3.LTE Air Interface

LTE Air Interface
MobileComm Professionals, Inc

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Agenda
LTE Duplex Modes & Frequency Bands

OFDMA Feature, Principles and Challenges
SC-FDMA Principle
OFDM DATA Processing
Subcarrier Principle
Time Domain and Frequency Domain
LTE Air Interface Protocol Architecture
RRC Layer and Functionality
PDCP Layer and Functionality
RLC Layer and Functionality
Physical Layer Functionality
LTE Channel Concept
Logical Channel
Transport Channel
Physical Channel
Summary
Duplex Modes and Frequency Bands

Duplexing and Multiple Access
Time
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
up to 20MHz
up to 20MHz
up to 20MHz
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
Time
Frequency
DL
SF
UL
DL
DL
DL
SF
UL
DL
UL
Frequency

FDD and TDD

Harmonization
Differences
Both are included in same

specification
FDD developed in the paired

3GPP spectrum
Same radio interface

schemes for both uplink and
downlink
TDD developed in the unpaired

3GPP spectrum
Same sub-frame formats
Small differences in the

physical channels design
Same network architecture
Different frame formats
Same air interface protocols
FDD mode has commonalities

with 3G UMTS
Same physical channels

procedures
TDD mode has commonalities

with TD-SCDMA (developed in
China)
FDD Bands
E-UTRA Operating
Band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Frequency UL/DL MHz

1920-1980/2110-2170
1850-1910/1930-1990
1710-1785/1805-1880
1710-1755/2110-2155
824-849/869-894
830-840/875-885
2500-2570/2620-2690
880-915/925-960
1749.9-1784.9/1844.91879.9
1710-1770/2110-2170
1427.9-1447.9/1475.91495.9
699-716/729-746
777-787/746-756
788-798/758-768
Reserved
Reserved
Duplex
Mode
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
E-UTRA Operating
Frequency UL/DL MHz
Band
17
704-716/734-746
18
815-830/860-875
19
830-845/875-890
20
832-862/791-821
1447.9-1462.9/1495.921
1510.9
Duplex
Mode
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
22
3410-3490/3510-3590
FDD
23
FDD
25
2000-2020/2180/2200
1626.5-1660.5/15251559
1850-1915/1930-1995
26
27
28
29
814-849/859-894
807-824/852-869
703-748/758-803
717-728
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
24
30
31
32
FDD
FDD
2350-2360/2305-2315
FDD
462.5-467.5/452.5FDD
MobileComm
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1452-1496
FDD
TDD Bands
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Frequency UL/DL
MHz
Duplex Mode
33
1900-1920
TDD
34
2010-2025
TDD
35
1850-1910
TDD
36
1930-1990
TDD
37
1910-1930
TDD
38
2570-2620
TDD
39
1880-1920
TDD
40
2300-2400
TDD
41
2496-2690
TDD
42
3400-3600
TDD
43
3600-3800
TDD
44
703-803
TDD
RF FDD architecture
TX Duplex Filter
Power
amplifier
TX
RX Duplex Filter
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Duplex filters for each Tx and Rx path

Circulator has the role of separating DL & UL waves
It must exhibit great isolation properties, so that Tx signal does not leak
into Rx path

RF TDD architecture
Channel Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
TX
Duplexer
RX
Channel Filter
RX
LowNoise
amplifier
Duplexer must switch between Tx and Rx paths

Switching driving signal must be accurate
Good timing control of the signal

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

Multiple Access
2 UE 2
3 UE 3 4 UE 4 5 UE 5
Power
1 UE 1
TDMA
Time Division
Multiple Access,
2G e.g. GSM,
PDC
OFDMA
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division Multiple
Access
e.g. LTE
4
5
2
2
12
2
4
1
2
FDMA
Frequency
Division
Multiple Access
1G e.g. AMPS,
NMT, TACS
CDMA
Code Division
Multiple Access
3G e.g. UMTS,
5 CDMA2000
4
3
2
1 MobileComm Professionals, Inc
Frequency
OFDMA Concept

Multiple Access
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA) is used in the Downlink
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access(SC-FDMA) is used in the uplink
OFDMA and SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD Modes

