1

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Through history, humans had a thirst for knowledge and development. From
the beginning of human kind, the discoveries made by our race have shaped our
future forever. We have always wanted to know why things happen and why we
always want to push the boundaries of what are possible. This has led to some of
the greatest discoveries man had in different fields of endeavors.
Glue has been an important material at home, at school and at office. Most of
the commercially available glue is claiming to be non-toxic. However, it is still
uncertain of this claim since they contain preservatives that may harm both the user
and the environment.
Casein, a protein obtained from milk, has been long proven to play an
important role in the production of glue. It can be obtained from milk by means of
adding vinegar into the milk. The curd formed from the reaction is mixed with baking
soda. The produced glue from milk may vary in consistency depending upon the
amount of milk, and other raw materials used. Other research conducted claims that
glue made from milk casein is waterproof and can be used for bottle labeling and
cigarette packaging.
However, fresh milk is known for its richness in calcium and thus its
importance for the bones. Aside from this, it also contains more than 9 other
essential nutrients. It contains proteins that are important to fight diseases, renew
cells, build muscles and maintain healthy hair and nails, carbohydrates which gives

energy to the body, minerals and vitamins that are essential for good health, for
stronger bones, for more energy, for a stronger immune system and for healthier
skin, and fatty acids which are important for body cells, as long as they are taken in
moderate

quantities

(http://www.nestle-family.com/nutrition-for-all/english/why-is-

milk-good-for-your-health_505427.aspx, Retrieved August 25, 2016).

It is within this context that the researchers tried exploring the possibility of
utilizing old or spoiled milk, which is usually thrown as waste because it may cause
diarrhea and food poisoning, to produce strong natural glue by employing the
principle of recycling. Hence, this study was undertaken.

Statement of the Problem

The study has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of using old and
spoiled milk as raw material in the production of natural glue.
Specifically, it attempted to answer the following question:
1. Can old and spoiled milk be combined with other raw materials to produce
strong natural glue?
2. What is the degree of acceptability of the glue made out of old and spoiled
milk to consumers in terms of:
a. appearance;
b. viscosity;
c. smell, and
d. adhesive strength?
3. Is the produced natural glue cheaper than the commercially available glue?
Basic Assumptions
1. That old and spoiled milk can be combined with other raw materials in to
produce natural glue.

2. That the produced glue has high degree of acceptability to consumers in

terms of appearance, viscosity, smell and adhesive strength.
3. That the glue from old and spoiled milk is cheaper than its commercial
counterpart.
.Objectives of the Study
1. To determine the effectiveness of old and spoiled milk as raw material in the
production of natural glue.
2. To assess the degree of consumers acceptability on the produced glue in
terms of tear appearance, viscosity, smell, and adhesive strength.
3. To conduct cost benefit analysis to compare the cost of production of the
natural glue made out of old and spoiled milk and the commercially available
glue.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is deemed beneficial to the following groups of
people:
To Glue Manufacturers. They will be provided with cheap alternative raw
materials in the production of glue which help them minimize their expenditures
while increasing their profits;
To Environmental Advocates. The result of this study will support their
advocacy of reducing environmental pollution by employing the principles of
recycling.

To the Society. If this product is found to be effective, then old and spoiled
milk which is usually thrown away will turn out an economic resource that would
contribute to the economic well-being of the society; and
To Future Researchers. Other researchers would be encouraged to discover
economic benefits from other potential raw materials.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study dealt with the creation of a domestic product out of old and spoiled
milk. Other necessary raw materials of minimal proportions were used to bring
about the desired product.
Results of the study were delimited to the feasibility of the external use of the
produced natural glue which has been tested by consumers via the Consumer
Acceptability Survey. It was extended by comparing the cost of production of the
natural glue to its commercial counterpart through cost benefit analysis.

Conceptual Framework
The study focused on determining the potential use of old or spoiled milk as
raw material in the production of strong natural glue. Few people have explored the
possibilities of using this material in combination with other raw materials to create a
useful product.
This study made use of the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model of goal
accomplishment. The primary input in the study is the old or spoiled milk and

secondarily, other raw materials necessary to create a domestic product in the form
of natural glue.
The process involved the production of glue from old milk, white vinegar,
baking soda and water. Quality testing of the produced glue in comparison with the
commercial glue was done via the Consumers Acceptability Survey. To determine
its comparative advantage in terms of cost of production, cost benefit analysis had
been undertaken.
As a result, the researchers were able to produce a strong natural glue with
old or spoiled milk as its main raw material.
To conclude the flow of the paradigm and for proper assessment of the entire
study, the feedback through a broken line was sent back to the input and the
process for suggestions to be made from the results of the study.
To understand the conceptual framework of the study, a paradigm is
presented on the next page.

