CH 13

13
Networks
and
coordinates
CARLTON
IA
LE
ALBERT
EET
STR
ST
Parliament
House
EET
WELLINGT
ON
E
STR
ST
CO
EET
ST
ST
G
KIN
RKE
ST
STR
BOU
PDE
ST
SDA
STR
VICTORIA
ST
EEN
QU
M
LIA
WIL
LON
L
SEL
RUS
TON
ANS
SW
TH
ABE
ELIZ
BE
RO
LAT
EET
ST
STR
CLARENDO
N
IN
ION
IBIT
EXH
NKL
EET
ING
SPR
STR
FRA
FITZROY
ST
Queen
Victoria
Market
LANSDO
WNE ST
VICTOR
LLIN
ET
ST
BATMAN
Rialto Towers
AVE
ST
Melbourne
Ground
RIVER
D
FLIN
PDE
EAST
MELBOURNE
BR Cricket
UN
TO
N
ERS
AV
E
RO
AD
TY
CI
ST KILDA
SWAN
E
AV
D
ROA
SBRID
GE
RA
BLV
D
AN
EX
NK
DA
KIL
QUEE
N
Arts Centre
BA
AL
ST
SO
H
UT
SOUTH
MELBOURNE
ST
SOUTHBANK
Melbourne
RR
Aquarium YA
Crown
Entertainment
Centre
Shrine of
Remembrance
ST
SOUTH YARRA
The tourist office in

Melbourne is located next
to Parliament House. A
group of American tourists
have requested a tour of the
following places of interest:
Rialto Towers Observation
Deck, Shrine of
Remembrance, Crown
Entertainment Complex,
Melbourne Aquarium,
Melbourne Cricket
Ground, Queen Victoria
Markets and the Victorian
Arts Centre. Since they
have limited time, the tour
group want to visit each one
but not pass any of the
attractions more than once.
Can you plan a travel route
for them?
514
Maths Quest 7 for Victoria
Interpreting maps scale

Below is a map of Noneck Island, marked with several natural features. The only
remaining structures made by humans are the lighthouse, and the Temple of Doom.
Lighthouse
Rapids
Falls
Temple of Doom
Underground caves
Blue Lagoon
Blow Hole
The Rocks
Jugular Beach
Scale: 1 cm = 500 m
The map shows us the direction of north, so we can work out the compass bearings of
south, east, and west for ourselves. The scale, 1 cm = 500 m, really means that 1 cm on
the map represents 500 metres on the island.
On the map, the lighthouse is 9 cm due north of Jugular Beach, so the actual distance
is:
9 500 = 4500 m
= 4.5 km
The distance from the caves to the Temple of Doom is 3.5 cm, so the actual distance is:
3.5 500 = 1750 m
= 1.75 km
Our scale tells us that 1 cm represents 500 m or, making the units the same, 1 cm
represents 50 000 cm.
This is written as a ratio, 1 : 50 000 and scales written this way are found on many
maps. This ratio tells us that the real distance is 50 000 times as large as the one shown
in the diagram.
Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates
515
WORKED Example 1
Change the scale 1 cm = 10 km into a ratio.

THINK
1
2
3
4
WRITE
Write down the scale.

Make the units the same.
First, to change kilometres to metres multiply by
1000.
Next, to change metres to centimetres multiply
by 100.
On the map 1 cm stands for 1 000 000 cm.
Write the ratio.
1 cm = 10 km
10 km = 10 000 m
10 km = 1 000 000 cm
So 1 cm on the map = 1 000 000 cm.

1 : 1 000 000
WORKED Example 2
Find the distance represented by 1 cm on a map if the scale is written as 1 : 2000.
THINK
1
2
WRITE
Write down the ratio.

The ratio tells us that the real distance is
2000 times larger than the distance on the
map, so multiply by 2000.
Divide by 100 to change the units to metres.
1 : 2000
1 cm = 2000 cm
= 20 m
WORKED Example 3
A map is to be drawn with a scale showing that 1 cm represents 80 km. If the real distance
from London to Paris is 344 km, how far apart will they be on the map?
THINK
1
2
3
4
WRITE
Write down the scale.

Work out how many lots of 80 km there are
in 344 km.
Calculate the number of centimetres for 4.3
lots of 80 km.
Give the answer.
remember
remember
1 cm = 80 km
344
--------- = 4.3
80
4.3 lots of 80 km means 4.3 1 cm
The distance = 4.3 cm.
1. On a map, the scale 1 cm = 500 m means that 1 cm on the map stands for
500 m of actual distance.
2. By making the units the same, a scale can be written as a ratio. The ratio
1 : 50 000 means that 1 cm on the diagram stands for 50 000 cm (500 m) of
actual distance.
516
13A
13.1
WORKED
Example
Interpreting maps scale
1 Change the given scale into a ratio in each of the following.

a 1 cm = 1 km
b 1 cm = 20 km
c 1 cm = 50 km
d 1 cm = 400 m
e 1 cm represents 100 km f 1 cm represents 10 cm
g 1 cm = 1 m
h 1 cm = 2000 km
i 1 cm = 450 m
13.2
WORKED
Example
2 Find the distance represented by 1 cm on a map if the scale is written as:

a 1 : 50
b 1 : 5000
c 1 : 200
d 1 : 50 000
e 1 : 1 000 000
f 1 : 40 000
g 1 : 30 000
h 1 : 800 000
i 1 : 10 000
3 multiple choice
A map has a scale of 1 cm = 5 km.
a 7 cm on the map will represent:
A 35 cm
B 12 km
C 1200 km
b 5.6 cm on the map will represent
A 28 km
B 25.6 km
C 560 km
Map
scales
D 35 km
E 3.5 km.
D 28 cm
E 56 km.
D 600 m
E 60 m.
4 multiple choice
Map
scales
A map has a scale of 1 : 20 000.

