The Age of Augustus

Cambridge University Press
0521807964 - The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus

Edited by Karl Galinsky
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The Cambridge Companion to
THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS
S
The age of Augustus, commonly dated to 30 B.C.A.D. 14, was a pivotal
period in world history. A time of tremendous change in Rome, Italy,
and throughout the Mediterranean world, many key developments were
under way when Augustus took charge, and a recurring theme is the
role that he played in shaping their direction. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus captures the dynamic and richness of this era
by examining important aspects of political and social history, religion,
literature, and art and architecture. The sixteen essays, written by distinguished specialists from the United States and Europe, explore the
multifaceted character of the period and the interconnections among
social, religious, political, literary, and artistic developments. Introducing the reader to many of the central issues of the Age of Augustus,
the essays also break new ground and will stimulate further research and
discussion.
Karl Galinsky is professor of classics at the University of Texas at Austin.
The author of several books, including Augustan Culture, and numerous
scholarly articles, he has received awards for his teaching and research,
including fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the von Humboldt Foundation.
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The Cambridge Companion to
THE AGE OF
AUGUSTUS
S
Edited by
Karl Galinsky
University of Texas at Austin
www.cambridge.org

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cambridge university press

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C Cambridge University Press 2005
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2005
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The Cambridge companion to the Age of Augustus / edited by Karl Galinsky.
p. cm. (Cambridge companion to the classics)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 0-521-00393-8 (pbk.) isbn 0-521-80796-4 (hardback)
1. Rome History Augustus, 30 b.c.-14 a.d. 2. Augustus, Emperor
of Rome, 63 b.c.-14 a.d. 3. Rome Civilization.
I. Galinsky, Karl, 1942- II. Series.
dg279.c35 2005
937 .07 dc22
2005010513
isbn-13 978-0-521-80796-8 hardback
isbn-10 0-521-80796-4 hardback
isbn-13 978-0-521-00393-3 paperback
isbn-10 0-521-00393-8 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for
the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or
third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this book
and does not guarantee that any content on such
Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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Contents
S
List of Illustrations
List of Color Plates
List of Contributors
Preface
page vii
xi
xiii
xvii
Introduction
KARL GALINSKY
Part 1: Political History

1 Augustus and the Power of Tradition
13
WALTER EDER
2 Augustus and the Making of the Principate
33
ERICH S. GRUEN
Part 2: Intellectual and Social

Developments
3 Mutatas Formas: The Augustan Transformation of
Roman Knowledge
55
ANDREW WALLACE-HADRILL
4 Romans in the Roman World
85
NICHOLAS PURCELL
5 Provincial Perspectives
106
GREG WOOLF
6 Women in the Time of Augustus
130
SUSAN TREGGIARI
v
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Contents
Part 3: The Emperors Impact

7 The Emperor as Impresario: Producing the Pageantry
of Power
151
RICHARD BEACHAM
8 Augustus and Roman Religion: Continuity,

Conservatism, and Innovation
175
JOHN SCHEID
Part 4: Art and the City

9 Semblance and Storytelling in Augustan Rome
197
DIANA E. E. KLEINER
10 Making Rome a World City
234
DIANE FAVRO
11 Augustan Domestic Interiors: Propaganda or Fashion?
264
JOHN R. CLARKE
Part 5: Augustan Literature

12 Learned Eyes: Poets, Viewers, Image Makers
281
ALESSANDRO BARCHIESI
13 Augustan Poetry and Augustanism
306
JASPER GRIFFIN
14 Poets in the New Milieu: Realigning
321
PETER WHITE
15 Vergils Aeneid and Ovids Metamorphoses as World

Literature
340
KARL GALINSKY
Part 6: Epilogue as Prologue

16 Herod and the Jewish Experience of Augustan Rule
361
L. MICHAEL WHITE
Select Bibliography and Works Cited

Index
389
401
vi
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Illustrations
S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Augustus. Roman bronze coin (as) issued A.D. 1112.