Oil or INPUT
Spoiled Milk
White Vinegar

PROCESS
Production
of Natural
Glue

Baking Soda

Consumers
Acceptability Survey

Water

Cost Benefit Analysis

OUTPUT
Strong Natural Glue

FEEDBACK
Figure 1
Research Paradigm

Definition of Terms
To have a better perspective of the contents of the study, some of the terms
are hereby defined either authoritatively or operationally as follows:
Adhesive Strength. The term refers to the ability of an adhesive to stick to a
surface and bond two surfaces together (https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/
49/adhesive-strength). As used in this study, the term refers to the ability of the glue
to bond two surfaces of bond papers.
Appearance. The term refers to the way that someone, or something, looks
(http://www.yourdictionary.com/appearance). As used in this study, the term means
the visual perception of the survey respondents as to the color and overall look of
the natural glue under study.
Curds. The term refers to a substance consisting mainly of casein and the
like, obtained from milk by coagulation (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/curd). As

used in this study, the term refers to the solid that remained a mixture of old or
spoiled milk and vinegar was heated. This was used in the production of natural
glue.
Natural Glue. The term refers to a strong liquid adhesive obtained by boiling
collagenous animal parts such a bones, hides and hooves into a hard gelatin and
then adding water (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/glue). As used in this study, the
term refers to the product made from old and spoiled milk, white vinegar, baking
powder and water and used as adhesive.
Sample A. The term refers to the natural glue produced from the combination
of old or spoiled milk, white vinegar, baking soda, and water.
Sample B. The term refers to the commercial glue (Elmers glue) which was
used to compare the characteristics of the produced glue from its commercial
counterpart.
Smell. The term refers to the quality of odor or scent perceived by the nose
through the process of smelling (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/smell). As used
in this study, the term refers to the scent or odor of the glue samples as perceived
by the respondents.
Viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid corresponds to the informal concept of
"thickness", resistance of a fluid to a change in shape, or movement of neighboring
portions relative to one another (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity). Viscosity
denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is called the fluidity, a
measure of the ease of flow. Molasses, for example, has a greater viscosity
than water. Because part of a fluid that is forced to move carries along to some

extent adjacent parts, viscosity may be thought of as internal friction between the
molecules; such friction opposes the development of velocity differences within a
fluid (http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic /630428/viscosity). As used in
this study, the term refers to the measure of how the sample glues flow and felt on
the hands of the survey respondents.
Whey.

The

term

refers

to

the

liquid

remaining

been curdled and strained.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

after milk has

This chapter presents the literature and studies related to the

present study and believed to be of significant in providing background
as a guide to the researchers in conceptualizing, discussing and
interpreting the data of the study.

Related Literature
Glue is a sticky material, usually a liquid, that can stick two or more things
together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oilbased chemicals. The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out
of trees when they are cut. Later people learned to make glue by boiling animal
feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish
bones, rubber or milk (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue, Retrieved on August
25, 2016)..
Simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat flour and water. This glue
will stick pieces of paper together. Many kinds of art can be made using glue.
A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick colored things onto paper.
Some glue can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this
case the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like
materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material
or powders (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue, Retrieved on August 25, 2016).
While many types of glue are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strongsmelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people

10

breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals
are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness. Glue can also be made
from rice or rice flour (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue, Retrieved on August
25, 2016).
Adhesive may

be

used

interchangeably

with glue, cement, mucilage,

or paste (Pike, 2013), and is any substance applied to one surface, or both
surfaces, of two separate items that binds them together and resists their
separation. Adjectives may be used in conjunction with the word adhesive to
describe properties based on the substance's physical or chemical form, the type of
materials joined, or conditions under which it is applied (Kinloch, 1987).
The use of adhesives offers many advantages over binding techniques such
as sewing, mechanical fastening, thermal bonding, etc. These include the ability to
bind different materials together, to distribute stress more efficiently across the joint,
the cost effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, an improvement in
aesthetic design, and increased design flexibility. Disadvantages of adhesive use
include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in bonding large
objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating
objects during testing. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion.
These are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refer to
whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden. Alternatively they can be
organized by whether the raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin, or by their
starting physical phase (Kinloch, 1987).

