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  • What's The Cause of Crookes Dark Space & Striations in Discharge Tubes

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    rolf_br
    170 vues3 pages
    The document summarizes the causes of two phenomena that occur in glow discharge plasmas - Crookes dark space and striations. Crookes dark space occurs near the negative electrode due to the lower density of electrons, as only higher energy electrons can overcome the repelling force of the negative charge. Striations occur due to a build up of unstable electron concentrations on the glass walls that periodically rearrange, causing fluctuations in the glow. Bringing a hand near the tube changes the electron distribution on the walls and thus the glow patterns.

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    What's the Cause of Crookes Dark Space & Striations in Discharge Tubes

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    What's the Cause of Crookes Dark Space & Striations in Discharge Tubes

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    The document summarizes the causes of two phenomena that occur in glow discharge plasmas - Crookes dark space and striations. Crookes dark space occurs near the negative electrode due to the lower density of electrons, as only higher energy electrons can overcome the repelling force of the negative charge. Striations occur due to a build up of unstable electron concentrations on the glass walls that periodically rearrange, causing fluctuations in the glow. Bringing a hand near the tube changes the electron distribution on the walls and thus the glow patterns.

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    170 vues3 pages

    What's The Cause of Crookes Dark Space & Striations in Discharge Tubes

    Transféré par

    rolf_br
    The document summarizes the causes of two phenomena that occur in glow discharge plasmas - Crookes dark space and striations. Crookes dark space occurs near the negative electrode due to the lower density of electrons, as only higher energy electrons can overcome the repelling force of the negative charge. Striations occur due to a build up of unstable electron concentrations on the glass walls that periodically rearrange, causing fluctuations in the glow. Bringing a hand near the tube changes the electron distribution on the walls and thus the glow patterns.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 3

    30/06/2015

    MadSciNetwork:Physics

    Re:What'sthecauseofCrookesDarkSpace&striationsindischargetubes

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    Re:What'sthecauseofCrookesDarkSpace&striationsindischargetubes
    Date:FriFeb917:18:402001
    PostedBy:RichardBersin,Other(pls.specifybelow),SeniorTechnicalStaffMember,
    EmergentTechnologies
    Areaofscience:Physics
    ID:980311929.Ph
    Message:
    DearProfessorMatthew:
    Youareinquiringaboutthephenomenawhichoccuringlowdischarge
    plasmas.Typicallytheseplasmasareusedatpressuresfrom~0.05torrto
    ~10torr.Sinceyouareusingvisualobservationforyourdetection,let
    uskeepourdiscussiononthequalitativeleveltoenableustopresenta
    pictureofwhatisgoingonwithoutgettingintothe"theoretically
    complicated"realmwhichyoureferto.
    YourreferencetotheCrooke'sdarkspacespeakstowardsexperimentswith
    DCdischargeswherethevacuumenvelopeisopticallytransparent,usually
    madeofquartzorpyrexglass.Twoelectrodesaresuspendedwithin,on
    metalrodsvacuumsealedtogothroughtheglassandallowapplicationof
    voltageacrosstheelectrodeswithinthevacuumenvironment.
    Nowtheglowdischargeplasmaisknownasanonequilibriumplasma,which
    meansthattheionsandneutralatomsaregenerallyatatemperatureclose
    toroomtemperature,whiletheelectronsareatextremelyhigh
    temperatures.Thismeanstheirkineticenergyisveryhighandtheymove,
    ordriftordiffuse,atvelocitiesmanyordersofmagnitudemorerapidly
    thandotheheavyionsorneutralmolecules.
    Theneteffectofthisisthatwhentheplasmaisinitiallyignited,anda
    largeburstoffreeelectronsandpositiveionsarecreatedfromthe
    ionizationintheinitialbreakdowndischarge,thehotelectronsdiffuse
    veryrapidlyawayfromthedischargetothewallsofthechamberandtothe
    positiveelectrodewhichleavesacloudofpositiveionswithinthebulk
    regionoftheplasma.Theplasmastabilizesasmoreionizationtakesplace
    anddiffusionoutoftheglowoccursuntilasteadystateis
    established(allinmicroseconds!).Thusthenegativeelectrodeassumesa
    verynegativechargefromtheseelectrons,andtheinsulatingquartzwalls
    ofthechamberarealsocoveredwithasurfacechargeofnegativeelectrons
    whichadhere.
    Theregionoftheplasmawhichisglowingglowsbecausethereareelectrons
    thererecombiningwiththeionsandthismakestheneutralizediongiveoff
    aphotonoflight;sowhereveryouseeaglowingregionintheplasmayou
    knowtherearealotofionsandfreeelectronspresentinthesame
    location.Rememberingnowthattheplasmaisacontinuousphenomenon,i.e.
    wearecontinuouslyionizingatoms,makingionsandfreeelectrons,the
    electronsarecontinuouslydiffusingrapidlytothewalls,andtheionsare
    diffusingawayslowly,andsoasteadystatesituationisestablished.
    Nowtheelectronshaveaverywidedistributionofenergies.Thenegative
    electrodeisatanegativepotentialinrelationtothesomewhatpositive
    glowingplasmaregionbecauseoftheexcesselectroncoverage.Therefore
    althoughelectronsarecontinuouslydiffusingawayfromtheglowingregion,
    onlythehigherenergyonescanreachthenegativeelectrodebecausethe
    http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/feb2001/981758142.Ph.r.html