page 37
The Gemma Augustea. Sardonyx cameo, ca. A.D. 10.
49
Octavia. Gold coin (aureus) of Mark Antony, 4039 B.C.
132
Portrait of Livia, late 30s B.C.
133
Cameo with portrait of Livia, ca. 20 B.C.
143
Augustus and Julius Caesar. Denarius of L. Lentulus,
Rome, 12 B.C.
153
Octavian as Neptune. Denarius, Rome, 3129 B.C.
154
Mark Antony with crown of Dionysus. Silver
tetradrachm, 42 B.C.
155
Theater of Marcellus, Rome, ca. 11 B.C.
165
Pantomime actor. Ivory plaque, 6th cent. A.D.
171
Shrine of Janus. Sestertius of Nero, Lyon mint, A.D. 66.
183
Augustus as priest. Marble statue, Rome. After 12 B.C.
191
Julia with Gaius and Lucius Caesar. Denarius, Rome,
13 B.C.
201
Statue of a general from Tivoli, ca. 7550 B.C.
204
Portrait of Pompey the Great. Rome, 50 B.C.
205
Portrait of Julius Caesar, ca. 44 B.C.
206
207
Denarius with portrait of Julius Caesar, Rome, 44 B.C.
Portrait of Octavian, Rome, ca. 30 B.C.
209
Head of the Augustus statue from Primaporta. Tiberian
copy of A.D. 15.
210
Portrait of Livia. From Egypt, after A.D. 4.
211
Statuary group of Augustus with Gaius and Lucius Caesar
from Corinth, after A.D. 4.
213
Ara Pacis Augustae, south frieze. Rome, 139 B.C.
216
Ara Pacis Augustae, south frieze, detail.
217
Ara Pacis Augustae, diagram.
219
Apollo and Hercules. Terracotta plaque from the Temple
of Apollo Palatinus, ca. 28 B.C.
220
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Illustrations
26
27
28
29
30
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
The Rape of the Sabine Women. Relief from the Basilica

Aemilia, circa 14 B.C.
Ara Pacis Augustae, general view from west.
Ara Pacis Augustae, south frieze. Augustus and attendants.
Ara Pacis Augustae, southeast panel. Roman goddess.
Ara Pacis Augustae, southwest panel. Aeneas sacrice.
Portrait relief of Eurysaces and his wife Atistia. Rome,
late rst century B.C.
Funerary relief with portraits of Lucius Vibius and his
wife and son. Rome, circa 13 B.C.A.D. 5.
Relief with bakery activities. From the Tomb of
Eurysaces, Rome, late rst century B.C.
Funerary procession. From the Amiternum relief,
Augustan.
Plan showing Augustan projects in Rome circa A.D. 14.
Coin from Pergamon depicting a projected circular
Temple of Mars, 1918 B.C.
Plan of the Forum Romanum and adjacent fora,
circa A.D. 14.
Plan of the Palatine Hill, circa 20 B.C.
The Pantheon, Rome.
Map of XIV new administrative regions established by
Augustus in 7 B.C.
Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Augustus
(completed after 23 B.C.).
Reconstruction of the Forum of Augustus, 2 B.C.: statues
of model Romans.
Reconstruction of northern Campus Martius, last decade
B.C.
Pyramid shaped tomb of C. Cestius, Rome, circa 12 B.C.
Augustan Rome. Major porticos and gardens.
View of Forum of Augustus with rear re wall still
standing.
Map of Campus Martius, circa A.D. 10.
House of Livia, Tablinum C. Rome, circa 4020 B.C.
Plan of the Forum of Augustus, Rome, 2 B.C.
Aeneas with Anchises and Ascanius. Pompeian mural, rst
century A.D.
Romulus. Pompeian mural, rst century A.D.
Aeneas with Anchises and Ascanius. Statuary group from
Pompeii, rst century A.D.
221
222
223
224
225
227
229
231
231
236
238
239
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243
244
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286
287
297
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Illustrations
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Portrait of Alexander the Great. Mosaic from Pompeii,

