Chapter 4: Heat

Temperature, Heat and Thermal Equilibrium

Temperature

A quantity that tells us how hot or cold something is

Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in C + 273

The temperature of a substance in Kelvin is also known as

____________ ____________.

Conditions for a good thermometer

Bulb
Bulb wall
Capillary tube
Capillary wall
Example

Convert the temperatures below to its equivalent temperature in Kelvin.

a) Standard room temperature

b) Melting point of ice / freezing point of water

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

All matters are made up of randomly moving atoms or

molecules that have ____________ energy.
Increasing in average kinetic energy of particles results in it
becoming ___________ and vice versa.
So we have:
____________ is a measure of the average ____________
energy of the atoms or molecules in a substance.

Heat

Heat is the ____________ that transfers from one object to

another because of ____________ difference
If two body of different temperature comes into contact,
____________ flows from one body to another.
The substances are said to be in thermal contact.
When objects in thermal contact reach the same temperature,
these objects are in thermal equilibrium. There is no net heat flow
between them.

Specific Heat Capacity

Some substances heat up faster than others. This is due to difference

in specific heat capacity.
Heating a big bucket of water takes much more heat than heating up a
cup of water.
Specific heat capacity, c, of a material is defined as the amount of
energy that must be transferred to change the temperature of 1 kg of
material by 1K or 1C.

Q: heat energy transferred to the material in joules (J)

m: mass of the material (kg)
: temperature change in C or Kelvin
c : specific heat capacity of the material
So, we have heat energy required:

Example
A hot water tank contains 80 kg of water. The water is initially at 30C.
(Specific heat capacity of water, c = 4200 J kg-1 C-1)
a) Calculate the amount of energy that must be transferred to the water to raise the temperature to 70C.

b) Calculate the time taken if a 5 kW electric water heater is used.

Example
A hot water of 80C of 10 litres is added to a pail containing 30 litres of water at 20C. Ignoring energy loss
to the surrounding environment, what will be the final temperature of the water in the pail?

Specific Latent Heat

At some temperature, substances will absorb or release heat to change states, ie solid to liquid or vice
versa
Intermolecular forces that binds molecules together can be broken through application of _________
The heat released or absorb by this process is called the latent heat.

During formation or breaking of bonds, ____________ ____________ change.

We have latent heat:

Heat required to be absorbed / released during fission / fusion:

Example
How much energy has to be removed from 2.0 kg of water at 10C to produce a block of ice at 0C?
(Latent heat of fusion of water-ice lf = 3.34 105 J kg-1)

Example
Calculate the heat required to convert 5 kg of ice at 20C into steam at 100C. (Specific heat capacity of
ice: cice = 2100 J kg-1 C-1 Latent heat of vaporization of water: lv = 22.5 105 J kg-1)

Gas Laws
Boyles Law

Discovered by an Irish chemist Robert Boyle in 1662.

A mathematical relationship between ____________ and
____________ of a gas at constant ____________.

Example
A balloon is filled with helium has to a volume of 30 litres at 1.0 atm pressure. The balloon is released and
rises to an altitude where its volume expands to 180 litres. Calculate the pressure being exerted on the
balloon at this altitude.

Charles Law

Studied by Jacques Charles

For a fixed ____________ of gas at constant ____________, the
____________ is always directly proportional to its absolute
____________.
Hence,

Example
A gas at 20.0 C has a volume of 21.5 L. The temperature is increased to 35.0 C. What volume will the gas
occupy at this temperature?

Pressure Law

For a fixed mass of gas at constant ____________, the

____________ is always directly proportional to its absolute
____________.
Hence,

Example
A fixed volume of gas has a pressure of 0.85 atm at 20C. The gas is heated to 85C. What is the new
pressure?