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CULTURE OF PEACE
Engr. Misuari A. Abdullah, RED 601 Student
The Six-Point Peace and Development Agenda
1. Continuity of the GPH-MILF Peace Process
through implementation of the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CAB)
2. Closure of the GPH-MNLF Peace Process
3. Continuity of the GPH-CPP/NDF/NPA Peace Process towards a Final Peace
Agreement
4. Closure of the peace agreements with the CPLA and the RPMP-RPA-ABB
5. Development in conflict-affected areas
6. Promotion of the culture of peace and conflict sensitivity in peace building and
development.
CONFLICT
What is conflict? What are its causes? What are its dynamics? How do conflict
develop? Is conflict always destructive? How can conflict be resolved?
Conflict is from the Latin word conflictus which means striking together with force. It
occurs when ones actions or beliefs are unacceptable to- and, are, hence resisted
by the other (Forsyth, 1990). Conflicts occur in dyads, groups or larger societal
structures.
CAUSES OF CONFLICT
INTANGIBLE CAUSES
One major cause of conflict in
Mindanao is bigotry and
intolerance. Gen. Angelo
T.
Reyes
SOUTHCOM
Commander,
MEDCO
Meeting 1999, Davao City
Bigotry:
maling
paratang
Intolerance: kulang sa
pagunawa at pasensya
Discrimination
refers
to
negative
actions
toward
members of a specific social
group that may be manifested
in avoidance, aversion or even
violence (Franzoi, 1986).
Stereotype refers to the
negative opinion about a
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Typology of Violence
Level Personal
Form of Violence
Direct/ Physical
Suicide
Drug abuse
Structural/
Powerlessness
economic/ political
Interpersonal/community
Socio-cultural/
Alienation
psychological
Low self-esteem
Anxiety
Ecological
Overconsumption
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Domestic violence
Violent crimes
Local inequalities
Poverty
Hunger
Prejudice
Enemy images
Cultural domination
Racism. Sexism
Religious intolerance
Overconsumption
Pollution
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This recognizes that the meaning of a conflict depends largely on the context out of
which it arises. The attitudes the parties have towards one another are shaped by
previous relationships. The behaviour they adopt is not purely reactive but is based
on their memory of what has happened in the past, and expectations of what may
happen in the future.
The context of conflict includes the society in conflict and the wider international
and regional level. Within the society, crucial background aspects are culture,
governance arrangements, institutions, social roles, norms, the rules and codes in
place in a society, and its path of development. For example, in conflicts involving
ethnicity, minorities or challenges to state structures, it is the very structure of the
state that is at issue. As globalisation proceeds, local conflicts are inevitably
influenced by wider economic and political forces. These have tended to strengthen
trade investment and technological networks in some areas of the world, but also to
marginalise other areas such as Philippines.
Relationships involve the whole fabric of interaction within the society in which the
conflict takes place as well as beyond to other societies. As Lederach (1997) argues,
these relational aspects of conflict are crucial. Poor relationships between groups
are all too often a trigger for conflict, and remain a critical hindrance to
peacebuilding efforts after the violence is over.
Memories are part of each partys socially constructed understanding of the
situation, shaped by culture and learning, and discourse and belief. The way groups
remember and construct their past is often central to the mobilization for conflict,
and thus a crucial matter to address in reconciliation and cultural traditions work.
Context, relationships and memories are all part of the tissue connecting the
contradictions, attitudes and behaviours in the conflict formations, within the wider
background in space and time.
Transformers of Conflict
Type
1.
context
transformations
2.
structure
transformations
3.
transformations
4.
transformations
5. personal/ elite
transformations
Examples
change in the international or regional environment
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the state/society level. Actor and issue transformations take place at the conflict
party and elite levels. Personal transformations demand competencies on the
individual level.
The transformation types can also be connected to the different parts of conflict
formation.
Context, structural and issue transformations all affect the context and
contradictions at the heart of the conflict.
Actor and personal transformations particularly affect attitudes and memory,
behaviour and relationships. These in turn, of course, are interrelated.
Finally, these different types of transformation further relate to the phases of
conflicts and the timing of intervention. Context and structural changes tend to take
place over a longer timescale, and affect the setting of the conflict; the other types
of transformations occur more rapidly and sequentially, as part of the dynamics of
the conflict. The sequencing of changes varies with each peace process depending
on the logic of the situation. Only in the very simplest conflicts is conflict
transformation likely to be a rapid or immediate process. More typically, it is slow
and tortuous with turning points usually followed by sticking points. This makes the
evaluation of individual measures extremely difficult.