Motivation for OFDMA

Good performance in frequency selective fading channels
Low complexity of base-band receiver
Good spectral properties and handling of multiple bandwidths
Link adaptation
Frequency domain scheduling
Compatibility with advanced receiver and antenna technologies

OFDM Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a part
of the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while
the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
The number of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power
Bandwidth
Frequency

OFDM Signal

OFDMA Principle
Parallel transmission using a large number of narrowband sub-carriers
Multi-carrier transmission
Implemented with IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) at transmitter and FFT at receiver side
Uplink uses similar approach, but with precoder to achieve single carrier properties
f1
Coded and
modulated
data
f1
IFFT
FFT
f2
f2
S/P
fM
split
filter
P/S
fM
Tx
Rx
f = 15 kHz
20 MHz (example)

Pulse shaping and Spectrum

Two characteristics are important for a Signal:
The time domain presentation:
It helps recognize how long the
symbol lasts on air
The frequency domain presentation:

to understand the required spectrum
in terms of bandwidth
Fourier
Transform

The Rectangular Pulse

FFT
spectral power density
Frequency Domain
amplitude
Time Domain
fs
Ts
1
Ts
time
fs
IFFT
Advantages:
Simple to implement: there is no complex
filter system required to detect such
pulses and to generate them
The pulse has a clearly defined duration.
This is a major advantage in case of
multi-path propagation environments as
it simplifies handling of inter-symbol
interference
frequency f/fs
Disadvantage:
It allocates a quite huge spectrum
However the spectral power density has null
points exactly at multiples of the frequency
fs = 1/Ts
This will be important in OFDM
OFDMA Principle
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio
signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Orthogonality:
The peak (centre
frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the nulls

of the neighbouring
subcarriers
Non-Orthogonal Frequencies
Sidebands of f1 and f3 interfere with f2

Orthogonal Frequencies
No interference at center
frequencies from adjacent
subcarrier sidebands

Challenges

Multi-Path Propagation and ISI

Inter-Symbol Interference
d1< d2 < d3
Tt
Time 0
Ts
Time 0 Tt
Ts+Tt
Inter Symbol Interference

Multi-Path Propagation and the

Guard Period
2
1
3
Time Domain
Tg
TSYMBOL
Guard Period (GP)

time
TSYMBOL
2
Guard Period (GP)

TSYMBOL
time
Guard Period (GP)
time
Propagation Delay Exceeding the

Guard Period
2
1
3
4
Time Domain
1
TSYMBOL
Tg
time
Obviously when the
delay spread of the
multi-path environment
is greater than the
guard period duration
(Tg), then we encounter
inter-symbol
interference (ISI)
2
time
3
time
4
time

Cyclic Prefix
2
1
Tcp
Tsymb
CP
symbol
CP
symbol
CP
symbol
time
CP
CP
symbol
symbol
CP
CP
symbol
symbol
CP
CP
symbol
symbol

Cyclic Prefix
The cyclic prefix is generated by
copying the end of the
main body of the OFDMA symbol.
Types:
Short Cyclic Prefix is of duration: 4.69 sec or 5.21 sec
Long Cyclic Prefix is of duration: 16.67 sec
16.67 sec
5.21 sec

Cyclic Prefix
In LTE the slot of 500 s is subdivided in the (useful part of the)
symbol (grey) and CPs as follows:
T [TS]
160 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
T [s]
5,2 66,7
4,7 66,7
4,7 66,7
4,7 66,7
4,7 66,7
4,7 66,7
4,7 66,7
max. delay
[km]
1,6
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
For the extended CP slot structure the overall 500 s is kept but
the number of symbols is reduced in order to extent the cyclic
prefix durations:
T [TS]
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
T [s]
16,7 66,7
16,7 66,7
16,7 66,7
16,7 66,7
16,7 66,7
16,7 66,7
max. delay
[km]
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
Multi-Carrier Modulation
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different
carriers, known as Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too
much spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its
adjacent carriers. Nevertheless, there will always be some interference
between the adjacent carriers.
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
f0
f1
f2
fN-2
fN-1
frequency
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

Solution: OFDM Multi-Carrier

OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier called the subcarriers - into a given
frequency band
Saved
Bandwidth
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM due to the

orthogonal subcarriers !

Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)

The price for the optimum subcarrier spacing is the sensitivity of OFDM to frequency errors
If the receivers frequency slips some fractions from the subcarriers center frequencies,
then we encounter not only interference between adjacent carriers, but in principle
between all carriers
This is known as Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and sometimes also referred to as Leakage
Effect in the theory of discrete Fourier transform
One possible cause that introduces frequency errors is a fast moving Transmitter or
Receiver (Doppler effect)

Two effects begin to work:

Subcarrier has no longer its power
density maximum- so loose of signal
energy.
The rest of subcarriers have no
longer a null point here. So we get
some noise from the other
subcarrier.
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0
f1
f2
f3
ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference
Frequency Drift
f4
OFDM Parameters
1) Variable Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Frequency
2) Subcarrier Spacing (f = 15 KHz)

Tsymbol = 1/ f = 66.7s
Power
density
Amplitude
TCP
TSYMBOL
CP
Frequency
SYMBOLT
TS
Time
OFDM Key Parameters

3) The number of Subcarriers Nc
If BW = 20MHz Transmission BW = 20MHz 2MHz = 18 MHz
the number of subcarriers Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel edge
Resource block
Channel edge
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Active Resource Blocks
DC carrier (downlink only)

OFDM Key Parameters

4) FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size Nfft
For a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz
Nc = 1200 subcarriers not a power of 2
The next power of 2 is 2048 the rest 2048 -1200
848 padded with zeros
5. Sampling rate fs
This parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:
fs = Nfft x f
Example: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)
The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300
300 is not a power of 2 next power of 2 is 512 Nfft = 512
Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in
UMTS
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished
because the subcarriers spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE have the same
clock timing!
FFT Size and Sampling Rate

Data Rate Calculation

1. Maximum channel data rate
The maximum channel data rate is calculated taking into account the total
number of the available resource blocks in 1 TTI = 1ms
Max Data Rate = Number of Resource Blocks x 12 subcarriers x (14 symbols/ 1ms)
= Number of Resouce Blocks x (168 symbols/1ms)
2. Impact of the Channel Bandwith: 5, 10, 20 MHz

For BW = 5MHz -> there are 25 Resource Blocks
-> Max Data Rate = 25 x (168 symbols/1ms) = 4,2 * Msymbols/s
BW = 10MHz -> 50 Resource Blocks -> Max Data Rate = 8,4 Msymbols/s
BW = 20MHz -> 100 Resource Blocks -> Max Data Rate =16,8 Msymbols/s
3. Impact of the Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

For QPSK 2bits/symbol; 16QAM 4bits/symbol; 64QAM 6 bits/symbol
QPSK: Max Data Rate = 16,8 Msymbols/s * 2bits/symbol = 33,2 Mbits/s (bandwith of 20
MHz)
16QAM: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 4 bits/symbols = 66,4 Mbits/s
64QAM: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 6 bits/symbols = 99,6 Mbits/s
Data Rate Calculation

4. Impact of the Channel Coding
Channel Coding will be discussed in chapter 6. In LTE Turbo coding of rate 1/3 will be used. The
effective coding rate is dependent on the Modulation and Coding Scheme selected by the
scheduler in the eNodeB. In practice several coding rates can be obtained. Here it is considered
1/2 and 3/4
1/2 coding rate: Max Data rate = 99,6 Mbits/s * 0,5 = 49,8 Mbits/s
3/4 coding rate: Max Data rate = 99,6 Mbits/s * 0,75 = 74,7 Mbits/s
5. Impact of MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIMO is discussed in chapter 9. If spatial diversity it is used (2x2 MIMO) then the data rate will
be doubled since the data is sent in parallel in 2 different streams using 2 different antennas
2x2 MIMO: Max Data Rate = 74,7 Mbit/s * 2 = 149,4 Mbits/s
6. Impact of physical layer overhead and higher layers overhead

The real data rate of the user will be further reduced if the physical layer overhead is
considered. Also the higher layers may introduce overhead as shown in chapter number
2. For example IP , PDCP , RLC and MAC are introducing their own headers.
This type of overheads are not discussed here
SC FDMA

OFDM Benefits and Challenges

OFDM benefits:
Good performance in frequency selective fading channels.
Low complexity of base-band receiver.
Good spectral properties and handling of multiple bandwidths.
Link adaptation and frequency domain scheduling.
Compatibility with advanced receiver and antenna technologies.
OFDM Challenges:
Tolerance to frequency offset.
The high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitter signal. It requires
transmitter with linear response in a large range. Those high linear response amplifier
have a low power conversion efficiency and therefore they are not ideal for Mobile
Stations. In LTE the problem was solved by adopting SC-FDMA for Uplink, which has
better power amplifier efficiency.