rst century A.D.
Marble head of Octavian. La Alcudia, Spain; early
30s B.C.
Family tree of the ruling families of Judea.
Map: The growth of Herods kingdom 404 B.C.
Herods Jerusalem prior to A.D. 70. Reconstruction
drawing.
Caesarea Maritima. City plan of Herods harbor in the
rst century B.C.
Caesarea Maritima. Aerial view of the Hellenistic Theater.
Sebaste (Samaria). Aerial view of the Temple of Roma
and Augustus.
Map: the division of Herods kingdom and the province
of Judea 4 B.C.A.D. 41.
342
343
363
367
370
371
372
373
379
ix
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Color Plates
S
Color plates follow page 260.
I. Aureus (gold coin) of Octavian, Asian mint, 28 B.C.
Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii. Tablinum 2, circa 201 B.C.
II. Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale. Cubiculum,
circa 6040 B.C.
III. House of Augustus, Rome. Room of the Masks,
circa 4020 B.C.
IV. House of Augustus, Rome. So-called Study, circa 4020 B.C.
V. Villa under the Farnesina, Rome. Cubiculum B, circa 20-1 B.C.
VI. Villa of Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase. Cubiculum 16,
circa 201 B.C.
VII. Villa of Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase. Cubiculum 16,
circa 201 B.C.
VIII. Villa under the Farnesina, Rome. Cubiculum B, circa 20-1 B.C.
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Contributors
S
ALESSANDRO BARCHIESI is Professor of Latin Literature at the
University of Siena at Arezzo, and at Stanford. He has published widely
on the major Augustan poets in various contexts, cultural and literary.
He is currently working on two books, entitled Virgilian Geopoetics
(based on his 2001 Gray Lectures at Cambridge, UK) and Copies without Models. Hellenization and Augustan Poetry (from his 20023 Jerome
Lectures in Ann Arbor and the American Academy in Rome). He is
editor of the Florence-based journal Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica.
RICHARD BEACHAM is Professor of Theatre History at the
University of Warwick. He is the author of The Roman Theatre and Its
Audience (Harvard, 1992), and Spectacle Entertainments of Early Imperial
Rome (Yale, 1999). He is currently working on Vol. 2 of Spectacle Entertainments, and, together with Dr. Hugh Denard, on Performing Culture:
Roman Pictorial Arts and the Ancient Theatre, both to be published by Yale
University Press. Together with Professor James Packer, he is directing
the rst scientic survey and analysis of the Theatre of Pompey at Rome.
JOHN R. CLARKE is Annie Laurie Howard Regents Professor of
History of Art at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author
of numerous scholarly articles as well as ve books on Roman art and
culture, including Roman Sex (2003), Art in the Lives of Ordinary Romans:
Visual Representation and Non-elite Viewers in Italy, 100 B.C.A.D. 315
(2003), and Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman
Art, 100 B.C.A.D. 250 (1998).
WALTER EDER is Professor of Ancient History at the Ruhr
University at Bochum, Germany. His numerous publications are about
both Greek and Roman history and constitutional history in particular.
He is the editor of Staat und Staatlichkeit in der fruhen romischen Republik
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Contributors
(1990) and Die Athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (1995),

and coeditor of the lexicon Der Neue Pauly. He is currently at work
on a comparative study of Greece and Rome with the tentative title
Die geteilte Antike.
DIANE FAVRO is Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at
UCLA and the author of The Urban Image of Augustan Rome (Cambridge,
1996). She served as President of the Society of Architectural Historians
from 2002 to 2004 and currently is Associate Director of the Cultural
Virtual Reality Lab at UCLA, which is modeling the ancient Roman
Forum. Among her current projects are articles on ancient urban icons
and city boundaries, and a book on Roman architecture with Fikret
Yegul for Cambridge University Press.
KARL GALINSKY is Floyd Cailloux Centennial Professor of Classics
and University Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University
of Texas at Austin. He has published extensively on the Augustan
poets and Augustan art and directed numerous projects, including
seminars on the Augustan age, for the National Endowment for the
Humanities. He is the author of Augustan Culture: An Interpretive
Introduction (Princeton, 1996; paperback ed. 1998).
JASPER GRIFFIN is Professor of Classical Literature and Public
Orator at Oxford University. His interests and publications range
widely over both Greek and Roman literature. Some of the books he
has written are Homer on Life and Death (Oxford, 1980); Latin Poets and
Roman Life (London, 1985); and Virgil, 2nd ed. (Bristol, 2002). He has
also edited Book 9 of Homers Iliad (Oxford, 1995) and is the coeditor
of The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford, 1986).
ERICH S. GRUEN is Gladys Rehard Wood Professor of History and
Classics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of
many important books especially on Republican Rome, including The
Last Generation of the Roman Republic (Berkeley, 1974); The Hellenistic
World and the Coming of Rome, 2 vols. (Berkeley, 1984); Studies in Greek
Culture and Roman Policy (Leiden, 1990); and Culture and National Identity
in Republican Rome (Ithaca, 1992). His most recent book-length study
is Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
DIANA E. E. KLEINER, Dunham Professor of History of Art and
Classics at Yale University, has explored art at all levels of Roman
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Contributors
society from aristocrats to slaves and has helped dene the signicant
contribution made by Roman women. She is the author of Roman
Sculpture (Yale, 1992, paperback ed. 1994) and editor (with Susan B.
Matheson) of I, Clavdia: Women in Ancient Rome (Yale University Art
Gallery, 1996) and I, Clavdia II: Women in Roman Art and Society (Austin,
2000). Her latest book, Cleopatra and Rome, will be published by Harvard
University Press in October 2005.
NICHOLAS PURCELL has been Fellow and Tutor in Ancient
History at St Johns College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in
Ancient History in the University of Oxford since 1979. His numerous
publications reect his interest in the economic, social, and cultural
history of the Greek and Roman worlds, and especially in the city of
Rome and its region, and in problems that concern the Mediterranean
area in a broad sense. His Jerome Lectures will be published as The
Kingdom of the Capitol.
JOHN SCHEID, a native of Luxembourg, has been Professor at the
Coll`ege de France since 2001. From 1983 to 2001 he was Directeur
detudes at the Ecole

