SMK Jalan Damai

Additional
Mathematic
s Project
Work 2014
Form 5
Geometrical analysis of lanes for track and
field events
Name: Loo Soo Teng
I/C: 970301-07-5485
Group Member:
Low Thai Lun
Lean Wei Fong
Edwin Cheong
Koay Wei Jun
Class Facilitator: Tan Guat Siyu

Contents
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................... 3
Introduction................................................................................................................ 4
Terminology.............................................................................................................. 5
History..................................................................................................................... 6
Problem statement..................................................................................................... 9
Aim............................................................................................................................. 9
Project work objectives............................................................................................... 9
Activity 1: Collecting information.............................................................................10
Understanding the problem...................................................................................11
Deriving a strategy................................................................................................ 11
Carry out the strategy........................................................................................... 12
Checking the answers........................................................................................... 14
Activity 2: Data analysis........................................................................................... 15
Understanding the problem...................................................................................15
Deriving a strategy................................................................................................ 15
Carrying out the strategy...................................................................................... 15
Checking the answers........................................................................................... 16
Method 2............................................................................................................... 17
Activity 3: Data Interpretation.................................................................................. 18
Understanding the problem...................................................................................18
Deriving a strategy................................................................................................ 18
Carrying out the strategy...................................................................................... 18
Checking the answers........................................................................................... 19
Activity 4: Further Exploration..................................................................................20
Activity 5: Conclusions............................................................................................. 23
Reflection................................................................................................................. 24
References................................................................................................................ 25

Acknowledgement

I hereby express my appreciation and gratitude to for her continuous

advice and support during the process of completing this project. I would like to
thank my friends for providing all the relevant information by extensive research
regarding track and field, either from the Internet and printed books. Finally, I
would like to say thank you to my parents who have given me the encouragement
and support to complete this challenging project.

Introduction
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry that is the set of all points in a plane that are at a
given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any of the points and the centre
is called the radius. It can also be defined as the locus of a point equidistant from a fixed point.
A circle is a simple closed curve which divides the plane into two regions: an interior and an exterior.
In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the
figure, or to the whole figure including its interior; in strict technical usage, the circle is the former and
the latter is called a disk.
A circle can be defined as the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a
given point is constant.
A circle may also be defined as a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident and
the eccentricity is 0, or the two-dimensional shape enclosing the most area per unit perimeter,
using calculus of variations.

Terminology

Arc: any connected part of the circle.

Centre: the point equidistant from the points on the circle.

Chord: a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.

Circular sector: a region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii.

Circular segment: a region, not containing the centre, bounded by a chord and an arc lying
between the chord's endpoints.

Circumference: the length of one circuit along the circle.

Diameter: a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes through the
centre; or the length of such a line segment, which is the largest distance between any two
points on the circle. It is a special case of a chord, namely the longest chord, and it is twice the
radius.

Passant: a coplanar straight line that does not touch the circle.

Radius: a line segment joining the centre of the circle to any point on the circle itself; or the
length of such a segment, which is half a diameter.

Secant: an extended chord, a coplanar straight line cutting the circle at two points.

Semicircle: a region bounded by a diameter and an arc lying between the diameter's
endpoints. It is a special case of a circular segment, namely the largest one.

Tangent: a coplanar straight line that touches the circle at a single point.

Chord, secant, tangent, radius, and diameter

History

The compass in this 13th-century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation. Notice also the circular shape of
the halo

The word "circle" derives from the Greek (kirkos), itself a metathesis of the Homeric
Greek (krikos), meaning "hoop" or "ring".[2]The origins of the words "circus" and "circuit" are
closely related.

Circular piece of silk with Mongol images

Circles in an old Arabicastronomical drawing.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles would
have been observed, such as the Moon, Sun, and a short plant stalk blowing in the wind on sand,
which forms a circle shape in the sand. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related
inventions such asgears, makes much of modern machinery possible. In mathematics, the study of
the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy, and calculus.
Early science, particularly geometry and astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine for
mostmedieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically "divine" or "perfect"
that could be found in circles.[3][4]
Some highlights in the history of the circle are:

1700 BCE The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The result
corresponds to 25681 (3.16049...) as an approximate value of

.[5]

Tughrul Tower from inside

300 BCE Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.

In Plato's Seventh Letter there is a detailed definition and explanation of the circle. Plato
explains the perfect circle, and how it is different from any drawing, words, definition or
explanation.

