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Part 1: DC CIRCUITS
An op amp package
i+
2
3
i2
8
6
1
5
4
i1
i-
i0
VCC
+
VCC
-
i0 i1 i2 i i
The equivalent circuit model of a non-ideal op amp:
The output section: Voltage-controlled source A.vd in
series with output resistance R0.
Ri: Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at input terminals
A.vd A.(v2 v1 )
Typical range
Ideal value
Open-loop gain, A
105 - 108
Input resistance, Ri
106 - 1013
Output resistance, R0
10 - 100
5 - 24 V
741 parameter
Value
Open-loop gain, A
2.105
Input resistance, Ri
2M
Output resistance, R0
50
R2
20k
R1
VS V1 V1 V1 V0
2 VS V0
V1
At node 1:
R1
Ri
R2
3
3
7
10k
vS
v0
741
At node 0:
V1 V0 V0 AVd
RO
R2
Vd V1
When vs = 2V:
V1 V0 400( V0 2.106.V1 )
V
0 1.9999699
Vs
2 V V0
V1 S
20,067 V
3
V V
i 1 0 0,2 mA
R2
R2
20k
R1
10k
VS
R0
50
- R
i
Vd
2M
+
+
-
A.Vd
i1 0 ; i2 0
The voltage across the input terminals is small
i1 = 0
+
V1
-
i2 = 0
+
V2 =V1
-
Vd
V0
GND
Vd V2 V1 0 ; V1 V2
V2
i2 = 0
i1 = 0
V1
3
4
i0
741
VS
R2
V0
V
V1
R1 0
R1 R2
9
R1
5k
40k
20k V0
V0
V0
9
From these equations, we have: VS
VS
9
V0
V0
V0 9 V
VS 1
Applying KCL at node 0 gives: i0
3
R1 R2 20.10
i0 0,65mA
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
R1 V1
Vi V1 V1 V0
i1 i2
V
V
R
R1
R2 i 0 V0 2 Vi
R1
R2
R1
V
0
Ideal op amp: 1
2
Notes:
The voltage gain AV
R2
depends
R1
only
on
i1
V2
Vi
R2
V0
741
V0
the
external
R2
Vi
R1
element
+
Vi
-
R1
R
V
+ f Vi 0
R1
-
R
25
V0 2 .Vi .0,5 1,25V
10
R1
Calculating the current though the R1
iR 1
Vi 0
0,5
50 A
3
R1
10.10
25k
R1
10k
Vi
3
7
4
741
+
V0
-
iR 2
V0 0 1.25
50 A
3
25.10
R2
10
R2
10k
R1
4k
6V
4V
+
V0
-
6 V3 V3 VO
6 V3 V3 VO
R1
R2
4
10
Because of an ideal op amp, we have V3 = V4 = 4V
6 4 4 VO
VO 1V
4
10
11
i2
R1 i1
3
7
R2
Vi
+
V0
-
0 V3 V3 V0
i1 i2
R1
R2
V3 V4 Vi
Vi Vi V0
R1
R2
R
V0 1 2 Vi
R1
12
Note:
+
V0 = Vi
Vi
First stage
Second
stage
13
R2
10k
R1
4k
6V
4V
+
V0
-
VO1
R2
10
6 6 15V
R1
4
Calculate VO2: Set the 6V voltage source to zero, the circuit becomes an noninverter amplifier
R2
10
VO 2 1
4 1 4 14 V
4
R1
VO VO1 VO 2 1V
14
5k
R1
R3 2k
R4
V0
4k
3V
8k
15
i i1 i2 i3
Va VO V1 Va V2 Va V3 Va
Rf
R1
R2
R3
i1
V1
R1
V2
i
R2 2
V3
i3
R3
Rf
0
i
3
4
+
V0
-
Rf
Rf
Rf
VO V1
V2
V3
R2
R3
R1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
16
R1 5k
2V
R2
Rf
a 3
2,5k
1V
10k
i0
+
2k VO
-