Pratique des Hautes Etudes
in Paris. He has
directed excavations of Roman religious sites at La Magliana (Rome)
and Jbel Oust (Tunisia). His numerous publications on Roman religion
include, most recently, La religion des Romains (Paris, 1998), translated
into English as An Introduction to Roman Religion (Bloomington, 2003),
and Religion et piete a` Rome (Paris, 2001).
SUSAN TREGGIARI is the Anne T. & Robert M. Bass Professor
Emerita in the School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University,
and a member of the Sub-faculty of Ancient History, University of
Oxford. Her publications include Roman Freedmen During the Late
Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, re-issued, 2000); Roman
Marriage. Iusti coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, paperback edition, 1993); and Roman
Social History (London: Routledge, Classical Foundations, 2002).
ANDREW WALLACE-HADRILL is Director of the British School
at Rome. His multifaceted scholarship on the Roman Republic and
Empire encompasses historiography, art, architecture, social and intellectual history, literature, and numismatics. Besides numerous articles he
is best known for Suetonius: The Scholar and His Caesars (London, 1983),
Augustan Rome (London, 1993), and Houses and Society in Pompeii and
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Herculaneum (Princeton, 1994). He is currently completing books on

Cultural Change in Roman Italy and on A Pompeian Neighbourhood (Reg.1,
Ins. 9). In addition, he directs the Herculaneum Conservation Project.
L. MICHAEL WHITE is Ronald Nelson Smith Professor of Classics
and Director of the Institute for the Study of Antiquity and Christian
Origins at the University of Texas at Austin. Specializing in the social
context of Jews and Christians in the Roman world, he currently directs
excavations at the site of the Synagogue of Ancient Ostia. He is the author of The Social Origins of Christian Architecture (Harrisburg, 199697)
and From Jesus to Christianity (San Francisco, 2004). He is coeditor of
Early Christianity and Classical Culture (Leiden, 2003) and is series editor
for Religion and Society in the Ancient World (University of Texas
Press).
PETER WHITE is Professor of Classics and of New Testament and
Early Christian Literature at the University of Chicago. His published
work focuses mostly on interrelationships between Latin literature
and Roman society during the Late Republic and Early Empire,
and includes the book Promised Verse: Poets in the Society of Augustan
Rome (Cambridge, Mass., 1993). He is currently writing about the
correspondence of Cicero.
GREG WOOLF has been Professor of Ancient History at the
University of St Andrews in Scotland since 1998. He is the author
of Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul
(Cambridge, 1998) and editor of Literacy and Power in the Ancient World
(with Alan Bowman) (Cambridge, 1994), Rome the Cosmopolis (with
Catherine Edwards) (Cambridge, 2003), and the Cambridge Illustrated
History of the Roman World (Cambridge, 2003). He is currently working
on a book on imperialism and culture in Roman antiquity.
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Preface
S
It is a pleasure to contribute this volume to the newly expanded series
of Cambridge Companions. Like its predecessors, it is not an attempt at
an encyclopedic vade mecum. Instead, it aims to provide an accessible
and yet sophisticated discussion of some paradigmatic aspects of this
incredibly rich period. More is involved than a distillation of recent and
older scholarship; while being duly informative, we have also tried to
break some new ground and point the discussion in new directions. I
will comment on this some more in the Introduction.
I would like to thank the sterling group of contributors who enlisted in this effort. It has been exciting to be their rst reader (with
the privilege of becoming a discussant) and I can only hope that other
readers will benet as much from their expertise and acuity as I have. I
also wish to thank Beatrice Rehl for her constructive support and advice
ever since the projects inception; my graduate student Dan Hanchey
for meticulously checking the nal version (and there were several prior
incarnations) of the various chapters; and Dr. Darius Arya for help with
the increasingly complicated task of obtaining illustrations and permissions. The color reproductions have been made possible by a generous
grant from one of Maecenas descendants, Mr. Mark Finley, and from
the Floyd A. Cailloux Centennial Professorship endowment at my university, which also aided work on this volume in many other ways.
Austin
September 23 MMIV
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1) Map of Italy
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2) Map of major cities in the Augustan empire
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3) The provinces of the Augustan empire
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C. Julius Caesar Aurelia

