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Outline
Shell Structure Collective Structure:
Experimental methods:
Coulomb excitation
Knockout reactions
Magic Numbers in exotic nuclei
New modes of collectivity ?
Ingo Wiedenhver,
National Nuclear Physics Summer School
7/16/2007 Tallahassee, Florida
Magic Numbers
Shell Structure of
Neutron-Rich Nuclei
Quadrupole - Deformation
Deformed of Spherical ?
E2
0+
Deformed or spherical 2
2/ 3
E 2 B E2 =2.57 Z A
Exotic nuclei
Methods to measure excited states
Methods to measure Quadrupole transition rates
Methods to measure single-particle character
0.15c 0.40c
Superconducting cyclotrons and magnets
Rare isotope separation by physical means
Flight path few hundred ns (depends on vault)
Event-by-event beam particle isotopic identification
Largest acceptance fragment separator
Can track beam momentum event-by-event
Intermediate Energy
Coulomb Excitation
Mass:
f7/2:
Island of Inversion: E. Warburton, B.A. Brown, J. Becker, Phys. Rev. C 41 (1990) 1147
32
Mg + 209Bi
Mg:
B(E2) =
447(54)e2 fm4
(deformed)
32
34
Mg + 209Bi
Mg:
B(E2) =
541(102)e2fm4
(deformed)
34
Modification of the
shell structure may be
most easily detected
around the neutron
magic numbers.
Z=20
Z=14
N=28
Microscopic calculations
T. Werner et al., Phys. Lett. B 335, 259
(1994); Nucl. Phys. A597, 327 (1996)
strong deformation for N28
f7/2 fp core breaking
Mass
measurements at GANIL
Z=16
Z=14
Z=14
Experiments
44
42
S Si
44
43
S P
Particle Identification:
In and Out
A/q= 3
2.92 2.86
S, Q=Z-1
44
K, Z=17
S, Z=16
P, Z=15
Si, Z=14
sp j , S p
43
I = c 2S j , I sp j , S p
Example: Neutron-knockout
1-nucleon removal
reactions
Measured spectroscopic factor C2S relates
to the occupation number of the orbit
involved
15
22O
0.8
Reduction factor
0.6
Known reduction
in agreement with
(e,ep)
0.4
0.2
0
Strong 32
reduction Ar
-n
-p
10
15
20
25
70%
184 keV
30%
(s 1/2+)
Experiment:
total: 7.6(11) mb
d5/2-states ?
2p -Knockout
as direct reaction
D. Bazin et al., PRL 91,1 (2003)
2p-Knockout
Mg 26Si, = 1.5 mb
34
Si 32Mg, = 0.76(10) mb
Our experiments:
46
Ar 44S, = 0.23(2) mb
44
S 42Si, = 0.12(2) mb
Strawman-calculation:
Calculations: (Brown / Tostevin) without Z=14-gap
46
46
Ar 44S, = 0.36 mb
Ar 44S, = 2.9 mb
44
44
S 42Si, = 0.17 mb
S 42Si, = 1.7 mb
Reduced cross sections are result of Z=14 shell
closure:
Few valence nucleons available for reaction.
28
44
2+
1.62 MeV 0+
1.53 MeV 2+
2.02 MeV
0+
0.1 mb
2 b
0
.
0
m
5
0.1
b
m
8
3
.
0
Si
42
1.9 MeV
1.78 MeV
2+
0+
70% (0d5/2)6
0+
b
m
2
0
.
0
b
m
0
0
.
0
b
m
2
3
.
0
Data from
~500 42Si nuclei
Number of
gammas counted
N() / N(42Si) =
0.25(3)
-spectrum is
consistent with
no peaks
observed
44
Si
42
GANIL: 42Si:
low energy gamma-ray
What's exotic
about neutron-rich nuclei
Target position 1
Target position 2
Inelastic proton-scattering
selectively populates
neutron-states
Cross section corresponds
to neutron deformation
pp=0.47(5)
2+ energy expected from
Neutron deformation
0+1
0+2