a 3 cm on the map will represent:
A 60 000 km B 6 km
C 6m
b 5.9 cm on the map will represent:
A 5.9 km
B 1.18 km
C 590 m
Map
scales
(DIY)
WORKED
Example
D 118 000 km E 118 km.
5 A map is to be drawn with a scale showing that 1 cm represents 50 km. If the actual
distance from Adelaide to Port Augusta is 140 km, how far apart will they be on the
map?
6 Complete this table for a map drawn to the scale 1 cm = 500 km.
Actual distance
a
MelbournePerth
2700 km
SydneyCanberra
220 km
DarwinAlice Springs
BrisbaneGold Coast
AdelaideHobart
1640 km
77 km
1150 km
Distance on map
517
7 This is a diagram of a snooker table drawn using the scale 1 : 40.
Find:
a the real length and width of the table
b the radius of the semicircle.
8 This is a diagram of a singles tennis court drawn using the scale 1 : 250.
Net
Service court
Scale 1:250
a Find the actual length and width of the tennis court.

b What is the total length of all the lines?
9 Here are 3 separate maps of well known resort islands in the Pacific Ocean.
OAHU
TAHITI
NEW CALEDONIA
N
Papeete
N
Pirae
Tiarel
N
Haleiwa
Faaa
Kone
Wahiawa
Thio
Papara
Tautira
Kaneohe
Pearl
Harbour
TAIARAPU
PENINSULA
Waikiki Beach
Noumea
1 cm = 80 km
1 cm = 12.5 km
Find the distance from:

a Kone to Noumea
b Papeete to Papara
c Honolulu to Haleiwa.
1 cm = 15 km
Kailua
Honolulu
518
10 This map shows a portion of the United States of America, drawn to a scale of
1 : 32 000 000.
SEATTLE
CANADA
Winnipeg
Quebec
PORTLAND
MONTREAL
Ottawa
MINNEAPOLIS
MILWAUKEE
SACRAMENTO
SALT LAKE CITY

DENVER
PITTSBURG
INDIANAPOLIS
KANSAS CITY
BUFFALO
CLEVELAND
CHICAGO
Omaha
SAN FRANCISCO
Fresno
Las Vegas
BOSTON
PROVIDENCE
TORONTO
DETROIT
CINCINNATI
NEW YORK
PHILADELPHIA
BALTIMORE
WASHINGTON D.C.
ST LOUIS
Norfolk
Raleigh
LOS
ANGELES
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Oklahoma City
SAN DIEGO
Tijuana
Nashville
Memphis
PHOENIX
ATLANTA
Birmingham
Tucson
ATLANTIC
DALLAS
El Paso
OCEAN
Ciudad Juarez
Jacksonville
Austin
PACIFIC
SAN ANTONIO
OCEAN
NEW ORLEANS
HOUSTON
Orlando
TAMPA
MEXICO
MIAMI
MONTERREY
Nassau
By first measuring the distance on the map, find the approximate distance between
these cities.
a Seattle and San Diego
b Houston and Atlanta
c
New York and Los Angeles
d Nashville and Memphis

11 Shown below is a draftsmans rough
sketch of the floor marking on a
squash court.
9.7 m
30.6 m
Front wall
6.4 m
12 The dimensions of a netball court are

roughly shown on the diagram below.
Using a scale of 1 cm = 3 m, draw a
neat, accurately scaled diagram of
the court.
Centre circle
radius = 0.9 m
15.3 m
Boxes are square

1.6 m 1.6 m
5.4 m
Carefully make a ruled plan using

a scale of 1 cm = 1 m.
Radius
= 4.9 m
519
13 Choose a suitable scale, and make a scale drawing of a badminton (singles) court,
given the information on this rough sketch.
13.4 m
2m
5.2 m
14 Choose a suitable scale and make an accurate scale drawing of a world class soccer
ground with the dimensions shown on the plan below.
120 m
16.5 m
5.5 m
90 m
11 m
Penalty
spot
40 m
Penalty area both ends
r = 9.15 m
18.3 m
Goal area both ends
Goal
7.3 m
520
Maps and bearings
North-west
North, south, east and west are called
the cardinal points of the compass.
By halving the angle between north
and east we can create the direction
north-east, and other directions can
W
be created in a similar manner.
The directions or bearings marked on
the diagram at right are all separated by
45 angles. Another way of naming
directions is the true bearing method,
South-west
which records all bearings as angles
between 0 and 360. This is how it works:
North-east
45
45
South-east
S
North
North-east
45
P
P
Imagine that you are standing at point P, and that you are facing north. By turning
clockwise through 45 you will face north-east. We say that the true bearing of northeast is 45 and we write it as 45 T. You can see that the true bearing for due east is
90 T, due south is 180 T, and due west is 270 T.
To avoid confusion true bearings are often written with 3 digits. For example, 2 T
is shown as 002 T and 91 T is shown as 091 T.
WORKED Example 4
Draw a diagram to show a true bearing of 100 T.
THINK
1
2
Start with a point, P, and show the direction of

north.
Now measure an angle of 100 clockwise from the
line pointing north.
DRAW
100
P
100T
521
WORKED Example 5
Write south-west (SW) as a true bearing.
THINK
1
WRITE/DRAW
Show south-west on a diagram.
South-west
SW = 225 T
Work out the angle from north moving in a

clockwise direction. The angle required is 90 +
90 + 45 = 225.
WORKED Example 6
Using the map shown at right,
find the bearing from Lord Howe
Island of:
a Norfolk Island
b Brisbane.
NEW CALEDONIA
Noumea
Brisbane
Norfolk Island
AUSTRALIA
Lord Howe Island
Sydney
Melbourne
TASMAN SEA
Hobart
Continued over page
522
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
Trace the map and mark in Lord

