UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

College of Graduate Studies
Advanced Communication Engineering
CSEM623

Assignment 1

1)Name

: Joel Jesawanth A/L Jesawanth Singh

2)Student ID
3)Lecturer

: SL22213
: Dr.CHANDAN KUMAR CHAKRABARTY

4) Due Date

: 29th June 2015

The word communication is descended from the Latin noun communicatio , which meant a
sharing or imparting. From the root communis (common, public), it has no relation to terms such
as union or unity , but rather is linked to the Latin munus (duty, gift), and thus has relatives in
such terms as common , immune , mad , mean , meaning , municipal , mutual , and German
terms such as Gemeinschaft (community) and Meinung (opinion). Its root senses have to do with
change, exchange, and goods possessed by more than one person; the Latin verb communicare
means to make common. Three lasting strands of meaning are already visible in the Latin root.
The first is communication as a mutual exchange in language. The Roman philosopher-statesman
Cicero used communicatio as a technical term in his treatise on rhetoric, De Oratore , to explain
what occurs when an orator overtly includes the audience in the discussion by means of
rhetorical questions or staged dialogue (thus sharing the floor with listeners).
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary communication is defined as he act or process of
using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your
ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. The dictionary went on to explain that
communication are also ways of sending information to people by using technology and can be
also defined as an act or instance of transmitting information.
According to scholar Niklas Luhmann communication is defined as the operation, which reproduces social systems, it is the central lastelement (specific operation) for the definition and
the retention of society. A change of communicative possibilities by a new medium also changes
society. Communication is a synthesis of three components: message, information and
understanding: communication comes into being, when it is understood that an information is
imparted. In the social dimension these components are ascribed to at least two abstracted
person. Person a (= ego), who understands, and person b (= alter), who imparts. The imparted
information can't be identical to the understood information. A process of communication comes
into being, if the preceding communication is followed by a succeeding communication. By
these communicative connections constitutes meaning to every process of communication, by
selecting one certain connection to all possible connections. Communication needs a spreading
medium like speech and writing.
Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative
commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the
sender. Humans have relied on communication from time immemorial to relay messages to one
another. Nowadays, we use complex technology to send important information to our loved ones,
friends and business associates. However, the technologies we use today did not always exist.
Human beings have relied on various methods to communicate with each other. These methods
have depended on the progress science had made at that time. These methods have depended on
the progress science had made at that time: Body Language, Speech, Writing, Symbol, Cave
Paintings, Pictograms and eventually the evolution of Telecommunication. Communication
Technology have evolved over the years through the invention of the radio, invention of
television, invention of the first computer, and the invention of the internet. In our current time
everything is getting faster, and new technological advances are coming on quicker than ever.

People today live in a world characterized by dramatic cultural, economic, social and educational
differences; individual circumstances depend largely on where a person is born and raised. The
use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is skyrocketing. Notwithstanding the
immense diversity in living environments, an unprecedented and unifying global media culture
has developed that challenges and often surpasses such traditional forms of socialization as
family and school.
With the emergence of a new technological paradigm, based on information and communication
technologies, that took shape in the 1970s and diffused unevenly around the world. We know that
technology does not determine society: it is society. Society shapes technology according to the
needs, values, and interests of people who use the technology. Furthermore, information and
communication technologies are particularly sensitive to the effects of social uses on technology
itself. The history of the Internet provides ample evidence that the users, particularly the first
thousands of users, were, to a large extent, the producers of the technology.
The Internet has turned our existence upside down. It has revolutionized communications, to the
extent that it is now our preferred medium of everyday communication. In almost everything we
do, we use the Internet. Ordering a pizza, buying a television, sharing a moment with a friend,
sending a picture over instant messaging. Before the Internet, if you wanted to keep up with the
news, you had to walk down to the newsstand when it opened in the morning and buy a local
edition reporting what had happened the previous day. But today a click or two is enough to read
your local paper and any news source from anywhere in the world, updated up to the minute.
The changes in social communication are of particular significance. Although analogue tools
still have their place in some sectors, new technologies are continuing to gain ground every day,
transforming our communication practices and possibilitiesparticularly among younger
people. The Internet has removed all communication barriers. Online, the conventional
constraints of space and time disappear and there is a dizzyingly wide range of communicative
possibilities. The impact of social media applications has triggered discussion of the new
communication democracy.
The development of the Internet today is being shaped predominantly by instant, mobile
communications. The mobile Internet is a fresh revolution. Comprehensive Internet connectivity
via smartphones and tablets is leading to an increasingly mobile reality: we are not tied to any
single specific device, and everything is in the cloud. People no longer spend hours gazing at a
computer screen after work or class; instead, they use their mobile devices to stay online
everywhere, all the time. Social media have changed our personal space, altering the way we
interact with our loved ones, our friends, and our sexual partners; they have forced us to rethink
even basic daily processes like studying and shopping; they have affected the economy by
nurturing the business startup culture and electronic commerce; they have even given us new
ways to form broad-based political movements.