HISTORY AND UPDATES ON THE PEACE PROCESS BETWEEN
GOVERNMENT (GRP) AND MORO ISLAMIC LIBERATION FRONT (MILF)
THE
Questions:
1. What is the Moro Problem?
2. How did it come about?
They are not happy being FilipinosThe following are the different faces of their
sentiments through the course of time
1924 The letter of some Moro leaders to the US Congress
1935 The setter of Hadji Bogabong, Kali sa Onayan & 119 Datus, Hadjis, Imams &
Kalis of Lanao to the President of the United States
1961 Congressman Ombra Amilbangsa filed a bill in the House of Representatives
declaring and recognizing the independence of Sulu
1968 The Muslim Independence Movement (MIM) wanted to establish an Islamic
state in places resided by Muslims, such as Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga,
Zamboanga City, Basilan, Lanao, Sulu, and Palawan
1971 Mindanao Crisis: Fighting between Moro and Settler civilians. Fighting
between Moro and Settler politicians. The occurrence of several massacres to Moros
in Manili, in Cotabato, in Kauswagan, and in Lanao del Norte
The Destruction and Cost of War:
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President
Period
Ferdinand Marcos Jr
Cory Aquino
Fidel Ramos
Joseph Estrada
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Benigno Aquino III
1965-1986
1986-1992
1992-1988
1998-2001
2001-2010
2010-2016
Total Cost of War
Death Toll
100,000
128
450
1700
1,859
649
104,786
Economic
Cost
P288.4 B
P105 B
P98.2 B
P55.9 B
P0.503B
P39.1 B
P587.1
CEASEFIRE IMPLEMENTATION
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ANCESTRAL DOMAIN
Divided into 4 strands:
Concept
Territory
Resources
Governance
Problem with territory:
Bangsamoro historic right
Current realities on the ground
Lumad communities
Property rights of migrant/settler communities
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT-1
Malaysia continues role as 3rd Party Facilitator and International Monitoring
Team (IMT) Head
OIC countries (e.g. Brunei, Libya) remain committed to assisting peace
process
Implementation of Phase 1 of WB-led Mindanao Trust Fund (MTF) focused on
capacity-building
Canada, New Zealand and Australia have started to support MTF Phase 1
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT-2
Parallel commitment from Islamic Development Bank (IDB) to assist in
reconstruction efforts in the CAAs
Japan participates in IMT to head socio-economic development aspect of IMT
work; complementary focused development assistance in CAAs
Swedish Government participation in IMT
UN World Food Program inclusion of CAAs as project beneficiaries
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PEACE
POSITIVE PEACE
NEGATIVE PEACE
Ecological
Violence
Socio-cultural
Violence
Structural
Violence
Direct Violence
VIOLENCE
Negative Peace is the absence of direct/ violence (physical, verbal, and
psychological) between individual, groups, and governments. It can be achieved
through:
Managing interpersonal and organizational conflict in order to control,
contain, and reduce actual and potential violence.
Reducing the incidence of war by eliminating the extreme dangers of the war
system and limiting war through international crisis management.
Preventing war through strategic deterrence and arms control
Positive Peace is the presence of conditions of well being and just relationship:
social, economic, political, and ecological.
Pillars of positive peace
Low levels of corruption
High levels of human capital (education, health)
Free-flow of information
Good relations with neighbours
Acceptance of the rights of others
Sound business environment
Equitable distribution of resources
Well-functioning government
Violence
Violence is not only limited to purely physical violence and that it could take on
many forms which are not necessarily physical in nature. As long as the intent of the
one doing the violent act is to do harm, whether physical, mental, emotional,
psychological or spiritual.
Direct Violence: e.g. War, torture, child and woman and abuse
Structural Violence: poverty, hunger
Socio-cultural Violence: racism, sexism, religious intolerance
Ecological Violence: pollution, overconsumption
Goals on Conflict Transformation
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Personal: Minimize destructive effects of social conflict and maximize the potential
for growth and well-being in the person as an individual human being at physical,
emotional, intellectual, and spiritual levels. (I.e. To reflexively process oneself in an
impending conflict and to address it peacefully and facilitating the development of
measures that would prevent its recurrence while strengthening positive
relationships.)
Relational:
Minimize
poorly
functioning
communication
and
maximize
understanding. Bring out and work with fears and hopes related to emotions and
interdependence in the relationship. (i.e. To acknowledge those of other religions or
tribes as different but as equals.)
Structural: Understand and address root causes and social conditions that give rise
to violent and other harmful expressions of conflict. Promote nonviolent
mechanisms that reduce adversarial confrontation and that minimize and ultimately
eliminate violence. Foster the development of structures to meet basic human
needs (substantive justice) and to maximize participation of people in decisions that
affect their lives (procedural justice). (i.e. To promote gender balance and gender
responsiveness in the workplace.)
Cultural: Identify and understand the cultural patterns that contribute to the rise of
violent expressions of conflict. Identify and build upon resources and mechanisms
within a cultural setting for constructively responding to and handling conflict. (i.e.
Formation of a Tri-People Peace Council of Elders to address inter-ethnic conflict.)
5 STYLES OF RESPONDING TO CONFLICT
CULTURE OF PEACE
TOWARDS
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Culture of Peace
It always makes human being stronger and more prepared for living.
Conflict is Embedded in all Relationships:
Present not only in human
relationship, but also to different social, economic, and political structures. Since it
is in every relationship, it makes the parties adjust to each other.
Conflict Prevention: It aims to prevent the surfacing of violent behavior by
applying various precautionary measures.
Conflict Settlement: It aims to end violent behavior by reaching peace
agreement.