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    Re:What'sthecauseofCrookesDarkSpace&striationsindischargetubes

    lowerenergyelectronsarerepelledbythenegativechargeonthenegative
    electrode.Thusthedensityofelectronsinthespaceneartothenegative
    electrodedropsconsiderablyinamannerdependentontheplasmaparameters
    (pressure,gasmixture,powerlevel,electrodeshapeandspacing,etc.,)
    becausethesefactorsdeterminetheenergydistributionoftheelectrons.
    Andasweapproachnearerandnearertothenegativeelectrodethedensity
    ofmovingelectronsdropsdowntoalowlevel.Butsincetheelectrons
    collidingandrecombiningwiththeionsarethereasonfortheglowinthe
    gas,iftheelectrondensityisfallingtheglowintensitywillalsofall.
    Andsothedarkspacedevelopsnearthenegativeelectrode(theCrooke's
    darkspace).
    Nowtheglasswallsofthechamberarealsocoveredwithnegativeelectrons
    (rememberthequartzisnotconductingandsotheelectronsnormallyare
    trappedonthewalls)andforthesamereasontherewillbeadarkspace
    allovertheinnerwallsofthechamberbecausetheseelectronsrepelthe
    electronsfromtheplasmajustasthenegativeelectrodedoes.
    Thisisaqualitativeexplanationofthedarkspacephenomenon.Thiscan
    allbeshownquantitativelywithaverycomplexmathematicalanalysis
    whichIthinkisunnecessaryforyourpurposes.
    Nowwhathappenswhenyoubringyourhanduptothequartztube?Youhand
    makesanelectricalcapacitybetweenthequartztubeandthegroundand
    thatchangesthecouplingoftheelectricalplasmatothewallsatthe
    pointofyourhandlocation.Thiscausesaredistributionoftheelectrons
    onthewallofthechamberandthereforechangesthepotentialsatthewall
    whichthenchangesthenumberofelectronsinthegaswhichcanreachthe
    wallandsotheglowaroundthelocationofyourhandchanges.
    Alsobecausetheinnerwallsofthechamberaregenerallycontaminatedwith
    watervaporandothersurfacecontaminantstheelectronswhichpileupon
    thewallssometimedevelopunstableconcentrationsandbuilduphigh
    chargeswhichrisetoapointwheretheysuddenlyrearrangethemselvesand
    causethestriationswhichyouseeintheglowastheelectronspileup,
    developabigcharge,thenbecomeunstableanddischargeofftosomeother
    regionofthewalls,andthiscanrepeatitselfoveranoverdependingupon
    thesurfaceoftheglassandothercontaminantsintheplasma.
    Thisisasimplephenomenologicalexplanationofthebehaviourofthe
    dischargetubewhichIhopewillbeadequateforyourpurposes.Ifyou
    wishtoaskmesomequestionsaboutthispleasesubmitthemandIwill
    explainfurtherifIcan.Howeveritcangetverycomplicatedbecausea
    plasmaissuchacomplexenvironment.
    Bestwishes,
    DickBersin....

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    Re:What'sthecauseofCrookesDarkSpace&striationsindischargetubes

    19952001.Allrightsreserved.

    http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/feb2001/981758142.Ph.r.html

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