11

Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The earliest

human use of adhesive-like substances was approximately 200,000 years ago. The
first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in approximately 2000 BCE.
The Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of
adhesives. In Europe, glue was not widely used until the period 15001700 CE.
From then until the 1900s increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively
gradual. Only since the last century has the development of synthetic adhesives
accelerated rapidly and innovation in the field continues to the present (Mazza, et
al, 2006).
The birch-bark-tar adhesive is a simple, one-component adhesive. Although
sticky enough, plant-based adhesives are brittle and vulnerable to environmental
conditions. The first use of compound adhesives was discovered in Sibudu, South
Africa. Here, 70,000-year-old stone segments that were once inserted in axe hafts
were discovered covered with an adhesive composed of plant gum and red ochre
(natural iron oxide) as adding ochre to plant gum produces a stronger product and
protects the gum from disintegrating under wet conditions (Wadley, et al, 2009). The
ability to produce stronger adhesives allowed middle stone age humans to attach
stone segments to sticks in greater variations, which led to the development of new
tools (Wadley, 2010).
More recent examples of adhesive use by prehistoric humans have been
found at the burial sites of ancient tribes. Archaeologists studying the sites found
that approximately 6,000 years ago the tribesmen had buried their dead together

12

with food found in broken clay pots repaired with tree resins (Ebnesajjad,
2010). Another investigation by archaeologists uncovered the use of bituminous
cements to fasten ivory eyeballs to statues in Babylonian temples dating to
approximately 4000 BCE (Mittal & Pizzi, 2003).
In 2000, a paper revealed the discovery of a 5,200-year-old man nicknamed
the "Tyrolean Iceman" or "tzi", who was preserved in a glacier near the AustriaItaly border. Several of his belongings were found with him including two arrows
with flint arrowheads and a copper hatchet, each with evidence of organic glue used
to connect the stone or metal parts to the wooden shafts. The glue was analyzed
as pitch, which requires the heating of tar during its production. The retrieval of this
tar requires a transformation of birch bark by means of heat, in a process known as
pyrolysis (Sauter, 2000).
The development of modern adhesives began in 1690 with the founding of
the first commercial glue plant in Holland. This plant produced glues from animal
hides (Mittal & Pizzi, 2003). In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish
glue. The following decades of the next century witnessed the manufacture of
casein glues in German and Swiss factories (Ebnesajjad, 2010). In 1876, the first
US patent (number 183,024) was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of
casein glue (Ross & Ross, 1876).
The 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s witnessed great advances in the development
and production of new plastics and resins due to the First and Second World Wars.
These advances greatly improved the development of adhesives by allowing the

13

use of newly developed materials that exhibited a variety of properties. With

changing needs and ever evolving technology, the development of new synthetic
adhesives continues to the present (Ebnesajjad, 2010). However, due to their low
cost, natural adhesives are still more commonly used ((Mittal & Pizzi, 2003).
Glues are part of a larger family called adhesives. The two classes are
distinguished by the fact that glue comes from organic compounds while adhesives
are chemical-based. Adhering materials called epoxies, caulks, or sealants are also
chemical compounds that have special additives to give them properties suitable for
particular

jobs

or

applications

(http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Glue.html,

Retrieved September 2, 2016).

Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides,
skin, sinew, and other connective tissues from animals could be processed to
remove collagen, the protein in these tissues. The collagen was sticky and was
useful for holding things together. Milk solids, known as casein, and blood albumin
can also be used as a basis for glue. Dried serum from cows' blood yields albumin
that coagulates or clumps together when it is heated and becomes insoluble in
water (http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Glue.html, Retrieved September 2,
2016).
Fish glue was also made from the heads, bones, and skin of fish, but this
glue tended to be too thin and less sticky. By experimenting, early man discovered
that the air bladders of various fish produced much more satisfactory glue that was

14

white

and

tasteless.

It

eventually

was

named

isinglass

or

ichthocol

(http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Glue.html, Retrieved September 2, 2016).

