningparametricandnonparametrictoolslikemaximumlikelihood,fuzzylogic,
etc.Qualitativeandquantitativemapscanbegeneratedwithdifferentlevelsofaccuracy.Cropanddiseasespecificsignaturescanbe
usedtoobserveandassessthedamagetocrops.Oncethecropassessmentisdone,waveletscanbeappliedtodetectchangesinthe
timeseriesdata.Thepatternsanalysiscarriedoutcanthenhelptoidentify,detectandassesschangesinthedatasetsusingvarious
statisticaltechniques.Therefore,usingthespacetimeanalysisonecanconsidertheeffectsofpestsanddiseasesonteabushhealth
anditspredictionofoccurrence.Thiswouldthenenableanalysisoftheinteractionsbetweenpestanddiseasesinspaceandtimeusing
multivariatestatisticalmodelling.
Leafselection:Thecollectedspectrawillcontainalargenumberofsoilspectrathatwillberecordedtogetherwiththeplantspectra.In
ordertoconsidertheentirespectralsignatureofthecanopy,itisveryimportanttoselectonlyplantspectraandseparatethemfrom
thesoilspectra.Thewholecanopyhastobetakenintoconsiderationbecausethediseasemayoccurinanydirectionintheteaplant.
NDVIisawidelyusedparameterforleafdetectioninpresenceofsoil(Rouseetal.,1974).Itisdefinedasfollows:
where,NIRisthenearinfraredreflectance(740760nm)andRtheredreflectance(620640nm).ThespreadoftheNDVIovera
plant(oranentireplot)characterizesthestateoftheplant(age,leafareaindexandhealthtosomeextent).
Soilanalysis:Thesuccessfulmappingofsoilmoistureundervegetationcanopiesfromactivemicrowavedatawouldbeanadvantageto
agriculture,globalclimatechangestudies,waterresourcemanagementandotherareas.Thedynamicrangeofsoilmoistureisgenerally
affectedbythevariationinsoilsurfacecharacteristicssuchas:soiltexture,landcover,andvegetationparameters.Soiltextureaffects
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themicrowavesensingofsoilmoisturethroughchangesinthesoildielectricconstant(viatherelativeamountofsand,silt,andclayin
thesoil).Thelandcovereffectonthetotalbackscatterreceivedbythesensorismainlyduetothemacrostructureofvegetation
canopysuchasheightofcanopyandnumberofplantsortreesperunitareaandthemicrostructure.Thebehaviourofthesoilcanalso
bestudiedusingspacetimeanalysis.Basedondifferentsoilcharacteristics,soilpatternscanbestudied.Therefore,microwaveremote
sensingcanplayaveryimportantroleindeterminingthephysicalpropertiesofsoil.Microwavetechnologyhastheabilityto
quantitativelymeasuresoilmoistureunderavarietyoftopographicandvegetationcoverconditions,sopotentiallyitcouldbeextended
toroutinemeasurementsfromasatellitesystem(EngmanandChauhan,1995).
ApolarimetricSARbackscattermeasurements,byusingeigenvaluesandeigenvectorsofthecovariancematrix,canbedecomposedto
intothreecomponentsbasedonthescatteringtypes(1)anoddnumberofreflections,(2)anevennumberreflections,and(3)a
crosspolarisedscatteringpower.Itcanbewrittenas:
WhereandKareeigenvaluesandeigenvectors*isaconjugateoperatorforacomplexnumberandTisatransposeoperatorfora
vector.Thesubscript1,2,and3representsthedecomposedodd,even,anddefusecomponents,respectively.Thisdecomposition
techniqueallowsustoobtaintheestimationofsingleanddoublereflectioncomponentsofbackscatteringcoefficients.
CUPPATeaModel:TheCUPPATeaModel,developedbytheUniversityofCranfield,UKshouldbeusedinallteagrowingareastoseeif
themodelcouldpredictteaunderIndianconditions.Usingthismodelwecansynthesisethelargequantityofexistingdataontheyield
responsesofteatoclimateandmanagementfactors,andtomaketheresultsaccessibletoadvisers,managersandplannersinthe
smallholdersectorthroughthedevelopmentofamodeltopredictyieldpotentialanddistributionintea.
OneoftheusesofCUPPATeaistoestimatethepotentialyieldforaparticularareaorregion.Potentialyieldisdefinedastheyieldthat
canbeobtainedwhenfactorssuchaswatershortage,nutrientlimitations,andpestsanddiseasesarenotrestrictingthegrowthofthe
cropinanyway(MatthewsandStephens,1998a,b,c).Onlyfactorssuchastemperature,sunlight,daylength,andclonalcharacteristics
affectthepotentialyield.Itisimportantformanagerstoknowwhatthepotentialyieldofaparticularsiteisanditsscopeforimproving
theexistingyields.Inthissocalledyieldgapanalysis,ifthereisonlyasmalldifferencebetweenthepredictedpotentialyieldand
whatteagrowersareachievingatpresent,thenanyresourcesspentintryingtoimproveyieldsarelikelytobewasted.Ontheother
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hand,iftherearelargedifferencesbetweenpotentialandactualyields,thenitislikelytobeworthwhiletoimprovemanagementin
someway,providedthatthefactor(s)limitingtheyieldsarecorrectlyidentified.
MODISNDVIanalysis:TheMODISbasedNDVIandLAIvaluescanbeusedforyieldestimation.AnearlierstudybyDutta,2010,
confirmsthatNDVIandteaLAIhaveastrongrelationship.Thesamemethodshouldbeappliedtoallteagrowingareastoseethe
relationshipbetweenNDVIandLAIwhichwouldfurtherhelpineffectiveyieldmonitoringofindividualgardens.
Conclusion
Monitoringofteaplantationsfromtimetotimehasbecomeapressingneed.Statisticalmodellingandimageminingcouldplayan
importantroleinmonitoringtheteagardensfromtimetotime.Thisproposedstudywillleadtoimprovingtheexistingdecision
supportsystemofteamanagementwhereinalltheinformationwillhelpthemanagementinmakingeffectivestrategiesforimproving
theirteagardensandtheindustryasawholethroughconstantmonitoringtherebypreventingtheyieldlossthroughqualityproduction
andincreaseinprofitability.Schedulingoffertilizer,pesticideapplicationandpluckingwillbegenerated.Thiswillresultinthe
developmentofacustomisedGISpackage(GhoshandRoy,2004)thatwillhelpusershavealltheirspatialandnonspatialinformation
relatedtotheestateandthatinturnhelpthemanagementtotakedecisionseasily.Theflowdiagramsoftheentiremethodologyare
giveninFigure3and4.
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Figure3:Flowdiagramoftheproposedmethodologyforplantationmonitoring
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Figure4:Modifiedflowdiagramofaneffectivedecisionsupportsystemfortheteagardenmanagementforfuturestrategies(Ghosh
andRoy,2004)
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An Integrated Approach For Monitoring Tea Plantations - Geospatial World

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8/18/2016

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