Rf
Rf
10
10
8V
VO V1
V2 .2
R2
2,5
5
R1
The current i0 is the sum of the currents through the 10-k and 2-k resistor
VO Va VO Vb 8 8
i0
4,8mA
10
2
10 2
17
R2
V1 Va Va V0
R
V0 1 Va 2 V1
R1
R2
R1
R1
R2
R3
V1
1
R2
R3
R
R
V0 1
V2 2 V1 V0 2
R1
R1
R1
R3 R4
1
0
3
0 4
Vb
R4
V2
V2 Vb Vb
R4
Vb
V2
R3
R4
R3 R4
Note that: Va = Vb (ideal op amp):
Va
R1
R1
R2
R3
R4
V2
+
V0
-
R2
V1
R1
18
R
R
This properties exists when: 1 3
R2 R4
The op amp circuit is a difference amplifier
R
V0 2 V2 V1
R1
R2
Va
R1
R3
V1
0
3
0 4
Vb
R4
V2
+
V0
-
19
V2 V1
5
R2
R2
V
5
2 1
R1
R1
R1
1
1
1 5
R2 R2
R2
V 5V
V2 V1 5
In the other word: V0
2
1
R1
R1
R3
R3
1
1
R4
R4
1
Choose:
1 5 3
2 1 R3 R R
R1 10k ; R2 50k
3
4
R4
R3 5
R3 R4 20k
1
R4
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
20
R1
V2
3
4
5R1
5R1
Va
V1
R1
3
4
V0
21
amplifier.
V
7 O1 R1
A1
R3
V1
Va
R2
R4
A3
V0
Vb
R3
3
4
A2
R1
VO2
R2
V2
R2 2 R3
V0 1
V2 V1
R1
R4
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
22
40k
20k
8V
3
4
R2
R1
R1
20k R2
40k
7
R3
i0
10k
8,01V
23
A A1. A2 . A3
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
24
4
7
3
i0
R1 12k
7 a
20mV
R2
3k
At a point:
R3 10k
VO
R4
4k
R1
Va 1 20 100mV
R2
R3
At the output of the second op amp: VO 1
Va 350mV
R4
The current i0 flows through the 10k resistor
VO Vb Vb Va
(350 100).103
i0
i0
25 A
3
R3
10.10
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
25
A
V1=1V
R2 6k
R1
2k
3
4
R3
4k
R7 10k
3
R4 8k
B
V2=2V
R5 5k
7
4
R6
7
4
VO
b 15k
R2
Va V1 3V
R1
R4
Vb V2 4 V
R3
R
2
R5
26
V1
3
7
R1 30k
7
4
R4
R2 50k
R3
15k
V2
VO
20k
7
27
28
R1
V3
V2
R2
V4
R3
Rf
R4
3
LSB
MSB
7
VO
higher.
VO
Rf
R1
V1
Rf
R2
V2
Rf
R3
V3
Rf
R4
V4
V1, V4 can assume only two voltage levels (0, 1) (binary code) DAC
provides a single output that is proportional to the inputs.
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Viet Son Nguyen - 2011
29
Value [D]
0000
0001
0.125
0010
0.25
0011
0.375
0100
0.5
0101
0.625
0110
0.75
0111
0.875
1000
1.0
1001
1.125
15
1.875
1111
V1
-V0
V2
V3
V4
Rf 10k
R1 R2 R3 R4
10K 20K 40K 80K
3
LSB
MSB
VO
Rf
R1
V1
Rf
R2
V2
Rf
R3
V3
Rf
R4
7
VO
V4
30
2R
V0 1
V2 V1
RG
Inverted input
V1
Gain set
RG
3
Non-inverted input
Recall that:
Gain set
Output
V0
V2
Schematic diagram
31
32
Price (1000)
$4.82
$4.09
33
Price (1 - 99)
Price (1000)
$6.45
$5.55
Datasheet: http://cds.linear.com/docs/Datasheet/1167fc.pdf
34