There are three classes of substance that are called glues and that do not
contain chemicals, compounds, or high-tech additives; these are bone glue, hide or
skin glue, and fish glue. Technically, other sticky substances are adhesives, gums,
or cements, although consumers tend to use these terms interchangeably
(http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Glue.html, Retrieved September 2, 2016).
Plants have also been used to produce glues collectively called vegetable
glues. These materials are dispersible or soluble in water and are usually made
from the starches that compose many grains and vegetables. The natural gums
include agar, from colloids in marine plants, algin that is derived from seaweed, and
gum Arabic, an extract of the acacia tree (also known as the gum tree). The
substance called marine glue is used to caulk seams, but it consists of tar or pitch
and is not truly glue (http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Glue.html, Retrieved
September 2, 2016).
Glue

manufacturers

obtain

bones

and

tissues

of

animals

from

slaughterhouses, tanneries, and meat packing companies; it is no coincidence that

the world's largest glue manufacturer is the dairy called Borden Company. The
animal remains that are the raw materials for glue may include ears, tails, scraps of
hide or skin, scrapings from the fleshy sides of hides, tendons, bones, and feet.
Similarly, manufacturers of fish glue obtain bones, heads, scales, and skins of fish

15

from canneries and other processing plants (http://www.madehow.com/Volume5/Glue.html, Retrieved September 2, 2016).
Glue can be made from casein. Casein is the name for a family of
related phosphoproteins. These proteins are commonly found in mammalian milk,
making up 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 45% of the
proteins in human milk (Kunz & Lonnerdal, 1990).
Casein-based
lime and sodium

glues,

formulated

hydroxide were

popular

from
for

casein,

woodworking,

water, hydrated
including

for

aircraft. Casein glue is also used in transformer manufacturing (specifically

transformer board) due to its oil permeability. While largely replaced with synthetic
resins, casein-based glues still have a use in certain niche applications, such as
laminating fireproof doors and the labeling of bottles (Tracto, 2006).

Related Studies
A study conducted by Bayoyo (n.d.) entitled, Adhesive Glue from Camansi
Trunk aimed to produce glue from camansi tree that is found anywhere in the
Philippines. Result showed that there is no significant difference between the glue
from camansi trunk as compared to the commercial glue in terms of color, texture,
odor, drying period and spoiling period. The color of the glue from camansi is off
white but this may be due to lack of advanced equipment to make the color very
white.

16

Umar, et al (n.d.) conducted a study bearing the title, Betel nut (areca
catechu) tannin as an adhesive to determine the amount of tannin yield from betel
nut extract, if the tannin adhesive could substitute the commercial wood glue, and
compared the adhesive strength of the experimental adhesive and commercial
wood glue. Result showed that about 50% of tannin could be produced. The
adhesive was comparable with the commercially produced wood glue. A test for
adhesive strength showed no significant difference among the three adhesives.
Experimental adhesive could bind other materials aside from wood. Based on the
gathered results, the difference of the means before and after exposure to seawater
and tap water between commercial adhesive and experimental mixtures A and B is
less than 1 which showed that there is no significant difference, then the Null
hypothesis was accepted. Therefore, adhesive from betel nut tannin could be an
excellent substitute to commercial and synthesized adhesive.
Tsutomu Noguchi of the Sony Research Center found that the oil from
orange peels would dissolve polystyrene. By using a product called Limoene, that
contains .5% of the orange peel oil Noguchi found that the polystyrene would break
down into a liquid form that created a very strong glue and can be used to create
styrene

pellets

that

go

back

into

the

production

of

more

polystyrene

(http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/20016.aspx, Retrieved
September 2, 2016).
A study bearing the title, Milk Casein as an Alternative Ingredient for Glue
found out that the casein from milk is an effective alternative ingredient in glue

17

making

(https://www.scribd.com/doc/66339864/Investigatory-Project,

Retrieved

September 2, 2016).
The studies of Bayoyo, et al, Umar, et al, and Noguchi bear similarity with the
present study because they all dealt with adhesives. However, they differ in the
materials used in the production of adhesives.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the description of the materials and equipment,
research design, locale of the study, data gathering procedures and the statistical
treatment of the data.

Materials and Equipment

The materials needed in the production of the natural glue are as follows:
500 mL old or spoiled milk, 15 mL white vinegar, 30 g baking soda, and 100 mL
distilled water.

18

The equipment used are the following: graduated cylinder for measuring the
volumes of milk, vinegar, and water; weighing scale for measuring the weight of the
baking soda, stove and pan for cooking the glue, ladle for stirring the glue, basin
and strainer for separating the milk curds from the whey, container for storing the
glue, and commercial glue for comparison of their characteristics.

Research Design
The study made use of the descriptive normative survey method. This was
used to address the problem on the degree of consumers acceptability of the
produced natural glue.
According to Sanchez, this method is used in the description of phenomena
in contrast in ascertaining what caused them and what their values and significance
are. The researchers believe that such methods are the most suited to further the
study because it focuses on the analysis of the perceptions of the respondents as
regard the characteristics of the natural glue made from old or spoiled milk as
compared to the commercial glue.

Research Locale
The study was conducted at San Isidro Central School. The said school is
one of the __ public elementary schools in San Isidro District. It is located at
Barangay __________ in the municipality of San Isidro, Division of Isabela.

Data Gathering Instruments

19

To bring about the desired outcome of the study, the researchers made use
of the following research instruments:
Survey Sheet. The most appropriate instrument to assess feasibility and
marketability of a product is the use of a survey sheet. In this study, a survey sheet
was used to find out the degree of acceptability of the product by the consumers in
terms of appearance, viscosity, smell and adhesive strength.
Informal Interview. To verify and clarify vague answers or responses, an
informal interview was employed to the respondents who took part in the survey.

Data Gathering Procedures

Here is the step by step procedure in the production of natural glue and the
data gathering procedures in order to generate results:

A. Collection and Preparation of Raw Materials

Old and spoiled milk was gathered from residents of San Isidro,
Isabela. The collection was placed in a large clean container and was
refrigerated to arrest its further spoilage. A total of 500 mL were utilized in the
production of natural glue. White vinegar, distilled water and baking soda
were purchased at Santiago City.

B. Preparation of the Equipment in Glue Production

The researchers prepared a medium-sized pan and a stove for
cooking, a ladle for stirring, a basin and a strainer for separating the milk curd
from whey, a graduated cylinder for measuring the volumes of milk, white

20

vinegar and water, and a weighing scale for taking the weight of the baking
soda.

C. Production of Natural Glue

Using a graduated cylinder, 500 mL of old or spoiled milk was
measured. It was placed in a medium-sized pan and was heated until warm.
Fifteen (15) mL of white vinegar was then added to the warm milk. It was
further heated by stirring occasionally until the milk separated from its curds
and whey. Then, the mixture was strained keeping the curds or the solid part.
The curds were then molded into one big slimy ball.
Again, the ball of curds was in a clean pan and 30 g of baking soda
and 100 mL of water was added to it. The mixture was heated up until it
started bubbling. The stove was turned off after achieving the desired
consistency of the glue. The produced glue was allowed to cool before it was
placed in a clean container.

D. Quality Testing of the Produced Glue

The quality and characteristics of the glue produced was tested
through Consumers Acceptability Survey. Twenty individuals in various walks
of life were randomly selected as respondents. They were asked to assess
the quality of the produced glue and compare it with the available glue being
commercially marketed. After which, they were asked to rate the samples in
terms of appearance, viscosity, smell, and adhesive strength using the
prepared survey form (see Appendix on page ____ ).

21

To determine the perceptions of the consumers on the appearance of

the sample glues, 4-point Likert scale was utilized. The point and qualitatively
description is hereby given:
Point

Qualitative Description

Characteristics

Excellent

Extremely good to look at

Good

Good to look at

Poor

Poor appearance

Very Poor

Very poor appearance

To assess the perceptions of the consumers on the viscosity of the

glue samples, 4-point Likert scale was utilized. The point and qualitatively
description is given below:
Point

Qualitative Description

Characteristics

Excellent

Extremely good viscosity

Good

Good viscosity

Poor

Poor viscosity

Very Poor

Very poor viscosity

To know the perceptions of the consumers on the smell of the sample

glues, 4-point Likert scale was utilized. The point and qualitatively description
is hereby given:
Point

Qualitative Description

Characteristics

Excellent

Extremely good smell

Good

Good smell

Poor

Poor smell

22

Very Poor

Very poor smell

To assess the perceptions of the consumers on the adhesive strength

of the glue samples, 4-point Likert scale was utilized. The point and
qualitatively description is given on the next page.

Point

Qualitative
Description

Characteristics

Excellent

Extremely strong adhesive strength

Good

Strong adhesive strength

Poor

Poor adhesive strength

Very Poor

Very poor adhesive strength

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered from the survey were processed using the weighted
mean. The range and qualitative description is presented below:

Range

Qualitative
Description

Characteristics

3.26 4.00

Excellent

Extremely good to look at, Extremely good viscosity,

Extremely good smell, Extremely strong adhesive strength

2.51 3.25

Good

Good to look at, Good viscosity, Good smell, Strong

adhesive strength

1.76 2.50

Poor

Poor appearance, Poor viscosity, Poor smell, Poor

adhesive strength

1.00 1.75

Very Poor

Very poor appearance, Very poor viscosity, Very poor smell,

Very poor adhesive strength

23

Cost Benefit Analysis

In order to answer problem number 4, the researchers conducted cost
benefit analysis. The amount incurred in the production of natural glue was
compared to the cost of purchasing commercial glue. Result of the analysis is
presented in Table 3 on page 27.
Flowchart of General Procedures

Collection and Preparation of Raw Materials

Production of Natural Glue

Quality Testing through Consumers Acceptability Survey

Cost Benefit Analysis

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Conclusion

Recommendations

Figure 2
Flowchart of General Procedures

24

Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter elucidates in tabular form the data gathered. Analysis after
every result is presented in this chapter.

Table 1
Combination of Old and Spoiled Milk with Other Raw Materials
in the Production of Natural Glue
Raw Materials

Quantity

Old and Spoiled Milk

500 mL

White Vinegar

15 mL

Water

100 mL

Baking Soda

30 g
Volume = 600 mL

Table 1 shows the raw materials combined in the production of natural glue.
It reveals that to produce a 600 mL volume of natural glue, 500 mL old or spoiled
milk, 15 mL white vinegar, 100 mL water, and 30 g of baking soda were used.

25

Table 2
Result of the Consumers Acceptability Survey as to Appearance, Viscosity,
Smell and Adhesive Strength

Adhesive
Strength
A
B

1. Elementary School Principal

2. Businesswoman

3. Farmer

4. Barangay Secretary

5. Housewife

6. Dentist

7. Sari-sari Store Owner

8. Nurse

9. Elementary School Teacher

10. Pharmacist

11. College Student

12. Policeman

13. Elementary School Pupil

14. High School Student

15. Punong Barangay

16. High School Teacher

17. Fish Vendor

18. Carpenter

19. Tricycle Driver

20. Fish Vendor

3.45

3.75

3.50

3.90

3.15

3.60

3.85

4.00

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Consumers

Weighted Mean

Appearance

Viscosity

Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Interpretation
Legend: A Natural Glue from Old/Spoiled Milk

Smell

B Commercial Glue

26

The result of the Consumers Acceptability Survey is presented in Table 2 in

the previous page. It can be gleaned from the table that consumers had high degree
of acceptance on the produced natural glue as evidenced by the Excellent results in
appearance (3.45), viscosity (3.50) and adhesive strength (3.85) and very good in
smell (3.15). The commercial glue has higher weighted means across all the four
characteristics surveyed but the Likert Scale shows that their qualitative
descriptions were more or less the same, except for smell. This is an indication of
consumers high degree of acceptance of the glue produced from old and spoiled
milk when marketed or sold.

Figure 3
Graphical Representation of the Weighted Means of the
Consumers Acceptability Survey

4
3.5
3
2.5
A

1.5
1
0.5
0
APPEARANCE

VISCOSITY

Legend:
A Natural Glue from Old Milk
B Commercial Glue

SMELL

ADHESIVE STRENGTH

27

Table 3
Cost Benefit Analysis
Materials

Material
Prices (in
Php)

Old and Spoiled

Milk

Amount
Needed

Actual Cost of
Materials Used
(in Php)

500 mL

Php 5.00
(for collecting)

White Vinegar

Php18.00 per
350 mL.

15 mL

Php 0.77

Baking Soda

Php15.00 per
50 g.

30 g.

