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DEFINITION
"Typ
e of
vibr
ator
y
moti
on
in
whic
h
acce
lerat
ion
of
body
is
dire
ctly
prop
ortio
nal
its
displ
ace
men
t
and
the
acce
lerat
ion
is
alwa
ys
dire
cted
tow
ards
the
equil
ibriu
m
(me
an)
posi
tion
is
calle
d
Sim
ple
Har
mon
ic
Moti
on. "
acce
lerat
ion
displ
ace
men
t
a x
Negative sign indicates that acceleration and displacement
are opposite in direction.
BASIC CONDITIONS TO
EXECUTE SHM
Basic conditions to execute simple harmonic motion are as
under:
Ther
e
must
be
an
elasti
c
resto
ring
force
actin
g on
the
syste
m.
The
syste
m
must
have
inerti
a.
The
accel
erati
on of
the
syste
m
shoul
d be
direc
tly
prop
ortio
nal
to its
displ
acem
ent
and
is
alwa
ys
d
irect
ed to
mea
n
positi
on
i.e. a
-x
EXAMPLES OF SHM
M
otion
of a
body
attac
hed
to
the
end
of an
elasti
c
sprin
g.
M
otion
of
the
bob
os a
simpl
e
pend
ulum
if it
is
given
small
displ
acem
ent.
M
otion
of an
elasti
c
strip.
M
otion
of of
the
pron
gs of
a
tunin
g
fork.
M
otion
of
the
wire
of a
guita
r or
violin
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SHM
The motion must be vibratory.
The motion should be a periodic motion.
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TIME PERIOD
Time required to complete one vibration is called Time Period of vibrating body. It is
denoted by "T".
FREQUENCY
Number of vibrations executed by a vibrating body in one second is called its frequency.
It is denoted by "f".
Frequency is reciprocal of time period f = 1/T
Unit of frequency : Hertz
Other units : cycle/sec or vibration/sec.
D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
M
E
N
T
A
M
P
L
I
T
U
D
E
Displacement of the vibrating body at any instant in its distance from the mean
position at that instant either right or left side. Here it is denoted by "x".
Where s= x, r = l
Putting the value of in equation (1)
TIME PERIOD
a -x
This relation indicates that the acceleration of body
attached to the end elastic spring is directly
proportional to its displacement. Therefore its motion
is Simple Harmonic Motion.
DOPPLER'S EFFECT
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EXPLANATION
DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
WHEN THE LISTENER IS MOVING AND THE
SOURCE IS AT REST
and wave
V/ --------(1)
'
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WHEN THE LISTENER IS MOVING AWAY
FROM THE STATIONARY SOURCE OF SOUND
and wave
'
'
Putting the value of
i.e. = V/
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'
i.e. = V/
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This expression indicates that the frequency of sound as
heard by the listener is decreased and he will detect a
lower pitch of sound.
WHEN BOTH SOURCE AND THE LISTENER ARE
MOVING
QUESTION
Y1 = A Sin[kx-t]
O
Y2 = A Sinkx+t
O
Y = Y1 + Y2
Putting the values of Y1 and Y2
Y =A Sin[kx-t] + AOSinkx+t
O
Y =A {Sin[kx-t] + Sinkx+t
O
When K = 2/andf
This is the expression which represents the wave
function for a stationary wave.
Where = angular velocity of stationary wave.
2AO Sin kx = Amplitude of stationary wave.
POINTS OF MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE