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CHAPTER 3
TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER -DESIGN CONCEPTS
3.1
INTRODUCTION
The
purpose
of a transmission line
tower
is
to
from
each other.
towers
cost
principles
and
towers
(1977),
TOWER CONFIGURATION
Depending upon the requirements of the transmission
system,
ranging
vertical
in
all
on
15
2.
The
3.
4.
of
the
dynamic
between
required
from
behaviour
of
The
minimum
clearance of the
lowest
conductor
essentially
by three factors:
3.3
(a)
Tower height.
(b)
Base-width.
(c)
Top hamper-width.
top
conductor (h4).
Thus the total height of tower is given by :
H= h1+h2+h3+h4
Figure 3.1 shows the parameters h3, h2, h3 and
in a transmission line tower.
h4
16
[Source: Reference(37)J
17
3.4
CLEARANCES
3.4.1
General Remarks
issued
Ground Clearance
Indian
Clause
77
the
voltage
of
the
line
exceeds
33,000
volts.
The
Horizontal Clearance
Clause
stipulates
nearest
based
80(2)
that
the
of Indian electricity
rules
horizontal
between
clearance
maximum
deflection due to
wind
(1956)
shall
pressure.
in
Table
the
be
It
3.2,
18
66
5490
132
220
6100
1
|
400
7016
8840
19
a.
b.
..........
1.219 m
c.
20
3.5
3.5.1
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
size
and type of
conductor,
wind,
for
and
tension.
consideration.
Span length
is
fixed
climatic
conductor
from
economic
occurs
The
minimum
two
based
on
Conductor
external
percentage
tension
load
of
at 32
shall
Centigrade
not
exceed
conductor.
i)
Initial unloaded tension
ii) Final unloaded tension
(90F)
the
without
following
strength
of
35 percent
25 percent
the
21
In
the
maximum
strength of
the
made
for
final
stroke
direct
Ground wire provides protection against
of lightening. It intercepts the direct lightning
strokes
and
conducts
the charge to
the
nearest
ground
connections.
The height and location of overhead ground
wires shall be such that the line joining the ground wire
to
the outer most conductor shall make
angles
of
approximately 20 to 30 degrees with the vertical. The angle
is called shield angle.
approaches
advisable
considerations.
conductor
On
spacing,
to keep smaller
angles
use of two
earth
from
economic
having
wires
it
wide
provide
better protection.
3.5.3
mid-span
conductor,
before
through
the
22
to
maintain
greater
span
the
wind
separation
ensured
ground
the
conductors
Spacing of Conductors
partly
which
are
and
the
spacing,
because
smaller
when
conductor,
23
Span
(m)
299
300
5500
400
7000
600
8500
especially
made
of aluminium, having a
small
weight
in
swing
phase)
wires,
there
swinging
is
always a possibility
non-synchronously,
maximum
are
the
of
the
and
conductor
conductor
small
and
factors,
the
which
apart,
in
use,
spacings,
horizontal
which
and
could
be employed.
vertical,
between
The
spacings,
conductors
both
commonly
width
panel)
one
corner
physical
size,
of
the
the
the
Type of tower
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Vertical spacing
between
conductors
(mm)
Horizontal
spacing between
conductors
(mm)
66 kV single circuit
A(0-2)
B(2-30)
C(30-60)
1030
1030
1220
4040
4270
4880
66 kV Double Circuit
A(0-2)
B(2-30)
C(30-60)
2170
2060
2440
4270
4880
6000
4200
4200
4200
4200
7140
6290
7150
8820
3965
3965
3965
4270
7020
7320
7320
8540
5200
5250
6700
7800
8500
10500
12600
14000
220 kV Double
Circuit
A(0-2)
B(2-15)
C( 15-30)
D(30-60)
5200
5200
5200
6750
9900
10100
10500
12600
7800
7800
7800
8100
12760
12640
14000
16200
2b
the
of
torsional
on
TYPES OF TOWER
Classification according to Number of Circuits
The
transmission
conductor
and single circuit transmission
lines,
a
triangular arrangement of conductors. Single circuit lines,
particularly
400 kV and above, generally employ
a
horizontal arrangement of conductors. The number of ground
wires used on the line depends on the iso-ceraunic level of
the area, importance of the line and the angle of
desired.
coverage
27
3.6.2
their use,
support. A
straight-
ensure
designs
in
conductor
loads.
ice,
the
Thus,
and
the
greatest
design
of
tangent
traverses
ninety
broken
percent
of
tower.
provides
the
engineer
to
Angle towers
Angle towers, sometimes called semi-anchor towers, are
used
than
(Figure
transverse
tension
load
induced
3.2).
from
As
the
they
must
components
by this angle, in
greater
resist
of
addition
the
a
line
to
the
by
site
conditions,
or
influenced
that
bisects
by
a
the
28
9
T
P,
Tension in conductor
a Transverse load due to component of
29
Theoretically,
different
towers,
different
but
line
angles
is
require
limiting
cost
of a tower line.