Howe Island and Norfolk Island.
Norfolk Island
Lord Howe Island
From Lord Howe Island rule a line

north, and another line through
Norfolk Island to create an angle.
Norfolk Island
70
Lord Howe Island
Measure this angle clockwise from

north and give the answer.
Trace the map and mark in Lord

Howe Island and Brisbane.
The bearing is 70 T.
Brisbane
53
Lord Howe Island
From Lord Howe Island rule a line

north, and another line through
Brisbane to create an angle.
Brisbane
307
Lord Howe Island
To measure this angle clockwise

from north, first measure the acute
angle, then subtract it from 360.
Give the answer.
The bearing is 307 T.
remember
remember
A true bearing is a measure of direction which gives the number of degrees turned
clockwise from north.
13B
523
Maps and bearings
1 Draw a diagram to show the true bearing of each of the following.

a 10 T
b 85 T
c 120 T
d 155 T
4
e 200 T
f 240 T
g 275 T
h 350 T
WORKED
13.3
Example
WORKED
Example
2 Write south-east (SE) as a true bearing.
13.4
3 multiple choice
a The direction due south could be written as:
A 180 T
B 0 T
C 90 T
b The direction SW could be written as:
A 45 T
B 270 T
C 135 T
c The direction NW could be written as:
A 270 T
B 315 T
C 45 T
d The direction NE could be written as:
A 130 T
B 45 T
C 145 T
D 270 T
E 360 T
D 315 T
E 225 T
D 225 T
E 135 T
D 135 T
E 315 T
4 For each of these diagrams, find the true bearings represented by the red arrow.
a
b
N
N
70
70
30
10
True
bearings
524
160
40
20
120
5 Captain Dinosaur, the last great pirate landed his treasure at Cutlass Cove, on Treasure
Island, at the point marked X.
Treasure Island
N
E
W
S
1 square length = 1 km
After landing he travelled 3 km south, then 2 km east, 4 km south, 5 km east and 6 km

north, where he stopped to bury his treasure.
a Mark his trail on the map.
b How far was he from X when he stopped to bury his treasure?
c He returned directly to X. On which true bearing did he walk?
WORKED
Example
525
6 Alice Springs is located close to the middle of Australia.

a Using the map given below find the bearing from Alice Springs of Burketown.
N
Burketown
44
Alice Springs
b All the towns listed in the table below lie on the coastline and their bearing from
Alice Springs is given. Mark them on the map.
Town
True bearing
Townsville
73 T
ii
Rockhampton
93 T
iii
Coffs Harbour
115 T
iv
Hobart (south coast of Tasmania)
152 T
Eucla
210 T
vi
Geraldton
250 T
vii
Dampier
278 T
viii
Derby
303 T
ix
Darwin
347 T
13.1
526
1
1 Change the scale 1 cm = 10 km to ratio form.
2 What is the distance represented by 1 cm on a map if the scale was written as
1 : 1000?
3 A map is drawn so that 1 cm represents 15 km. What is the distance on the map for an
actual distance of 30 km?
4 Using the same map as in question 3, find the distance on the map for a real distance
of 600 km.
5 A map is drawn to the scale 1 : 150 000. Using the measurements on the map, the
Wildon family have only 8 cm left to reach their destination. Unfortunately they also
have only enough petrol to travel another 35 km. Will they make it to their
destination? If they do, how much further could they travel with the petrol left over?
6 Draw a diagram to show a true bearing of 280 T.
7 What is the true bearing shown in the diagram at right?

8 Write south-west as a true bearing.
60
9 Write due east as a true bearing.

10 An explorer travels in the following directions from his
starting point: 5 km north, 3 km west, 2 km south and
then 4 km west. Find the true bearing from his starting
point to his finishing point.
Networks
B
Have you ever tried to trace the following

picture without lifting your pen or going over
A
the same line twice?
C
The secret is to find the place to start.
This picture can be traced, but only if you start
F
at D or E. Try it!
The diagram shows an example of a network,
which is made up of lines and dots called edges
and vertices. The vertices or dots are labelled
D
E
A, B, C, D, E, and F. (One dot is called a
vertex.) The edges are the lines that join the vertices to one another. They can be
straight lines, curves, or even loops that join a vertex to itself. Check the network above
and you will see that it has 6 vertices and 10 edges. Because we can trace it without
lifting the pen or going over an edge twice we say that the network is traversable.
A small change, like removing one edge, can mean

that we are no longer able to trace over the network
without lifting the pen. The network shown at right
is no longer traversable.
527
B
A
C
F
WORKED Example 7
For the networks drawn below:
i list the number of vertices
ii list the number of edges
iii state whether the network is traversable.
a
b
A
A
C
D
THINK
WRITE
Count the number of dots.

Count the number of lines that join to
dots. Two curved lines join A to itself.
Check whether the network can be
traced without lifting your pen.
a There is one vertex.

There are 2 edges.
Count the number of dots.

There are 4 dots.
Count the number of lines that join to
dots.
Two lines join A and B.
One line joins A and C.
One line joins B and C.
There are 3 more edges joining D.
Check whether you can trace over the
network without lifting your pen. This
can be done if you start at C or D.
b There are 4 vertices.
1
2
3
1
2
The network is traversable.
There are 7 edges.
The network is traversable.
remember
remember
1. A network is made up of vertices (dots) joined together by edges (lines).
2. A network is traversable if you can trace over it without lifting your pen.
528
13C
Networks
A
1 For the network shown at right:

Example
a list the number of vertices
7
b list the number of edges
c state whether the network is traversable.
WORKED
2 Discover which of the networks below are traversable.

a
529
3 For each of the networks in question 2, complete the information in the table below.
The first one is done for you.
Number of vertices
Number of edges
Traversable?
Yes
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
4 Draw a network which fills the description given in the table.
Number of vertices
Number of edges
7 (Traversable)
7 (Not traversable)
5 Try to draw a non-traversable network with:

a 2 vertices
b 3 vertices
c
4 vertices
d 5 vertices.
MQ 7 Chapter 13 Page 530 Wednesday, May 9, 2001 1:41 PM
530
Traversable or not traversable?

If we can trace a network without lifting the pen or going over an edge twice, we
say that the network is traversable. How can we decide whether a network is
traversable without going through lots of trials? To do this we need to look for a
pattern.
Consider the following examples.
Networks which are traversable

With these networks, you have to start and finish at the same vertex. (You can start
at any vertex.)
A
B
E
J
C
D
G
E
I
With these networks, you need to start and finish at different vertices. (Start at A
and finish at B.)
E
Networks that are not traversable

A
D
E
A vertex is said to be even if the number of paths

leading to the vertex is even. For example,
531
A vertex is said to be odd if the number of

paths leading to the vertex is odd. For example,
1. For each network shown above, determine whether a vertex is even or odd.
2. For each network shown, how many vertices are even and how many are odd?
3. Copy and complete these sentences:
A network is traversable (starting and finishing at the same vertex) if there are
odd vertices.
A network is traversable (starting at one vertex and finishing at another) if there
are
odd vertices.
A network is not traversable if there are more than
odd vertex/
vertices.
4. Classify the following networks by writing the letter in the appropriate column
of the table.
A
Traversable (start and

finish at same vertex)
Traversable (start and

finish at a different
vertex)
5. (a) Can you add a path to the network at right to

make it traversable, starting at one vertex and
finishing at another?
(b) Can you add another path to make the network
traversable from any vertex?
Not traversable
532
Networks and maps

In Melbourne the
system of buses,
Flinders Street
trams and trains is
Burnley
called the Met.
Richmond
A map showing part
of the Met train system
in Melbourne is shown
at right , drawn to a
scale of 1 : 160 000.
Box Hill
Nunawading
Camberwell
Alamein
East Malvern
Glen Waverley
Oakleigh
The Met publishes a network map which shows the same portion of the train system
like this:
Nunawading
Box Hill
Richmond Burnley
Camberwell
Flinders
Street
East
Malvern
Oakleigh
Alamein
Glen
Waverley
This network is not drawn to scale. Hence, it would be of no use at all for finding
distances or directions. However, it does tell us that if you are travelling by train to
Nunawading then you will pass through Camberwell and Box Hill. It also tells us that
533
if you wish to travel to East Malvern then you will need to catch a train on the Glen
Waverley line. In other words both diagrams tell us how vertices (stations) are linked
by edges (tracks), but the second diagram is easier to read.
Network diagrams can be used in many similar situations to convey important information other than that related to finding distance or direction.
WORKED Example 8
In the house plan shown at right, the entry
from one room to another is highlighted
in red. Draw a network diagram that shows
how the rooms are linked to each other.
Family room
(F)
Bedroom 3
(B3)
Laundry
(L)
Kitchen
(K)
Hall
(H)
Bath
room
WC
Dining/Lounge
(D/L)
Bedroom 2
(B2)
Ensuite
(Ens.)
Garage
(G)
THINK
1
Each room will be a vertex. Rooms are

joined together by doors, so each door
will be an edge.
Draw a rough sketch, starting with the

family room. There are doors into the
kitchen and the hallway. Mark these as
2 edges and 2 vertices.
The hallway opens into bedroom 2,

laundry, bathroom, W.C., bedroom 3
and dining/lounge area.
Mark these as 6 edges and 6 vertices.
Entry
Bedroom 1
(B1)
DRAW
K
B3
L
Bath
H
WC
B2
D/L
Continued over page
534
THINK
4
The dining/lounge joins back to the

kitchen (making a ring) and also to the
entry. The entry joins to the garage and
to bedroom 1 and bedroom 1 joins to
the ensuite.
Mark these as edges and vertices
checking that the diagram shows all 13
rooms and 13 doorways.
DRAW
B3
L
Bath
WC
B2
D/L
Ens.
Entry
G
5
Complete the final draft, starting at the

loop.
B1
B3 L Bath WC
B2
Hall
F
K
D/L
Entry
G
Ens.
B1
WORKED Example 9
M
C
Road 1
E
Road 2
B
Road 3
THINK
1
DRAW
A person from M can travel directly to

C, E and B, but cannot visit D without
passing by one of the other houses.
Road 5
Road 4
Five friends live close together as shown on the

street map at right.
Draw a network diagram to show, simply, the links
between the houses marked on each street map.
535
THINK
2
DRAW
A person from C can only travel

directly to M and D. The house at D
links directly to C, E, and B. The house
at E links directly to D and M and
straight to B by 2 different paths.
remember
remember
1. Networks can be used as maps that show how features are joined together.
2. Networks do not indicate the distances between features.
13D
Networks and maps
1 In each of the house plans below, the entry from one room to another is highlighted in
red. For each plan draw a network diagram that shows how the rooms are linked to
8
each other.
a
b
c
WORKED
Example
Living
Kitchen
Rumpus
Ens.
Bed 4
Bed 1
WIR
Dining
Hall 2
Laundry
Kitchen
Toilet
Ldry
Bath
Bed 2
Family
Ldry
Bed 3
Bed 3
Kitchen
WC
Bath
Bed 2
Dining
Hall 1
Bed 1
Bed 2
Family
Hallway
WIR
Hallway
Bath
Lounge
Bed 3
WIR Ens.
Lounge
Entry
Bed 1
536
2 Here is the plan of a

2 storey house.
Show the house plan as a
network diagram.
Hint: Use the top of the stairs
as one room and the bottom
of the stairs as another. The
staircase is an entry between
these two rooms.
Kitchen
WC Powder
Bed 2
Family
Stairs
Bed 3
Stairs
WC
Laundry
Bath
Lounge
Bed 1
Balcony
UPSTAIRS
DOWNSTAIRS
3 The map at right shows some of the

northern and western rail network for
the Met. Produce a neat simplified
map of the network.
Upfield
Broadmeadows
St Albans
Flemington
Racecourse
North
Melbourne
Footscray
Spencer
Street
Newport
Laverton
Williamstown
4 Draw a network diagram to show, simply, the links between the houses marked on each
street map.
9
a
b
B
T
B
T
WORKED
Example
A J
537
C
D
B
A
B
5 The map below shows Australias major highways.

Darwin
Katherine
Cairns
Tennant Creek
Port Hedland
Townsville
Mt Isa
Newman
Alice Springs
Rockhampton
Brisbane
Geraldton
Port Augusta
Perth
Esperance
Adelaide
Albany
Sydney
Canberra
Melbourne
Burnie
Launceston
Hobart
a Draw a rough draft of a simple network diagram of the highway system and highlight the largest complete loop.
b Change the highlighted loop into a large smooth curve and redraw the network
neatly and carefully.
13.2
QUEST
GE
EN
MAT H
538
CH
AL
1 List the path to be travelled in this network

so that every edge is covered exactly
once, starting and finishing at the same
A
point.
H
G
2 The diagram shows a network of

one-way streets. At each intersection,
the traffic divides equally between
the two directions. All cars exit from
B or C. If 288 cars enter the network
at point A, how many of these cars exit
from C?
D
E
3 If you won one million dollars and decided to spend the money at the
rate of one dollar per minute, how long would it take you to spend all
the money?
Four colour problem

Francis Guthrie wrote to his younger brother Frederick, in 1852, asking him to
answer what seemed a simple puzzle. The puzzle question was, Can every map
drawn on the plane be coloured with four (or fewer) colours so that no two regions
having a common border have the same colour? Frederick couldnt solve it so he
asked the distinguished mathematician Augustus De Morgan to solve it. He, in
turn, asked William Rowan Hamilton, who also failed to solve it.
The four colour problem became known as the most easily stated problem, but
most difficult to solve. It remained unsolved until 1976 when Kenneth Appel and
Wolfgang Hanken solved the problem using a computer to analyse 1482 different
maps.
539
1. What is the minimum number of colours

required to colour the seven regions on the
2
5
6
right so that no two colours touch along a
border? (The same colours may touch only
1
at a single point.)
3
4
Try these steps to get you started.
(a) First colour region 5. This means that
7
regions 2 and 3 cannot be the same colour
as region 5.
(b) Next colour regions 2 and 3 in a different colour to region 5.
(c) Region 1 can be coloured the same as region 5 as we wish to minimise colours.
(d) Region 6 can be coloured exactly the same as region 5 and region 4 can be
coloured exactly the same as region 3.
(e) Finally, region 7 is coloured the same as region 5.
How many colours did you use?
Now try these. Trace each diagram first. What is the minimum number of colours
needed in each case?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Colour the map using the minimum number of colours. How many colours are needed?
Montana
Dakota
Idaho
Nebraska
Nevada
Kansas
Oklahoma
Arizona
New
Mexico
2
1 What is meant when a network is described as traversable?
2 Is this network traversable?
3 Is this network traversable?
4 For the network in question 3, how many vertices and edges are there?
5 Draw a network with 4 vertices and 8 edges.
6 Draw a network with 7 vertices and 13 edges.
7 Six people live in the same neighbourhood.
Show their positions on a network diagram.
B
M
8 For the network in question 7, state the number of vertices and the number of edges.
Bed 3
Bath
Bed 2
L'dry
Family
WIR Ens.
Bed 4
Hall WC
9 Show the house plan below as a network diagram.
Bed 1
Entry
Kitchen
540
Lounge
Garage
(Treat the hallway and garage as separate rooms.)

