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Generators or Alternators
Most of the electrical power used aboard
Navy ships and aircraft as well as in civilian
applications is ac.
As a result, the ac generator is the most
important means of producing electrical
power.
Ac generators, generally called alternators,
vary greatly in size depending upon the load
to which they supply power.
ROTATING-FIELD ALTERNATORS
The rotating-field alternator has a stationary armature
winding and a rotating-field winding.
The advantage of having a stationary armature winding
is that the generated voltage can be connected directly to
the load
A rotating armature requires slip rings and brushes to
conduct the current from the armature to the load.
The armature, brushes, and slip rings are difficult to
insulate, and arc-overs and short circuits can result at
high voltages.
For this reason, high-voltage alternators are usually of
the rotating-field type.
PRIME MOVERS
source of mechanical power to turn their rotors.
Two classes:
1. high-speed --- Steam and gas turbines
2. low-speed ---- while internal-combustion
engines, water, and electric motors
ALTERNATOR ROTORS
Types of rotors used in rotating-field alternators.
1. Smooth cylindrical (or turbine-driven)
- for high speed
- 2 or 4 poles
2. Salient (or projecting)
- for low to medium speed
- With 6 or more poles
Smooth-cylindrical
Salient - pole
36-pole rotor
4-pole rotor
SINGLE-PHASE ALTERNATORS
A generator that produces a single, continuously
alternating voltage.
The stator (armature) windings are connected in
series.
They are most often used when the loads being driven
are relatively light.
TWO-PHASE ALTERNATORS
A two-phase alternator is designed to produce two
completely separate voltages.
Each voltage, by itself, may be considered as a
single-phase voltage.
Note that the windings of the two phases are physically
at right angles (90 ) to each other.
The graph shows the two phases to be 90 apart, with A
leading B.
THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR
Has three
single-phase
windings
spaced such
that the
voltage
induced in any
one phase is
displaced by
120 from the
other two.
Three-Phase Connections
The stator coils of three-phase alternators may be
joined together in either wye or delta connections,
as shown in the figure.
With these connections only three wires come out
of the alternator
FREQUENCY
The output frequency of alternator voltage
depends upon the speed of rotation of the rotor and
the number of poles.
NP
f
120
Note:
A machine that runs at a fixed or constant speed is called
a SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Synchronous speed, NS, is computed as
120 f
NS
P
Synchronous machine can be operated as a synchronous
generator (alternator) or as a synchronous motor.
E 4.44k p kd fT 2.22k p kd fZ
ARMATURE WINDINGS
Es
Es
Algebraic sum
2Es
E
Es
Es
Vector sum
Where
n no. of slots per pole per phase
180
Algebraic sum
Vector sum
5. Find the no-load phase and line voltage of a starconnected 3, 6-pole alternator which runs at
1200rpm, having flux per pole of 0.1Wb. Its stator
has 54 slots having double layer winding. Each coil
has 8 turns and the coil is chorded by 1 slot.
6. The stator of a 3 phase, 16-pole alternator has 144
slots and there are 4 conductors per slot. If the
speed of the alternator is 375 rpm, calculate the
induced emf per phase. Resultant flux in the air gap
is 0.05Wb/pole. Assume the coil span is 150.
Alternator on Load
Fig. (1) shows Y-connected alternator supplying inductive load
(laggingp.f.).
When the load on the alternator is increased (i.e., armature
current Ia is increased), the field excitation and speed being kept
constant, the terminal voltage V (phase value) of the alternator
decreases.
This is due to
(1) Voltage drop IaRa where Ra is
the armature resistance per phase.
Fig. (1)
(2) Voltage drop IaXL
where XL is the armature leakage
reactance per phase.
(3) Voltage drop because
of armature reaction.
E
E
NOTATIONS
Ra effective value of the armature resistance per phase
XL leakage reactance per phase
XAR reactance due to armature reaction per phase
Xs synchronous reactance per phase
Xs=XL+XAR
Zs synchronous impedance per phase
I=Ia RMS armature current per phase
V terminal voltage per phase
E RMS induced or no load emf per phase
E RMS Load induced e.m.f. It is the induced e.m.f. after
allowingfor armature reaction. It isequal to phasor difference of E
and IaXAR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
E V I a ( Ra jX L )
E E I a ( jX AR )
E V I a Z S V I a ( Ra jX S )
X S X L X AR
Zs= Ra+ j Xs
Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the
change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load (the
speed and field excitation being constant)divided by full-load
voltage.
EO V
No load voltage Full load voltage
%VR
x100
x100
Full load voltage
V
For leading load p.f., the no-load voltage is less than the
full-load voltage.
Hence voltage regulation is negative in this case.
The effects of different load power factors on the change
in the terminal voltage with changes of load on the
alternator are shown in Fig. (5).
Since the regulation of an alternator depends on the
load and the load power factor, it is necessary to mention
power factor while expressing regulation.
Fig. (5)
Practice Problem
A 381-V, 60-Hz, Y-Connected synchronous
generator, having the synchronous reactance of
0.8 ohm and negligible armature resistance, is
operating alone.
1. Determine the induced emf
a. If load current is 100A at 0.8 PF lagging
b. If load current is 100A at 0.8 PF leading
c. If load current is 100A at unity PF