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

in OFDM
The transmitted power is the sum of
the powers of all the subcarriers
Due to large number of subcarriers,
the peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) tends to have a large range
The higher the peaks, the greater
the range of power levels over
which the transmitter is required to
work.
Not best suited for use with mobile
( battery-powered) devices

SC-FDMA
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access is another
variant of OFDMA used to reduce the PAPR for lower RF
hardware requirements.
SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation scheme that cleverly
combines the low PAR of single-carrier systems with the
multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation
offered by OFDM.
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
This mechanism can reduce the PAPR of 6..9 dB compared to

normal OFDMA.
SC-FDMA is one option in WiMAX (802.16d) and it is the
method selected for EUTRAN in the uplink direction.

SC-FDMA Principles
PAPR is the same as that used for the input modulation symbols
This could be achieved by transmitting N
modulation symbols in series at N times the
rate.
One can see that the SC-FDMA symbol which is
having 66.66s is containing N sub-symbols
N = 6 in the example shown
In Time domain only one modulation symbol is
transmitted at a time.
The number of subcarriers which could be allocated for transmission should

be multiple of 2,3 and/or 5
This limitation is imposed by the input of the FFT
block which is before the IFFT. This enables efficient
implementation of the FFT.
Note that also the number of Resource Blocks
should be multiple of 2,3 or/and 5
SC-FDMA Principles
Adjusting the data rate in SC-FDMA
If the data rate increases more bandwidth is needed to transmit more modulation symbols (when
data rate is doubled the resource allocation in the frequency domain is also doubled). The individual
transmission is now shorter in time but wider in the frequency domain.
For double data rate the amount of inputs in transmitter doubles and the sub-symbol duration
(Time) is halved. Note that the SC-FDMA is still 67 s
Double the data

rate
Halved SC-FDMA
sub-symbol
duration
SC-FDMA subsymbol duration
Doubled
bandwidth
Initial
bandwidth
SC-FDMA
symbol 67s
SC-FDMA
symbol 67s
MobileComm
In the example 6 modulation symbols are sent initially and 12 modulations for double data
rate Professionals, Inc
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers

SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
In the example:
OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols ( 01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted
per OFDMA symbol, one on each subcarrier
SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol
using all subcarriers. The duration of each modulation symbol is 1/6th of
the modulation symbol in OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDMA

OFDMA Operation
Serial Bit Stream
0 1
1 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
0 0
180 kHz
66.67 s LTE Symbol Time
UE
0 1
1 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
0 0
15 kHz
Subcarrier

SC-FDMA Operation
Serial Bit Stream
0 1
1 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
0 0
66.67 s LTE Symbol Time

Sub-Symbol
UE
180 kHz
15 kHz
Subcarrier

SC-FDMA and OFDMA

Difference in transmission: for SC-FDMA there is an extra block on the
transmission chain: the FFT block
which should spread the input modulation symbols over all the allocated
subcarriers
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDMA vs SC-FDMA: QPSK

SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison

OFDM: power and amplitude
SC-FDMA: power and amplitude
12000
12000
10000
10000
8000
8000
6000
6000
4000
4000
2000
2000
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
-20
-20
-40
-40
-60
-60
-80
-80
-100
-100
-120
20
40
60
80
100
120
-120
Lower PAPR for

the SC-FDMA

OFDMA Data Processing

Resource Block and Resource Element

Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.
Capacity Allocation is based on resource

Blocks
Resource Element (RE):
1 subcarrier X 1 Symbol period
Theoretical minimum capacity allocation
unit.
1RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation
symbol on a subcarrier, i.e. 2bits for PSK, 4
bits for 16 QAM & 6 bits for 64QAM