1880 CE Lindemann proves that is transcendental, effectively settling the millennia-old

problem ofsquaring the circle.[6]

Problem statement

Bertam Complex Stadium is a sport center in Kepala Batas. It can cater all
kinds of events especially the track and field events. The stadium is designed
based on the standard measurements of National Sports Council. The diagram
below shows the plan of the eight synthetic lanes.

Aim
The aim of the project is to survey the suitable perimeter for track and field event
tournament.

Project work objectives

The objectives of this project are to:
1. Collect data of the circumference and radius of semicircle
2. Calculate the distance of each lane
3. Solve problems involving mathematical modelling of track and field using
various strategies
4. Relate students mathematical knowledge with the data obtained
5. State the cause of injury during the running and ways to avoid such
accidents.

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Activity 1: Collecting information

Diagram 1

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Understanding the problem

Given that the smallest circumference of semicircle is 100 meter. The length of
straight lae of the field track is also 100 meter. The width of each lane is 1.2 meter.
Show your working to determine the distance of each lane and complete Table 1.
(Use

=3.142 )

Deriving a strategy
For the first lane, the circumference of a semicircle is given and the total length of
the first lane is determined. Then the radius (first lane) is determined and the
semicircular radius for the next seven lanes is determined by adding the width of
the path, 1.2m to the radius of the first semicircle consecutively.

Then the distance of each lane is obtained by adding

(100+100)

meters to the

length of both semicircles of each lane respectively.

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Carry out the strategy

Given that the circumference,

of a circle is given by

C=2 r

where

is the radius of a circle.

Given that the total circumference of the first lane is

200 m,

200=2 r

r=

100

r 31.827 m

The total length of the first lane is

( 100+100+100+100 ) m=400 m

Given that the width of each path is

1.2

meters,

The radius of the second lane is given by

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( 31.827+1.2 ) m=33.027 m

The total circumference of the second lane is

2 ( ) ( 33.027 )=207.542m

Therefore the total length of the second lane is given by

207.542 m+200 m=407.542m

Continuing in a similar method, the length of remaining lanes of the track is

obtained. The results are then tabulated in Table 1.

Lane Circumference of
Radius
Distance of each
semicircle
(3 decimal
lane
(3 decimal places)
places)
(3 decimal places)
1
100.000
31.827
400.000
2
103.771
33.027
407.542
3
107.541
34.227
415.082
4
111.312
35.427
422.623
5
115.082
36.627
430.164
6
118.852
37.827
437.705
7
122.623
39.027
445.246
8
126.393
40.227
452.786
Table 1

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Checking the answers

Given that the total circumference for the first path is

200

meters,

200=2 r

r=31.827 m

Given the distance of the second lane is

two straight paths is

200

407.542

meters and the total distance of

meters,

Distance of two semicircular paths is

407.542200=207.542

meters.

Given that the total circumference of the circular path is

207.542

meters,

207.542=2 r

r=33.027 m

Since the width of each lane is

1.2

meters,

The radius of the first path is

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33.027 m1.2 m=31.827 m , which is the radius of the first path of the track.

Activity 2: Data analysis

Understanding the problem

Based on Diagram 2, the starting line of Lane 1 has been given. You are asked to
determine the distance of starting line of Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4, Lane 5, Lane 6,
Lane 7, and Lane 8 from the finishing line for a 400 meter event. Hence complete
table 2. Use at least two suitable problem solving strategies.

Deriving a strategy
The shortest distance between the starting line and finishing line is the difference of
total distance of each lane and the length of the event, which is 400 meters.

Carrying out the strategy

For the second lane, the total length is 407.542 meters. Since the length of the
event is 400 meters, therefore the shortest distance between the starting line and
finishing line is given by

407.542 m400 m=7.54 m

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By extending this working to the remaining lanes, the shortest distance between the
starting line and the finishing line for each lane is determined. The result is
tabulated in Table 2.

17

nth
lane

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Shortest distance between

starting line and finishing
line
(2 decimal places)
0.00
7.54
15.08
22.62
30.16
37.71
45.25
52.79
Table 2

LnLn1Ln1
400-400
407.542-400
415.082-400
422.623-400
430.164-400
437.705-400
445.246-400
452.786-400

Checking the answers

The shortest distance between the starting line and the finishing line of the second
lane is 7.54 meters. It is given that the length of the event is 400 meters.