10 For the network of the house plan in question 9, state the number of vertices and the
number of edges.
541
The Cartesian plane

You have probably used a street directory, such as the one shown in the diagram below,
at one time or another. To help us to find streets or other locations, each map is divided
into squares and every square has it own name. The name of each square is given by 2
coordinates, a letter and a number.
Can you find the square called A3? It contains

such streets as Rosella Avenue, Field Lark Court
and includes a part of the Heathdale Glen Orden
Wetlands.
Can you find Tern Court somewhere on the map?
This may be quite difficult. In this case checking the
index is useful, because it tells us that Tern Court,
Werribee is on Map 206 in the square with
coordinates C4. Can you find Tern Court now?
In the 17th century, a mathematical genius called
Ren Descartes (15961650) realised that any point
on a plane could be found precisely, by using 2
numbers as coordinates, rather than a letter and a
number. This is how Descartes system works:
we first rule two straight lines called axes.
TERN
av Rosebud West ........ 169
cl Blind Bight .............. 143
cl Patterson Lakes ...... 97
ct Carrum Downs........ 100
ct Endeavour Hills....... 91
ct Melton ..................... 114
ct Werribee ................. 206
gv Mt Eliza ................... 105
E5
B9
G1
C4
A4
J7
C4
D6
x
Origin
542
The horizontal line is called the x-axis and the

vertical line is called the y-axis. The point where the
two lines intersect is called the origin. We then carefully
mark out even spaces along both axes and number them
starting with zero at the origin. The distance between
each mark is called one unit and the axes can extend
as far as you wish. The area between the axes forms the
Cartesian plane.
y
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Imagine that you are an ant standing at the origin.

How would you get to the point marked with * on the
Cartesian plane shown at right?
You could first walk across 4 units, and then up 3 units.
We say that the point with * has coordinates (4, 3). We
always write the coordinates in brackets, and separate
the two numbers with a comma.
3
2
1
0
The two numbers are called Cartesian

coordinates, after Descartes.
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
7
Its easy to find a point if we know its

Cartesian coordinates.
For example, to find the point (2, 5)
we simply start at the origin, walk across
2 units and then climb up 5 units.
(2, 5)
4
3
2
1
0
8 x
WORKED Example 10
Draw a Cartesian plane with axes extending from 0 to 6 units. Mark the following points
with a dot, and label them.
a (2, 4)
b (5, 0)
c (0, 2)
d (3 1--2- , 1)
THINK
1
2
a
b
c
d
First rule up and label the axes.

Mark each point.
(2, 4 ) means starting at the origin, go across 2
units, and then up 4 units.
(5, 0) means go across 5 units and up 0 units. It lies
on the x-axis.
(0, 2) means go across 0 units and up 2 units. It lies
on the y-axis.
(3 1--2- , 1) means go across 3 1--2- units and up 1 unit.
Label each point.
DRAW
y
5
(2, 4)
4
3
(3 12 , 1)
2 (0, 2)
1
0
(5, 0)
1
6 x
543
WORKED Example 11
Find the Cartesian coordinates for each of the points
A, B, C, and D.
y
5
4
C
B
3
2
D
A
1
0
THINK
WRITE
Point A is 3 units across and 1 unit up

Point B is 1 unit across and 3 units up.
Point C is 0 units across and 4 units up.
Point D is 1 unit across and 1 1--2- units up.
A is at (3, 1)
B is at (1, 3)
C is at (0, 4)
D is at (1, 1 1--2- )
6 x
Hint: To help remember the order in which Cartesian coordinates are measured,
think about using a ladder. Remember we must always walk across with our
ladder and then climb up it.
y
5
4
3
2
1
0
10 11 12 x
remember
remember
1. Cartesian coordinates can be used to locate any point on a plane.
2. Cartesian axes need to be carefully ruled and measured.
3. Cartesian coordinates consist of a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis which
meet at a point called the origin.
y
4. The point (2, 3) is located 2 units across and
4
3 units up from the origin on the Cartesian plane.
(2, 3)
3
2
1
0
544
13E
The Cartesian plane
1 Look again at the Melway map 206 on page 541.

In which square would you find each of the following:
a Hoppers Crossing station?
b Glen Orden Primary School?
c Kookaburra Avenue?
2 On Melway map 206 (page 541) what is the name of the longest street passing through:
a G3?
b C2?
c B5?
3 Each of these sets of Cartesian axes (except one) has something wrong with it. From
the list below, match the mistake in each diagram with one of the sentences.
A The units are not marked evenly.
B The y-axis is not vertical.
C The axes are labelled incorrectly.
D The units are not marked on the axes.
E There is nothing wrong.
a
b x
y
3
1
0
1
1
y
3
y
3
2
2
1
0
13.5
1
1
4 Draw a Cartesian plane with axes extending from 0 to 5 units. Mark the following
points with a dot, and label them.
10
a (4, 3)
b (1, 4)
c (3, 3)
d (2, 0)
e (0, 4)
f (0, 0)
WORKED
Example
545
WORKED
Example
11
5 Find the Cartesian coordinates for each of the points AL.

y
Cartesian
coordinates
10
Cartesian
plane
8
J
7
6
G
B
Plotting
points
4
3
2
A
1
H
0
F
1
E
5
6 From the diagram at right, write down the coordinates

of 2 points which:
a have the same x-coordinate
b have the same y-coordinate.
10
11
12
y
5
C
4
3
B
1 A
E
0
Q. Where did they put the man who was run over
by a steamroller?
1
0
V W X
M N
1 2 3 4 5
A. (4, 2)(4, 3) (3, 2)(5, 3)(4, 4)(1, 4)(4, 2)(5, 4)(1, 1)
(2, 3)(4, 2)(4, 3) (3, 5)(1, 1)(3, 4)(4, 1)(4, 4) (4, 4)(4, 2)(4, 5)
(4, 4)(5, 1)(2, 5)(5, 1)(4, 3) (5, 1)(4, 2)(2, 2)(3, 2)(5, 4) (1, 1)(4, 3)(4, 1)
(4, 3)(4, 2)(4, 3)(5, 1)
x
GAME
time
7 Messages can be sent in code using a grid like the one y