FDD -Frame Structure
FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink
and downlink.
Frame length =10 ms
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
FDD: 10 ms sub-frame for UL
10 ms sub-frame for DL
1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each
1 slot = 7 ( NCP) or 6 (ECP)
0.5 ms slot
sy0 sy1 sy2 sy3 sy4 sy5 sy6
10 ms frame
s0
s1
s2
s3
s4
s5
s6
s7
s18
s19
SF: SubFrame
0.5 ms slot
SF0
s: slot
SF1
SF2
SF3
1 ms sub-frame
SF9
Sy: symbol

TDD -Frame Structure

There are 7 frame configurations, according to different DL/UL partition
DL Downlink subframe
UL Uplink subframe
SS Special Switching subframe
1 frame = 10ms
1 subframe = 1ms

TDD -Frame Structure
UL/DL
carrier
SF
#0
subframe 0
SF
#2
...
subframe 2
SF
#4
subframe 4
SF
#0
subframe 0
SF
#2
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
TDD has a single frame structure: same as FDD but with some specific fields to
enable also TD-SCDMA co-existence (China):
DwPTS, GP, UpPTS
Subframe 0 and DwPTS are reserved for downlink;
subframe2 and UpPTS are reserved for UL.
Remaining fields are dynamically assigned between UL and DL
...
SF
#4
Subframe 4
subframe 2
half frame
time
Downlink Subframe
Uplink Subframe
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot time Slot

UpPSS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
GP: Guard Period to separate UL/DL
Special Subframe
UE always needs a guard period in order to switch from receiver to transmitter.
The guard period includes RTD (Round Trip Delay).
PT = Propagation
Time
SP = Switching
Period
RTD = Round Trip
Delay
GP = Guard Period
Start of UL subframe reaches at

eNodeB
eNodeB ends
transmitting
GP
PT
SP
PT
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
End of DL subframe has

reached at the UE
Uplink
UE has switched to transmission

and has begun UL subframe
eNodeB
UE
RTD = 2 x PT
GP = RTD + SP

Special Subframe

LTE Air Interface Protocol

Radio Interface
User Plane
Control Plane
L3
RRC
Radio Bearer
PDCP
L2
RLC
Logical Channel
MAC
Transport Channel
L1
Physical Layer

RRC Layer
System Information Broadcasting
Paging
RRC Connection Management
EUTRAN Security
Management of point to point Radio Bearers
Mobility Functions
MBMS
QOS Control
Transfer of NAS Messages

PDCP Sublayer
Header Compression and decompression of IP Data flows using ROHC protocol at the
transmitting and receiving end
Ciphering and Deciphering of user plane data and control plane data
Transfer of user plane and control plane data between the users of PDCP services

RLC Sublayer
Transfer of upper layer PDUs
Error correction through ARQ(only for AM data transfer)
Concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs
In sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs
Duplicate detection
SDU Discard
Protocol error detection and recovery
RLC Sublayer
Transparent Mode:
RLC only delivers and receives the PDUs on a logical channel but doesnt add any
headers to it, thus no track of received PDUs is kept between the receiving and
transmitted entity
Unacknowledged Mode:
Provides more functionality including in sequence delivery of data, which
might be received out of sequence
Acknowledged Mode:
In addition to UM mode, AM mode also provides the retransmission if PDUs are lost
as a result of operation in the lower layer

MAC Sublayer
Mapping between logical channels and Transport channels
Scheduling Information reporting

Error correction through HARQ
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling
Transport format selection

Logical channel Prioritization
maps the logical channels to transport channels in DL
LTE Channels

Downlink Channels Mapping

Dedicated & Control
Common Control
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
MCCH MTCH
Downlink Logical Channels
PCH
DL-SCH
BCH
MCH
Downlink Transport Channels
Paging
Downlink Physical Channels
DL-RS SCH PCFICH PBCH
PHICH
PDSCH PDCCH
System
Broadcast
PMCH
MBSFN
DL Logical Channels

DL Logical Channels
Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH)
Dedicated Traffic
Channel
(DTCH)
A point to point bi -directional channel

that transmit dedicated control
information between UE and the
network
Used by UEs having an RRC connection
A point to point bi -directional channel

that transmit dedicated user information
between UE and the network
Used by UEs having an RRC connection

DL Transport Channels
Paging Channel (PCH)
Broadcast Channel
(BCH)
Downlink Shared
Channel
(DL-SCH)
Supports UE discontinuous reception to

enable UE power saving
Broadcast in entire coverage area of the cell
Mapped to the PDSCH
Fixed pre defined transport format