Total distance of the second lane

407.54

7.54+ 400

meters, correct to 2 decimal places.

Conclusion: The shortest distance between the starting line and the finishing line
increases when the more lanes are included in a track.

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Method 2
Consider the length of the event is 400 meters. The total length of each lane must
include the distance between the starting line and the finishing line, as shown in the
diagram below:

Let

be the distance between the startling line and the finishing line.

Consider the second lane,

x+400=407.542
x=7.54 m

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Activity 3: Data Interpretation

Understanding the problem
Oil paint is to be used to draw all the tracks. The price of a tin of 5 liter oil paint is
RM10. Given that 2 liter of oil paint is needed to draw a 100 meter track. Calculate
the number of tin of oil paint needed and the cost (in RM) to draw all the eight
tracks.

Deriving a strategy
Given that the price of a tin of 5 litre oil paint is RM10, and that 2 litre of oil paint is
needed to draw a 100 meter track,
Therefore RM10 (that is 1 tin) is required to paint 250 meter track.

Carrying out the strategy

Lane

Distance of each
lane

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total

(3 decimal places)
400.000
407.542
415.082
422.623
430.164
437.705
445.246
452.786
3411.148

20

The total distance of 8 lanes is 3411.148m.

Given that 1 tin is required to paint 250 meter of track,

Number of tins required=

Total distance
250

3411.148
250

13.64

14

tins

Since 1 tin of oil paint cost RM10,

The total cost involved

14 10

RM 140

Checking the answers

Given that 1 tin of oil paint is required to paint 250 meter of track, and RM140 is
needed to purchase 14 tins of oil paint,

Total distance covered

250 14

3500 m
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Activity 4: Further Exploration

Design 1

22

Design 2

23

Design 2 is preferred over Diagram 1 as the track consists of locations where

track and field events such as shot put and long jump can be held at the same
place. Design 1 is geared towards running events, which may be unsuitable for
school tournaments, where other sporting events take place. The track proposed in
Design 1 is also unsuitable for 400 meter events due to the length of the track.

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Activity 5: Conclusions
Based on a study by American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, 70% of athletes were injured during the track events. According to
runnersworld.com, about 40% of athletes were knee injuries. For woman, backbone
and ankle injuries always happened while running. Headache can also be occurred
especially during hot weather.
The main cause of track and field injuries are training errors, which lead to
overuse injuries. These errors often involve rapid increment of the intensity,
duration, or frequency or activity. Another reason is inappropriate or inadequate
amount of protective gear or equipment during track and field events. Walking on
uneven ground and tripping or falling may trigger ankle injuries.
Overexertion of the body during sporting also causes backbone injuries.
Headaches are often triggered when an athlete rapidly loses water and body
electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride and potassium ions. A lack of body
electrolytes and water forces the body to regulate the flow of body fluids, which
reduces the amount of blood and oxygen being supplied to the brain, causing
headaches.
Most track and field injuries can be alleviated by drinking plenty of fluids,
where sufficient amount of fluids prevents dehydration and loss of electrolytes. The
use of suitable protective gear is highly recommended as equipment such as high
jump mattresses and sport shoes are important as they help to cushion ones knee,
tendon and joints. Athletes are recommended not to overexert themselves, and
they should take sufficient amount of rest.
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Reflection
During the implementation of this project work, I have learned how to use
various mathematical methods to solve problems in a systematical way. For
example, writing and rearranging suitable equations allows me to solve
mathematical problems easily. I also learned how to cooperate with my classmates
to propose a solution to solve the given problem. Considering it is a group work, it
is expected for us to solve this problem by discussing and analyzing the problem,
proposing a suitable solution, and solving problem. As such, I have learned how to
solve problems, which is a crucial ability especially in daily life and the job market.

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References
1. Mathematics for OCR GCSE, 2002, A. Howards and H. Clarke, Stanley Thornes
Publishing Limited, London, United Kingdom. [Retrieved: 15/6/2014]
2. Slideshow: Care and pain for bumps, bruises, strains and strains,
http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/sprains-and-strains-10/slideshowcare-guide [Retrieved: 16/6/2014]
3. Sports for the Society, 2005, Suzanne Miller, Glenwood Books Private Ltd,
Perth, Australia. [Retrieved: 16/6/2014]
4. krikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus[Retrieved:
16/6/2014]
5. Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe(1959)
[Retrieved: 16/6/2014]

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