(d. 85 BC)
(d. 54 BC)
C. Julius CAESAR
M. Atius Balbus Julia

(d. ca. 59 BC)
(d. 51 BC)
(100 44 BC)
C. Octavius Atia
(d. 59 BC)
40 BC
Marcus Antonius Octavia

(83 30 BC)
(68 11 BC)
(d. 43 BC)
54 BC
C. Claudius Marcellus
40 BC
Scribonia C. Octavius
(d. 40 BC)
(63 BC AD 14)
Antonia Maior
(b. 39 BC)
Nero Claudius
Drusus Antonia Minor
(36 BC AD 37)
25 BC
M. Claudius Marcellus
(42 23 BC)
Tiberius CLAUDIUS Nero
Livia Julia
(10 BC AD 54; emp. AD 41 54)
(14 BC AD 31)
Julia
(39 BC AD 14)
Gaius Caesar
Lucius
(20 BC AD 4)
(17 BC
Germanicus
(15 BC AD 19)
Gaius CALIGULA
(AD 12 41; emp. AD 37 41)
, ,
same individual appears elsewhere

adoption
4) Genealogical chart of the family of Augustus
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The Julio-Claudian Family

36-34 BC ?
Cleopatra VII
Cornelia
Marcus Antonius
(83 30 BC)
Caesarion
(d. 68 BC)
59 BC
(47 30 BC)
80 BC
Julia Cn. Pompey Mucia
(73 54 BC)
(d. 30 BC)
Alexander
(b. 40 BC)
(106 48 BC)
Cleopatra
Ptolemy
(b. 40 BC)
(b. 36 BC)
Sextus Pompey
(67 36 BC)
38 BC
(AUGUSTUS) Livia
43 BC
Tiberius Claudius Nero
11 BC
TIBERIUS Claudius Nero
Nero Claudius Drusus Antonia Minor
(42 BC AD 39; emp. AD 14 37)
(38 9 BC)
(36 BC AD 37)
21 BC
Marcus Vipsanius AGRIPPA

(63 12 BC)
Caesar
AD 2)
Julia
Agrippa Postumus
(19 BC AD 28)
(12 BC AD 14)
Agrippina Maior
(14 BC AD 33)
L. Domitius Ahenobarbus Antonia Maior
(nine children, incl.)
Agrippina Minor
Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
NERO Claudius Caesar

(AD 37 68; emp. AD 54 68)
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History/Politics
7030 B.C.
Finances/Expenditures
70 Birth of Vergil
65 Birth of Horace
59 Birth of Livy
ca. 48 Birth of Propertius
63 23.9 Birth of C. Octavius

44 15.2 Caesar declared dictator for life
15.3 Death of Caesar, Octavian
named heir
Oct./Nov. Octavian raises private army
and marches on Rome
43 19.8 Octavian made consul

Triumvirate with Mark Antony and
Lepidus
42 Battle of Philippi; death of Brutus and
Cassius
40 Perusine War
Treaty of Brundisium
Official declaration of Caesar as divus
Octavian takes name of Imperator
Caesar divi filius
37 Extension of triumvirate for 5 years
Antony from now on mostly in east
36 Battle of Naulochus; death of Sextus
Pompey
Defeat of Antony in Parthia
35 Livia and Octavia granted sacrosanctitas
31 2.9 Battle of Actium