Broadcast in the entire coverage area of the
cell
Supports HARQ
Supports dynamic link adaption by varying
the modulation, coding and transmit power
Supports both dynamic and semi static
resource allocation
Supports UE discontinuous reception to
enable UE power saving
DL Transport Channels

DL Physical Channels
Physical Downlink
Shared Channel
(PDSCH)
Physical Broadcast
Channel
(PBCH)
Carries the DL-SCH and PCH

QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM Modulation
The coded BCH Transport block is mapped to

four sub frames with in a 40 ms interval. 40
ms timing is blindly detected i.e. there is no
explicit signaling indicating 40 ms timing
Each sub frame is assumed to be self
decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded
from a single reception, assuming
sufficiently good channel condition
QPSK modulation

DL Physical Channels
Physical Control
Format Indicator
Channel
(PCFICH)
Physical Downlink
Control Channel
(PDCCH)
Physical Hybrid ARQ
Indicator Channel
(PHICH)
Indicating the size of PDCCH

Number of OFDM symbol in a sub
frame used for PDCCH
Informs the UE about the resource
allocation of PCH and DL- SCH and
HARQ information related to DL- SCH
Carries the uplink scheduling grant
QPSK Modulation
Carries HARQ ACK/ NACK in response
to uplink transmission
QPSK Modulation

Physical Signals
Downlink Reference
Signal(DL-RS)
Downlink Channel estimation for

coherent demodulation at the UE
Used to avoid the problem of
frequency drift
Primary
Synchronization
Signal(PSS)
Provides slot synchronization and

physical cell ID
Secondary
Synchronization
Signal(SSS)
Provides frame synchronization and

cell ID group

Uplink Channels Mapping

UL Logical Channels

UL Transport Channels

Physical Channels

Physical Signals
Demodulation
Reference Signal
Used for Channel estimation for coherent

detection and demodulation(both
PUCCH and PUSCH)
Associated with Transmission of uplink
data on PUSCH or PUCCH
Sounding
Reference Signal
Used for the estimation of uplink channel

quality to enable channel dependent
scheduling
Not associated with uplink data
transmission

Summary
LTE Duplex Modes & Frequency Bands

OFDMA Feature, Principles and Challenges
SC-FDMA Principle
OFDM DATA Processing
Subcarrier Principle
Time Domain and Frequency Domain
LTE Air Interface Protocol Architecture
RRC Layer and Functionality
PDCP Layer and Functionality
RLC Layer and Functionality
Physical Layer Functionality
LTE Channel Concept
Logical Channel
Transport Channel
Physical Channel

HAPPY LEARNING
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
www.mcpsinc.com


3.LTE Air Interface

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3.LTE Air Interface

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LTE Air Interface

MobileComm Professionals, Inc

Consulting | Training | Research

LTE Duplex Modes & Frequency Bands

Consulting | Training | Research

Duplex Modes and Frequency Bands

MobileComm Professionals, Inc

Consulting | Training | Research

Duplexing and Multiple Access

MobileComm Professionals, Inc

Consulting | Training | Research

FDD and TDD

Both are included in same

FDD developed in the paired

Same radio interface

TDD developed in the unpaired

Same sub-frame formats

Small differences in the

Same network architecture

Different frame formats

Same air interface protocols

FDD mode has commonalities

Same physical channels

TDD mode has commonalities

Consulting | Training | Research

Frequency UL/DL MHz

Company Confidential - Pinnacle Learning Center

Company Confidential - Pinnacle Learning Center

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Duplex filters for each Tx and Rx path

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Consulting | Training | Research

Duplexer must switch between Tx and Rx paths

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Consulting | Training | Research

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

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Consulting | Training | Research

Company Confidential - Pinnacle Learning Center

MobileComm Professionals, Inc

Consulting | Training | Research

MobileComm Professionals, Inc

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Motivation for OFDMA

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MobileComm Professionals, Inc

MobileComm Professionals, Inc

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MobileComm Professionals, Inc

Pulse shaping and Spectrum

The frequency domain presentation:

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The Rectangular Pulse

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intercepts the nulls

Consulting | Training | Research

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MobileComm Professionals, Inc

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MobileComm Professionals, Inc