Communication Technology has clearly impacted all levels of education by providing unbounded
possibilities for learning. I believe the future of education is a networked future. People can use

the Internet to create and share knowledge and develop new ways of teaching and learning that
captivate and stimulating students imagination at anytime, anywhere, using any device. Students
can work interactively with one another, unrestricted by physical or time constraints. Today, you
can use the Internet to access libraries, encyclopedias, art galleries, news archives, and other
information sources from anywhere in the world , this is a key advantage in the education field.
The web is a formidable resource for enhancing the process of building knowledge.
The development of information and communication technologies and the wide-ranging effects
of globalization are changing what we are, and the meaning of cultural identity. Ours is a
complex world in which cultural flows across borders are always on the rise. The concepts of
space, time, and distance are losing their conventional meanings. Cultural globalization is here,
and a global movement of cultural processes and initiatives is underway. Communication
Technology is bringing culture closer to more people, making it more easily and quickly
accessible; it is also nurturing the rise of new forms of expression for art and the spread of
knowledge. Some would say, in fact, that communication technology is not just a technology, but
a cultural artifact in its own right.
Communication technologies has also changed the way we interact with our family, friends, and
life partners. Now everyone is connected to everyone else in a simpler, more accessible, and
more immediate way; we can conduct part of our personal relationships using our laptops, smart
phones, and tablets. Besides this, The Internet has proved to be a decisive communication tool in
the latest election campaigns. It is thanks to the communication technologies available that
causes in the social, welfare, ideological, and political arenas have been spoken up for and have
won the support of other citizens sharing those valuesin many cases, with a real impact on
government decision making.
New technologies increase the speed of information transfer, and this opens up the possibility of
bespoke shopping. The Internet offers an immense wealth of possibilities for buying content,
news, and leisure products, and all sorts of advantages arise from e-commerce, which has
become a major distribution channel for goods and services. You can book airline tickets, get a Tshirt from Australia, or buy food at an online grocery store. New applications support secure
business transactions and create new commercial opportunities.
Communication Technology is one of the key factors driving todays economy. No one can
afford to be left behind. Even in a tough macroeconomic framework, the Internet can foster
growth, coupled with enhanced productivity and competitiveness.
The future of social communications will be shaped by an always-online culture. Always online
is already here and will set the trend going forward. Total connectivity, the Internet you can take
with you wherever you go, is growing unstoppably. There is no turning back for global
digitalization.
There are many impact of communications technology on our lifes, how does technology affects
our society? You just need to think of the past days when we had no modern means of transport,
no computer, no food processor. A person had to spend a lot of time on traveling. Women were
bound to grind spices with their hands or simply high physical activity was required in old days.