30 1.8 Conquest of Alexandria; suicides
of Antony and Cleopatra
Buildings/Art/Literature
Octavian seizes war (against Parthians)

treasury and tax collections from province of
Asia
Victory Games for Caesar (financed by
Octavian); comet appears
First payment of 300 sesterces (HS) each to
250,000 plebeians under Caesars will
Proscriptions (300 senators, 2,000 equites)
Special payment of 2,500 denarii to each of
Octavians soldiers
Settlement begins of veterans in Italy; land
confiscations
Death of Cicero
Birth of Ovid
Temple of Divus Iulius begun
Temple of Mars Ultor vowed
4239 Vergils Eclogues
4130 Horaces Epodes
3929 Vergils Georgics
Temple of Palatine Apollo begun

33 Rebuilding of Rome begun under
Agrippas aedileship; largesses to urban
populace; games
Horace, Satires I
Horace, Satires II
700 million HS for land purchases for

veterans
29 B.C. A.D. 14
29 11.1 Closing of Temple of Janus
13-15.8 Triple triumph of Augustus
(Dalmatia, Actium, Egypt)
28 Re-establishment of government by laws
Largesse of 400 HS to 250,000 plebeians

and of 1,000 HS to 120,000 soldiers
Restoration of 82 temples
27 13-16.1 return of powers to SPQR;

Octavian named Augustus
23 Augustus seriously ill
Augustus granted tribunicia potestas for
life; official beginning of his reign
Death of Marcellus
22 Famine in Rome; refusal of dictatorship
21 Augustus becomes member of Arval
B rotherhood
20 Return of standards by the Parthians
Dedication of Temple of Divus Iulius

and of Curia Iulia
Vergil begins Aeneid
Temple of Palatine Apollo dedicated
Mausoleum begun
Propertius, Book I
26 Suicide of Cornelius Gallus
24 Largesse of 400 HS to 250,000

plebeians
60 million HS: 12 distributions of grain
to 250,000 plebeians
Horace, Odes IIII

Propertius, Books II and III
Horace, Epistles I; Art of Poetry

19 Deaths of Vergil and Tibullus
18 Julian laws on marriage and adultery

17 Secular Games
16 Gladiatorial games of Drusus and
Tiberius
14 160 million HS: land purchases for
Horaces Carmen Saeculare

Propertius, Book IV; death of Propertius
5) Timeline
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colonies in the provinces

13 Ara Pacis begun
Horace, Odes IV
Theater of Balbus dedicate d
12 Deaths of Lepidus and Agrippa

Augustus becomes pontifex maximus
11 Largesse of 400 HS to 250,000
plebeians
8 Organization of Rome into 14 regions
and 265 vici
Reorganization of cult of Lares Compitales
7 Fasti of the vicomagistri begin
6 Tiberius withdraws to Rhodes
2 Augustus acclaimed as pater patriae
Julia exiled
A.D. 2 Death of Lucius Caesar

Tiberius returns to Rome
5-9 Famines in Rome; reorganization of
grain supply
6-9 Pannonian revolt
400 million HS for veterans (until 2 B.C.)

170 million HS paid into aerarium militare
5 240 HS each paid to 320,000 plebeians
Naumachy with 3,000 combatants
Recipients of grain dole reduced to 200,000
Largesse of 240 HS to 200,000 plebeians
Dedication of Forum of Augustus

and Temple of Mars Ultor
A.D. 1 Ovid, Art of Love
6 Temple of Castor and Pollux dedicated

8 Ovid exiled; publication of
Metamorphoses and Fasti
9 Revision of laws on marriage

14 Death of Julia
19.8 Death of Augustus (in Nola)
3.9 Livia declared Livia Augusta
17.9 Augustus declared divus
Tiberius elevated to Augustus
Theater of Marcellus dedicated

9 Ara Pacis dedicated
Death of Horace; Epistles II
published posthumously
96 mill. HS: largesses to people and

soldiers under Augustus will
10 Temple of Concordia Augusta dedicated

12 Basilica Iulia rededicated as Basilica of
Gaius and Lucius
5) (continued )
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The Age of Augustus

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The Age of Augustus

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0521807964 - The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus

The Cambridge Companion to