drawn below, where the letter B is represented by the 5
coordinates (2, 1).
4
Use the diagram to decode the answer to the
3
following riddle.
Networks and
coordinates 01
8 Rule up a Cartesian plane with both axes extending from 0 to 10 units. Plot the
following points and join them in the order given to make a geometric figure. Name
each shape.
a (2, 2)(5, 2)(2, 6)(2, 2)
b (4, 4)(8, 4)(6, 8)(4, 4)
c (1, 1)(10, 1)(8, 9)(2, 9)(1, 1)
d (0, 0)(8, 0)(10, 10)(2, 10)(0, 0)
546
9 Here is an exercise which may require care and concentration. On graph paper or in
your exercise book rule up a pair of Cartesian axes. The x-axis must go from
0 to 26 and the y-axis from 0 to 24. Plot the following points and join them in the
order given.
(0, 15)(4, 17)(9, 22)(10, 21)(12, 24)(16, 22)(15, 21)(18, 19)(20, 24)
(22, 18)(26, 12)(26, 10)(23, 4)(20, 3)(18, 4)(14, 7)(11, 7)(4, 6)(2, 7)
(2 1--2- , 8)(0, 15)
Complete the picture by joining (19, 2)(21, 2)(20, 0)(19, 2).
GAM
me
E ti
Networks
and coordinates
02
GE
QUEST
EN
MAT H
13.3
CH
AL
1 What is the area of a rectangle formed by connecting the points

(2, 1), (7, 1), (7, 4) and (2, 4) on a
N
School
Cartesian plane?
2 The street map at right shows all the
possible streets Martin can use to travel
from home to school. He always travels due
north or due east. How many different
Home
routes can Martin use to get to school?
Touring the attractions

At the start of the chapter, you looked at the problem of organising a travel route
for a tour group. The group of American tourists will start from the tourist office
next to Parliament House and visit the Rialto Towers Observation Deck, Shrine of
Remembrance, Crown Entertainment Complex, Melbourne Aquarium, Melbourne
Cricket Ground, Queen Victoria Market and the Victorian Arts Centre.
1. From the map on the followng page, list the map references for each attraction.
For example, the Queen Victoria market is located at F2.
2. Draw a simple network diagram linking all the attractions.
547
VICTOR
FITZROY
PDE
ING
IBIT
E LL
ION
S
RUS
ANS
SW
ALBERT
ST
TON
ST
ST
ST
ST
KIN
RKE
BOU
ST
EET
STR
WELLINGT
ON
9
EET
STR
ST
10
ST
BATMAN
Rialto Towers
ST
12
AVE
Melbourne
Ground
RIVER
BR Cricket
UN
TO
N
S
DER
FLIN
13
ST
RO
AD
SWAN
TY
E
AV
S B R ID
GE
RA
CI
D
AN
EX
BLV
D
ROA
QUEE
N
AL
NK
DA
SOUTH
MELBOURNE
Arts Centre
BA
KIL
16
17
SO
H
UT
15
AV
E
SOUTHBANK
Melbourne
RR
Aquarium YA
Crown
Entertainment
Centre
ST
14
PDE
EAST
MELBOURNE
S
LLIN
CO
11
Parliament
House
EET
STR
LE
SDA
LON
EET
STR
EE
QU
M
LIA
WIL
TH
BE
RO
LAT
VICTORIA
EET
STR
AB E
S PR
IN
NKL
FRA
ELIZ
EET
STR
EXH
Queen
Victoria
Market
ST
CARLTON
IA
ST
CLARENDO
N
LANSDO
WNE ST
E
1
ST
SOUTH YARRA
Shrine of
Remembrance
ST KILDA
Since they have limited time, the tour group want to visit each one but not pass any
of the attractions more than once. They will start and finish at the tourist office
(Parliament House).
3. Suggest possible travel routes they could take.
4. Compare your answer with another student. Is there more than one way?
The network at right
Q
is actually drawn to
scale (1 cm = 500 m).
The lines do not follow
the roads but give an
R
indication of how far
the group needs to travel
C
between the attractions.
M
Aq
Key
P Parliament House
Aq Melbourne Aquarium
C Crown Entertainment Complex
AC Victorian Arts Centre
S Shrine of Remembrance
Q Queen Victoria Market
R Rialto Towers
M Melbourne Cricket Ground
AC
5. Use the scale to

calculate the distance
to be travelled between
each attraction.
6. For the tourist routes you have listed, calculate the total distance.
7. Which tourist route has the shortest travelling distance and so allows the
tourists more time at each attraction?
548
Sick jokes!
jokes!
1 Which rich Arab inv
invented flav
flavoured
oured chips?
2 What do you
you get
get if you
you cross
cross a fro
frog with a chair?
3 What do you
you get
get if you
you cross
cross a car with a book?
4 Wh
Whyy did the rooster
rooster refuse
refuse to fight?
To find the answers plot
the letters below at the coordinates
indicated.The answers will appear at
the y values corresponding
to the joke number.
y
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
4
3
2
1
0
1
10 11
12
13 14 15
A at (4, 4), (6, 2), (12, 3), (5, 1), (2, 2), (7, 4), (13, 1), (3, 3), (0, 3).
B at (7, 3). C at (12, 4), (9, 4). D at (7, 2). E at (11, 1), (14,4), (1, 4).
G at (12, 1), (10, 3). H at (14, 3), (10,4), (0, 4). I at (9, 1), (8, 3),
(11, 4). K at (13, 4). L at (12, 2), (3, 1). N at (1, 3), (15, 4), (10, 1), (6, 1).
O at (10, 2), (6, 3), (9, 3), (11, 2), (5, 2). P at (13, 3). R at (11, 3), (14, 1).
S at (5, 4), (1, 1), (8, 2). T at (4, 1), (5, 3), (4, 2), (9, 2). U at (2, 1),
(4, 3). V at (8, 1). W at (3, 4). Y at (15, 3).
549
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1
The scale 1 : 20 000 tells us that the actual