Our routine life completely has dramatically changed with the advent of high tech machines,
modes of communication and transport. Life becomes easier and more comfortable than before.
It seems that world is at our finger tips.
I think the Internet has had a major impact on private life. Through social networking sites
family and friends can keep in touch for almost no cost. Instead of paying a lot of money on
phone calls abroad you can now Skype your loved ones for free. Social networking sites are also
great for disabled people who cannot get out of the house to meet friends. By using the search
engine Google you will find an answer for any question. You can save digital photos to your
computer and email them to family or friends to see. Many stay at home mam or dads can now
work from home as well as spending time with their children. You can order your shopping
online and have it delivered right to your door. This saves a lot of time.
Communication technology has had a big impact on our professional life. Businesses now
advertise their products online as it is free. Some people actually make a living by selling online.
The goods can be purchased online by credit cards and delivered straight to your door. Some
grocery stores do this too so you can now do all your shopping online. Business meetings are
now held by video conferencing which means people are travelling less and saving money. They
can use emails instead of sending letters which is cheaper and faster. It has a negative effect on
some of our jobs as most people are now doing everything online. You can buy your shopping
online, do your banking online and a lot more which puts some people out of a job as they are
not needed.
In my opinion communications technology has had a great impact on peoples lives although it
does have its disadvantages too. Among the negative impact of communication in our society is
Cyber Bullying, children are now been bullied not just at school but at home too because of
technology. Kids are now been verbally abused and humiliated through social networking sites.
They can upload pictures or videos that the victim might not want to be seen. Also bullies can
leave nasty comments on their webpage.
Besides that, some people actually believe that they are losing their social skills as they are
regularly chatting online. They believe some are becoming withdrawn and actually get shy while
having to talk face to face because they are just not use to doing it anymore. Other that this
having a lack of context is another problem as people are communicating regularly through text
messages, sarcasm can easily be misread as there is no vocal tone and you no facial expressions.
This can lead to misunderstandings.
Some people also say they are losing their writing skills as they are texting so fast they start to
misspell words.
The jobs of some people has also been affected by communications technology in a negative
manner,the type of people that would be affected is bank tellers as they are talking in machines
and they also have online banking so there is less people going into banks so that means there is
no need for bank tellers. So the banks are saving money by buying machines to do the work.
Another big social problem caused by communications technology is Addiction, some people get
addicted to the web and this can cause social isolation.

Besides the negative impacts of Communication technology, there also several negative issues
with the rise of this technology. Issues such as Hacking is one of the major issues involved with
Communications Technology. People are hacking into company mainframes and stealing
peoples details. Other than that, computers can pick up viruses from almost anything. You can
receive them through emails and many other devices. Identity theft is also another issue wherein
a person claims to be someone else by using their details that they got by hacking online. Lastly
is Fraud this is when someone steals money by using their details that they got online.
As you can see communications technology has had a major impact on the world. It has globally
taken over replacing a lot of jobs. In my opinion I think it has a lot more advantages than
disadvantages.
Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it is a television, cellular phone, or
refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the
Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay
extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even
Internet access right on their phones. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive,
high-speed wireless connectivity.
Until the controversial spectrum scams were brought up in the lime light many were ignorant of
what 1G, 2G or 3G stood for and all of a sudden a hike was found out amongst laymen so as to
be knowledgeable about it. Still a number of people are unaware of 1G or 2G when the world has
moved on to 4G.The telecommunication service in World had a great leap within a last few year.
.Now almost all the service provide as well as the customers seek for availing these 3G and 4G
services. We can analyze that this could be due to increase in the telecoms customers day by day.
In the present time, there are four generations in the mobile industry. These are respectively 1G
the first generation, 2G the second generation, 3G the third generation, and then the 4G the
fourth generation.
I would like to discuss further about 4G as it is the latest emerging communication technology.
4G Fourth generation (4G) also called Next Generation Network (NGN) offers one platform for
different wireless networks. A successor of 2G and 3G, 4G promises a downloading speed of
100Mbps and is yet to shower its wonders on then with the case of Fourth Generation that is 4G
in addition to that of the services of 3G some additional features such as Multi-Media
Newspapers, also to watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an ordinary T.V. In
addition, we can send data much faster than that of the previous generations. A 4G system is
expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to
laptop computer wireless modems, Smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as
ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be
provided to users.
In 4G the integration of network and its applications is seamless therefore there is no risk of
delay. While implementing 4G the cost issue needs to be taken into consideration so that users
can benefit from this technological development fully.