However,experience
shownthat the
following angle
suitable for most of the lines:
1. Light
angle - 2 to
towers
are
has
generally
15
2. Medium angle - 15 to 30
3. Heavy
angle - 30 to 60
the
are
for
the
(Part
I)-1977
recommends
the
above
encountered.
of
30
2
The
introduction
of a
15
tower
would
effect
sizable economy.
3.7
3.7.1
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
General Remarks
Transmission
line
tower
consists
of
linear
as
space
truss.
A space
truss
is
by
is
3-D
30
assemblage
hinges.
of
Space
joined
the
by
following
assumptions:
1.
The
influence of gusseted
connection
transmitting moment is neglected.
2.
Leg
members
are
in
assumed
The use
has
enabled
the
computer
program.
idealization
Figure
consisting
3.3
of
shows
the
foundation
space
leg
the
truss
members,
requirements
fewer equations.
is
leads
used
force and
the local
31
>?1'0h-(6
800416
32
shown
in
Figure
3.4. The
member
{*i)
(3.1)
E*jJ {**}
Where
{Xi>T = (XiL,
{6L)
ZiL,
(3.2)
= (UiL,ViL,WiL,UiR,ViR,WiR)
(3.3)
[*]
Ei Ai
10
0-1
-10
(3.4)
In equation (3.4)
and
indicate the modulus of
elasticity and length of the i*"*1 member respectively.
The
stiffness
in
the
co
ordinate
stiffness
equation
Then
generated
the total
structure
bysuperimposing
the
[K]
{d} =
(L)
(3.5)
Where
{d>
=Nodal
displacement
vector
{L}
referred
33
34
[K]
[K]
In
equation
matrix
and
member
stiffness
Equation
n
S
i=l
[Ti]T [ki]
(3.6),
(T3
[ TjJ
the
is
(3.5)
with
(d)
the
respect to
(3. C)
transformation
superimposing
members.
nodal
the
the
Solving
displacement
vector.
(K)-1 (L)
(3.7)
[Ki]"1 (L)
(3.8)
then
(di)
where
(di)
= Nodal
displacement
vector
of
the
ith
member
The
member
nodal
displacement
vector {<5^}
of
i th
the
(LCS)
is
{Si> = [Ti]
{Xj_} =
(3.9)
{dL)
[CL] (L)
nodal
force
(3.10)
Where
[Ci]
= [kiHTiHKi] -1
(3.11)
35
3.8
TOWER DESIGN
3.8.1
General Remarks
members
with
a view to fixing
up
their
sizes.
and
and
tensile
Bracing Systems
Once the width of the tower at the top and also the
level at which the batter should start are determined, the
next step is to select the system of braces. The following
bracing systems are usually adopted for transmission line
towers.
(i)
particularly
girders
66 kV
little
of
3b
The
points.
members
single
web system, it
is
apparent
and
adopted
can
be
economically
the
lower
system
Pratt system
This
diagonal
horizontal
cross
braces
and in
contains
addition,
it
has
subjected
to
one
braces
It is often economical
to
use
panels
and
Portal system
The diagonals are necessarily designed for
tension
and compression, and therefore,
arrangement provides more stiffness than the
both
this
Pratt
37
the
diagonals
Like
the
Pratt
the
the
is
and the
bracing
arrangement
The
leg
and
share
the
web
the
reducing
the advantages
of
mass
production methods.
3.8.3
the
and
minimum
adopted
judgement,
are
present
practice is not to
allow
angle
leg
38
Longitudinal face
Transverse face
Reference(37)3
39
cross-arm
braces
and
almost
all
though
stress requirements.
main
the
size,
adequate
from
the
redundant members.
(b)
in
specifies
overhead
the
transmission
minimum
line
thicknesses
towers,
which
is
3.9
of
transmission
3.6.
CONCLUSION
The various aspects described in this chapter
have
based
used
the
implementation
of
these
have
program.
practical
been
Without
requirements,
40
Painted
Other members
41
150
200
250
Tension members
350