as large as the
.
A true bearing is given as an
The angle given in a true bearing indicates the number of degrees turned
from north.
Networks
A network is
Network diagrams dont contain real information about distance and

, but show how features are
together.
On a Cartesian plane the two

.
The horizontal axis is called the x-axis and the

called the y-axis.
Cartesian coordinates can be used to locate any

plane.
10
have
.
points
is 20 000 times
between 0 and 360.
called
across
angle
axes
clockwise
diagram
lines
called
if it can be traced without lifting the pen.
meet at a point called the
The point (5, 1) would be 5 units

up.
WORD
and
on a
from the origin and 1 unit
LIST
direction
distance
edges
joined
origin
axis is
point
traversable
vertical
vertices
550
CHAPTER
review
13A
1 Write these scales as ratios.

a 1 cm represents 3 m
13A
2 What would 1 cm on a map represent if the map scale was:

a 1 : 1000?
b 1 : 80?
13A
3 This is a rough sketch of a volleyball court, not drawn to scale, but with the real dimensions
marked. Using the scale 1 cm = 2 m, produce a neat ruled scale drawing of the court.
b 1 cm = 2 km
Net
10 m
9m
3m
18 m
13A
4 This map of the British Isles is

drawn on a scale of 1 : 9 000 000.
a What is the actual distance
that is represented by 1 cm
on the map?
b How far is it from London
to Aberdeen?
c How far is it from Liverpool
to Dublin?
N
Aberdeen
Glasgow
Edinburgh
Belfast
Newcastle
Dublin
Manchester
Liverpool
Grimsby
Sheffield
Birmingham
London
551
5 Draw a diagram to show the true bearing of the following.

a 150 T
b 300 T
13B
6 Using the map of the British Isles on the previous page, find the true bearing from
Manchester of:
a Edinburgh
b Belfast
c Grimsby.
13B
7 For each of the networks below, give the number of edges and vertices, and state whether
the network is traversable.
a
b
13C
8 Using each room as a vertex, draw a network diagram to show how the rooms of this house
link together.
13D
Family/Dining
Bed 1
Kitchen
Hallway
Bed 2
Ens.
Bed 3
Bath
Laundry
552
13D
9 Look at this map of Australian States and Territories. From Western Australia you can cross
directly into South Australia or the Northern Territory.
Northern
Territory
Queensland
Western
Australia
South
Australia
New South
Wales
ACT
Victoria
Tasmania
Using each state or territory as a vertex, show on a network diagram how you could drive
around Australia. (You can drive to Tasmania by putting your car on a ferry in Victoria.)
13E
13E
CHAPTER
test
yourself
13
10 The diagram at right gives the key to a code by matching

letters to coordinates. Use the key to write in code this famous
statement by Descartes,
I think therefore I am.
11 On a carefully ruled pair of Cartesian axes join the following
points in the order given. It reveals a symbol used by an ancient
mathematical secret society.
(1, 0)(6, 4)(0, 4)(5, 0)(3, 6)(1, 0)
y
4
3 R
2 L
V W
M N
1 F
A
1
H
B
2
C
3
D
4
E
5

CH 13

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13

The tourist office in

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Interpreting maps scale

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

Change the scale 1 cm = 10 km into a ratio.

Write down the scale.

So 1 cm on the map = 1 000 000 cm.

Write down the ratio.

Write down the scale.

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Interpreting maps scale

1 Change the given scale into a ratio in each of the following.

2 Find the distance represented by 1 cm on a map if the scale is written as:

A map has a scale of 1 : 20 000.

D 118 000 km E 118 km.

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

7 This is a diagram of a snooker table drawn using the scale 1 : 40.

a Find the actual length and width of the tennis court.

Find the distance from:

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

SALT LAKE CITY

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

New York and Los Angeles

d Nashville and Memphis

12 The dimensions of a netball court are

Boxes are square

Carefully make a ruled plan using

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

Penalty area both ends

Goal area both ends

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Maps and bearings

Start with a point, P, and show the direction of

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

Show south-west on a diagram.

Work out the angle from north moving in a

Continued over page

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Trace the map and mark in Lord

Lord Howe Island

From Lord Howe Island rule a line

Measure this angle clockwise from

Trace the map and mark in Lord

From Lord Howe Island rule a line

To measure this angle clockwise

The bearing is 307 T.

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

Maps and bearings

1 Draw a diagram to show the true bearing of each of the following.

2 Write south-east (SE) as a true bearing.

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

After landing he travelled 3 km south, then 2 km east, 4 km south, 5 km east and 6 km

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

6 Alice Springs is located close to the middle of Australia.

Hobart (south coast of Tasmania)

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

7 What is the true bearing shown in the diagram at right?

9 Write due east as a true bearing.

Have you ever tried to trace the following

Chapter 13 Networks and coordinates

A small change, like removing one edge, can mean

Count the number of dots.