Php 9.00

Water

Php 10.00 per

330 mL

100 mL

Php 3.03

Labor and
Packaging
Total

Cost of
Commercial
Glue (in Php)

Elmers Glue

Php 20.00
600 mL

Total Cost of Production of 100 mL

Php 37.80
Php 6.30

Php 30.00

Table 3 presents the comparison of the cost of production of the natural glue
and the selling price of its commercial counterpart (Elmers glue). It reveals that
P37.80 was the cost of production of 600 mL natural glue from old and spoiled milk.
The table further reveals that 100 mL of the produced glue costs Php6.30 while a
100 mL Elmers glue costs P30.00. This indicates that the produced glue is P23.70
or 79% cheaper than the commercial glue.

Figure 4

28

Comparison of the Costs of Production (in Philippine peso) of the Natural

Glue and Commercial Glue

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
NATURAL GLUE FROM OLD MILK

COMMERCIAL GLUE

Chapter 5

29

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings of this research study. It also
includes the conclusion and the recommendations offered by the researcher as
drawn out of the findings.

Summary of Findings
It was found out that old or spoiled milk can be combined with white vinegar,
baking soda and water to produce strong natural glue.
The Consumers Acceptability Survey conducted consumers perceived the
natural glue produced from old or spoiled milk and other raw materials to have an
excellent appearance, viscosity and adhesive strength, and very good smell, while
the commercial glue was perceive to be excellent across all the characteristics
being surveyed. Furthermore, the commercial glue has higher weighted means
across all the four characteristics assessed when compared to the produced natural
glue. However, the Likert Scale shows that their qualitative descriptions were more
or less the same, except for smell. This is an indication of consumers high degree
of acceptance of the glue produced when marketed or sold.
Comparing the cost of production of the natural glue and the selling price of
its commercial counterpart, it shows that Php 37.80 was the cost of production of
600 mL natural glue from old and spoiled milk, which accounts for Php6.30 per 100
mL, while 100 mL commercial glue costs Php 30.00. This implies that the produced
glue is P23.70 or 79% cheaper than the commercial glue.
Conclusion

30

Based on the results and findings of the study, the following conclusions
were drawn:
1. Old or spoiled milk can be utilized as raw material in the production of
natural glue.
2. The natural glue from old or spoiled milk has a high degree of
acceptability as compared to its commercial counterpart in terms of
appearance, viscosity, smell, and adhesive strength.
3. The natural old glue is cheaper by P23.70 or 79% for every 100 mL
volume as compared to commercial glue.

Recommendations
The following recommendations would enhance the economic benefits of old
and spoiled milk:
1. People are encouraged not to dispose of their old and spoiled milk as it
can be utilized in the production of natural glue.
2. People are encouraged to practice recycling while helping lessen the
harmful effects of pollution.
3. Further study along this line is also recommended.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bayoyo, Jennilyn, et al (n.d.). Adhesive Glue from Camansi Trunk. Retrieved from
http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?
s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid=1&id=Adhesive+glue+from+camansi+trunk&Mty
pe=PROJECTS on August 27, 2016.

31

Ebnesajjad, Sina (2010). "History of Adhesives". Handbook of Adhesives and

Surface Preparation : Technology, Applications and Manufacturing.
Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 137.ISBN 9781437744613.
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Glue.html, Retrieved September 2, 2016
https://www.scribd.com/doc/66339864/Investigatory-Project, Retrieved September
2, 2016.
http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/20016.aspx,
Sept. 2, 2016.

Retrieved

http://www.yourdictionary.com/appearance
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/curd)
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/glue
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/smell
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic /630428/viscosity
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/ 49/adhesive-strength
Kinloch, A.J. (1987). Adhesion and Adhesives : Science and Technology (Reprinted.
ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. p. 1. ISBN 0-412-27440-X.
Kunz, C; Lonnerdal, B (1990). "Human-milk proteins: analysis of casein and casein
subunits by anion-exchange chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and
specific staining methods". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The
American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 51 (1): 3746. PMID 1688683.
Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F;
Lemorini, C; Modugno, F; Ribechini, E (January 2006). "A new Palaeolithic
discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bonebearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (9): 1310. doi:10.
1016/j.jas.2006.01.006.
Mittal, K.L.; A. Pizzi (2003). "Historical Development of Adhesives and Adhesive
Bonding". Handbook of Adhesive Technology (2nd ed., rev. and expanded.
ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 1. ISBN 0824709861.