With the increase in the data rates, the mobile phones are made to perform higher performance
applications. In 4G the mobile phone is not only for calling but its something extraordinary
device that can be used for variety of purposes. One such application in 4G is context awareness.
For example if the mobile user is passing by an office where he/she is having an appointment to
meet someone and they have forgotten the appointment. If the office location, address and
geographical location matches the one user has already stored in the phone, he/she will receive
information about the appointment and will be reminded that you need to perform this activity.
Telemedicine is another application of 4G. Using telemedicine a patient can send general reading
like temperature, glucose level and blood pressure to the doctor online. Or if someone needs to
know about their family members health continuously they can receive all the information
through telemedicine by using 4G technology.
Long Term Evolution is an emerging technology for higher data rates. It is also referred as 3.9 G
or super 3G technology. LTE is developed as an improvement to Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System by 3G Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE uses Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). The download rate in LTE is 150Mbps and it
utilizes the available spectrum in a very sophisticated way. In LTE the IP packet delay is less
than 5mille seconds which provides the experience of wired broadband internet access in
wireless environment. The mobile TV broadcast is facilitated by LTE over LTE network. LTE is
a standard for wireless data communications technology and an evolution of the GSM/UMTS
standards. The goal of LTE is to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using
new DSP (Digital Signal Processing) techniques and modulations that were developed in the
beginning of the new millennium. Its wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G
networks, and so it must be operated on a separate wireless spectrum. The LTE specification
provides down-link peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions
permitting round-trip times of less than 10ms.
Although there are different ideas leading towards 4G, some concept and network components
frequently come up as a supporting and significant solutions that help achieve progress towards
4G. In this section we are going to investigate and explain technological innovations such as
MIMO (Multiple- Input Multiple-Output), OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access) that could significantly increase security, mobility and throughput of 4G.
4G will likely become a unification of different wireless networks, including wireless LAN
technologies public cellular networks (2.5G, 3G), and even personal area networks. Under this
umbrella, 4G needs to support a wide range of mobile devices that can roam across different
types of networks. These devices would have to support Different networks, meaning that one
device would have to have the capability of working on different networks. One solution to this
multi-network functional device is a software defined radio. QoS assurance is important for
real time traffics like Voice over IP (VoIP), online gaming, IP TV and video streaming etc. QoS
enables network administrators to avoid network congestion and manage the network resources
efficiently. The goal of the 4G is to provide the users the facility of Always Best Connected
(ABC concept). Fourth generation of networks is a combination of different networks. It gives a
platform for various technologies to be accessed. To provide QoS in 4G is not simple and easy

job as one has to deal with different parameters in different technologies. Like if a user is moving
and changing his coverage network, so to provide service under QoS framework is challenging.
While a mobile user is moving from one network to another network his communication session
needs to be maintained seamlessly irrelevant of the coverage network. Similar is the case with
video conferencing and video streaming, the users like to receive the services seamlessly. There
are some protocols designed to maintain the seamless communication of the users while moving
or in other words to minimize the latency and packet loss of the ongoing communication session.
The mobility protocols are Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical MIPv6, Fast MIPv6 and some more
(details of all these protocols are given in chapter Handovers). These protocols can help in
improving the mobility management of mobile users. In order to provide QoS to the mobile users
we propose a combination of mobility protocol Seamless Mobile IPv6 (SMIPv6) and Session
Imitation Protocol (SIP). There are two types of losses when a mobile user switches network, one
is called segment packet loss and the other is called edge packet loss. Segment packet loss is
because of the undeterministic nature of the handoff while the edge packet loss is between the
Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) and the MN. To minimize these losses different approaches are
used, to minimize edge packet loss the MN is moved as close to the MAP as possible, while for
the segmented packet loss two approaches are used one is synchronized packet simulcast (SPS)
and hybrid simulcast mechanism are used. In SPS the packets are sent to both the current
network as well the potential network the MN is approaching. While hybrid simulcast mean that
the mobile node informs the network about the handoff to be taken into effect but it is decided by
the network to which AR the MN shall attach. This way the packet loss is minimized (the
detailed mechanism is given in chapter of handover). Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used to
manage mobility of different entities such as session, terminal, service and personal mobility. It
facilitates mobility and maintains the real time multimedia sessions. SIP is an application layer
protocol therefore it can work both in IPv4 and IPv6. SIP work along with other protocols Such
as Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP).
To improve the QoS in 4G we propose our own scheme of combining mobility protocol SMIP
and application layer protocol SIP. With this scheme the QoS level in 4G can be improved
because both the protocols provide support in handovers. Together they can decrease the packet
loss and can improve security during the handover process. We can make sure the resource
allocation during the handover process by combining the two protocols and mobility
management can be optimized.
In this paper I have discussed about firstly how every aspect of our modern human life is largely
dependent on some form of communications Technology whether in terms of socializing,
banking, education and so forth. Next, I discussed about the positive and negative impacts as
well as the pertaining issues that comes along with the ever growing communications
technology. Lastly, I went through the latest emerging mobile communications technology which
are 4G and LTE, their applications and so forth.