Conflict Resolution: It aims to prevent the outbreak of violent conflict. It
addresses the causes of conflict and seeks to build new and lasting relationships
between hostile groups.
Conflict Management: It aims to limit and avoid future violence by promoting
positive behavioral changes in the parties involved. It recognizes that conflict is ongoing and has to be dealt with. While it is true that too much conflict or recurring
conflict can be destructive, if handled properly, it can be constructive, leading to
greater clarity, awareness and harmony. This is based on the assumption that we
can control conflict. This goes beyond conflict resolution.
Conflict Transformation: Conflict Transformation is to envision and respond to the
ebb and flow of social conflict as life-giving opportunities for creating constructive
change processes that reduce violence, increase justice in direct interaction and
social structures, and respond to real-life problems in human relationships. (John
Paul Lederach, The Little Book of Conflict Transformation)
Peacekeeping: Common term for various type of activity to resolve conflict, to
prevent conflict escalation, to uphold law and order in a conflict zone, to conduct
humanitarian actions, to restore social and political institutions whose functioning
has been disrupted by the conflict, and to restore basic conditions for daily living.
Peacemaking: This is best understood as a close relative of preventive diplomacy,
involving the same range of methods: negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or agreements, or other
peaceful means - but applied after a dispute has crossed the threshold into armed
conflict.
Peacebuilding: Peacebuilding refers to long-term preventive, pre-hostility
strategies, for measures to remove the internal causes and to strengthen structural
stability.
It is the employment of measures to consolidate peaceful relations and create an
environment, which deters the emergence or escalation of, tensions which may lead
to conflict.
It also refers to post-hostility actions, military and civilian, taken to forestall future
eruptions by strengthening structures capable of consolidating a political
settlement. Some measures are likely to be identical to pre-conflict peacebuilding.
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Culture of Peace
Culture is the way any groups of people live, think, feel, organize themselves,
celebrate and share life, and with these factors rooted in systems of values
meanings and world view, which are expressed visibly in languages, gestures,
symbols, rituals, and styles.
As a way of life, it becomes a basic living pattern by which a group of people can
design their collective consciousness and behavior as a community within and in
relating with other groups of people and cultures in their environment.
On the other hand we see and understand PEACE not just simply as a concept but
as a whole reality to live by within us. a way of life practiced in different levels of
relationships in a community.
-
The first definition relates to individuals (and is often a gift). The next is experienced
in small groups and for short periods of time (cooperation is neither always
desirable nor feasible). The third requires a radical change in human nature.
Module 4
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Culture of Peace
Peace is not just the absence of conflict for conflict is an inevitable fact of daily life
internal, interpersonal, inter-group and international levels of relationship. It
consists of creatively dealing with conflict, thus, it is also a way of developing
alternatives to violence as a means to resolving human and structural violence.
Peace is more than the absence of war or overt silence. It is also the realization of
justice where respect for fundamental rights and freedom of persons is
experienced. Working for peace is working for the kind of relationship among
persons, groups and institutions (social, political, economic, cultural, educational)
that promotes the WELL-BEING and development of all persons, thereby,
enhancing the very culture of any individual and community. Such well-being
includes basic human necessities such as food, clothing, shelter and capabilities
development.
Peace is Justice and Development: If we take the traditional definition of justice
as giving ach person his/her due, we have to ask further what is due to a human
person; what are his/her basic human rights and what are the requirements to full
human development. Here, we wish to present four basic components comprising
both the meaning of justice and of human development in the context of defining
PEACE:
COMPONENTS
OF
JUSTICE
Sufficient Life
Goods:
Food,
shelter,
clothing, healthcare,
skills
development,
work
(economic
rights)
Dignity / Esteem:
Recognizing,
affirming and calling
forth the value /
uniqueness of each
person
and
each
people
(cultural
rights)
Participation:
The
right
of
individuals
and
peoples
to
shape
their own destinies
(political rights)
CHRISTIAN
BASIS
The earth is the
lords, it is for
the use of all;
stewardship
ISLAMIC BASIS
STAGES
OF
DEVELOPMENT
God has created man Security
and made him the (concern
for
successor of the land. survival
He made man the
master of nature.
Each person is
created in the
image
and
likeness of God
Man
has,
accepted
nature
as
a
trust
(Amana) and a theatre
for his moral struggle.
By accepting the trust
he has showed his
willingness to serve
Gods purpose.
Solidarity:
We are created Unity of purpose and
The
corresponding in the image of action,
mutual
duty
to
promote God Who is a helpfulness
and
these rights with and Trinity
working together are
Each person is
called by Jesus
to help build
His Kingdom in
our world
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Self-worth
(concern
personal
recognition)
for
Self
Determination
(concern
for
control
over
ones life)
Interdependen
ce
(concern
for
others)
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CULTURE
OF PEACE, therefore, is a way of life that must be a conscious CHOICE and EFFORT
through personal, interpersonal, inter-group, inter-cultural, inter-faith dialogue,
international and global cooperation.
What present peace interventions are being done by your government agency to
help bring about a culture of peace to:
Interventions
Self
Public Sector
Mindanao
Challenges
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Why peaceful?