32

Pike, Roscoe (2013). "Adhesive". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia

Britannica Inc. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
Ross, John & Ross, Charles (1876). "Improvement in Processes of Preparing Glue".
United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Sauter F, Jordis U, Graf A, Werther W, Varmuzahttp K. (2000). Studies in organic
archaeology I: identification of the prehistoric adhesive used by the Tyrolean
Iceman to fix his weapons. ARKIVOC, 1:[5] 735747
Tracto, Arthur A.
(2006). Coatings Materials And Surface Coatings. CRC
Press, pages 197 to 1911
Umar, et al (n.d.). Betel nut (areca catechu) tannin as an adhesive. Retrieved from
http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?
s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid=1&id=Betel+nut+%28areca+catechu
%29+tannin+as+an+adhesive&Mtype=PROBJECTS on on August 27, 2016.
Wadley, Lyn (1 June 2010). "CompoundAdhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral
Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age". Current
Anthropology. 51 (s1): S111S119.doi:10.1086/649836
Wadley, L; Hodgskiss, T; Grant, M (Jun 2009). "Implications for complex cognition
from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age,
South Africa".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States
of
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9590
4. Bibcode:2009PNAS..
106.9590W. doi:10.1073/pnas. 0900957106.ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2700998
. PMID 19433786.

33

APPENDICES

34

PICTORIALS

35

CONSUMERS ACCEPTABILITY SURVEY SHEET

Name (optional):______________________________________ Age : __________

Address: ____________________________________________ Sex: __________

36

Current Job/Work: ___________________________________________________

Please rate the two products using the following scale:

Point

Scale

Qualitative Description

4.21 5.00

Excellent

3.41 4.20

Very Good

1.81 2.60

Satisfactory

1.00 1.80

Poor

Characteristics

Brand A

Brand B

1. Appearance
2. Viscosity
3. Smell
4. Adhesive Strength

______________________________
Signature

____________________________
Date

37

STATISTICAL
COMPUTATIONS

Computations of the Weighted Means

1. Consumers Acceptability Survey (Appearance)

1.1 Natural Glue made out of Old or Spoiled Milk
WM = fx
N
= (4 x 10) + (3 x 9) + (2 x 1)
20

38

= 69
20
WM = 3.45 (Excellent)

1.2 Commercial Glue

WM = fx
N
= (4 x 15) + (3 x 5)
20
= 75
20
WM = 3.75 (Excellent)

2. Consumers Acceptability Survey (Viscosity)

2.1 Natural Glue made out of Old or Spoiled Milk
WM = fx
N
= (4 x 10) + (3 x 10)
20
= 70
20
WM = 3.50 (Excellent)
2.2 Commercial Glue
WM = fx
N
= (4 x 18) + (3 x 2)
20
= 78
20
WM = 4.90 (Excellent)

39

3. Consumers Acceptability Survey (Smell)

3.1 Natural Glue made out of Old or Spoiled Milk
WM = fx
N
= (4 x 5) + (3 x 13) + (2 x 2)
20
= 63
20
WM = 3.15 (Good)

1.2 Commercial Glue

WM = fx
N
= (4 x 12) + (3 x 8)
20
= 72
20
WM = 3.60 (Excellent)

4. Consumers Acceptability Survey (Adhesive Strength)

4.1 Natural Glue made out of Old or Spoiled Milk
WM = fx
N
= (4 x 17) + (3 x 3)
20
= 77
20

40

WM = 3.85 (Excellent)

4.2 Commercial Glue

WM = fx
N
= (4 x 20)
20
= 80
20
WM = 4.00 (Excellent)

41

CURRICULUM VITAE

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name

Nickname

Sex

Age

42

Address

Birthday

Ambition

Fathers Name

Mothers Name

Religion

Nationality

Civil Status

Motto

Educational Attainment:
Elementary :
Secondary

Person to be contacted in case of emergency:

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name

Nickname

Sex

Age

43

Address

Birthday

Ambition

Fathers Name

Mothers Name

Religion

Nationality

Civil Status

Motto

Educational Attainment:
Elementary :
Secondary

Person to be contacted in case of emergency:

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name

Nickname

Sex

Age

44

Address

Birthday

Ambition

Fathers Name

Mothers Name

Religion

Nationality

Civil Status

Motto

Educational Attainment:
Elementary :
Secondary

Person to be contacted in case of emergency:

45