Sigma-1 CRS Instructions

Sigma-1 CRS
A u t o m a t e d Co n s t a n t Ra t e o f St r a i n
Sy s t e m f o r Co n s o l i d a t i o n T e s t i n g
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1
2.
Sigma-1 System Hardware Setup ...................................................................................................... 2

2.1.
Unpacking: ..................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.
Load Frame Setup: ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.
Sigma-1 CRS System Setup: .......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1.
Computer: ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2.
Network Module: .................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.3.
Precision Variable Power Supply: .......................................................................................... 9
2.3.4.
Load Frame Modules: ........................................................................................................... 10
2.3.5.
DigiFlow Modules: ............................................................................................................... 12
2.4.
3.
Sigma-1 CRS System Power Up .................................................................................................. 14

Sigma-1 CRS System Software - Installation and Configuration.................................................... 15
3.1.
Installation.................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.
Starting Sigma-1 CRS .................................................................................................................. 16
3.3.
Sigma-1 CRS Status Panel ........................................................................................................... 18
3.4.
Sigma-1 CRS Menu Items............................................................................................................ 20
3.4.1.
Setup Menu Items ................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.1.1.
TestNet........................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.1.2.
Sensors........................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1.3.
Load Frame.................................................................................................................... 30
3.4.1.4.
Cell Pump ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.1.5.
Reading Schedules......................................................................................................... 32
3.4.1.6.
Preferences..................................................................................................................... 35
3.4.1.7.
Setup Save................................................................................................................... 36
3.4.2.
File Menu Items .................................................................................................................... 37
3.4.3.
Tools Menu Items ................................................................................................................. 38
3.4.3.1.
Manual Mode Load Frame ......................................................................................... 38
3.4.3.2.
Machine Deflection ....................................................................................................... 40
Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Trautwein Soil Testing Equipment Company
3.4.3.3.
Uplift Calibration........................................................................................................... 41
3.4.3.4.
Data Acquisition ............................................................................................................ 43
3.4.4.
Cell Pump Menu Item ........................................................................................................... 45
3.4.5.
Help Menu Items................................................................................................................... 48
4.
3.4.5.1.
Help Topics.................................................................................................................... 48
3.4.5.2.
About Sigma-1 CRS ...................................................................................................... 48
Pump Saturation............................................................................................................................... 49
4.1.
Connections.................................................................................................................................. 49
4.2.
Fill Pump...................................................................................................................................... 50
4.3.
Saturate Pressure Sensor .............................................................................................................. 51
4.4.
Pressure Test ................................................................................................................................ 52
4.5.
Saturate Pressure Line.................................................................................................................. 52
5.
Sigma-1 CRS System Software Performing a Test ...................................................................... 53

5.1.
Creating a Specimen and Test Data File...................................................................................... 53
5.1.1.
Seating/Back Pressure........................................................................................................... 55
5.1.2.
Consolidation. ....................................................................................................................... 56
5.2.
Seating/Back Pressure Tab........................................................................................................... 57
5.2.1.
Specimen/Cell Assembly ...................................................................................................... 58
5.2.2.
Seating................................................................................................................................... 58
5.2.3.
Filling Cell ............................................................................................................................ 60
5.2.4.
Backpressure ......................................................................................................................... 61
5.3.
Consolidation Tab ........................................................................................................................ 62
5.4.
Test Tear Down............................................................................................................................ 63
6.
APPENDIX 1. Data File Format ...................................................................................................... 1
7.
APPENDIX 2. Plot Controls ............................................................................................................ 1
8.
APPENDIX 3. Calibration Factor (CF) for GEOTAC Systems....................................................... 1
9.
APPENDIX 4. GEOTAC Sensor Cable Wiring Diagram ................................................................ 1

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1.
Introduction
GEOTAC is proud to present the Sigma-1 CRS automated consolidation system, a system
designed specifically for geotechnical testing laboratories. The result of an extensive research
and development effort, the Sigma-1 CRS system incorporates recent advancements in
electronics and software to make automated testing more affordable than ever. More
importantly, these advances have simplified automated testing systems while making them more
robust. Advantages for geotechnical testing include the capability to perform deformation, load,
or pressure controlled closed loop testing. Also the immediate feed back provided by real time
plots allows the user to make critical decisions and adjustments during the course of testing.
The back bone of the Sigma-1 CRS system is GeoTACs TestNet system that provides
automation through data acquisition and control. A TestNet system is a series of interconnected
modules that in turn are connected to a computer via a serial (COM) port.
TestNet employs Distributed Data Acquisition and Control (DDAC), a new concept that offers
significant advantages over conventional methods used for data collection and test control. A
typical data acquisition system consists of a centrally located data logger/controller to which
sensors throughout the laboratory connect. This requires long bulky cables to carry analog
signals between the data logger and sensors. Long cable runs can result in signal degradation
and contamination from electrical noise. With DDAC, data conversion hardware is placed very
close to sensor locations where analog signals are converted to digital signals. Digital signals,
which easily transmit over long distances, are sent to and from a centrally located PC compatible
computer over a single cable, which can be connected to multiple test stations to form a network.
Compared to conventional systems, DDAC is flexible, robust, and offers improved signal quality
over a longer distance with less cable clutter.
A single TestNet setup can include up to 32 modules connected together in a daisy chain
fashion. Each module on the network is automatically assigned a unique address by the

computer at power-up eliminating the need for hardware address settings (dip-switches) required
in some systems. The computer exchanges information (commands and data) with each module
using a full duplex (two way) binary packet protocol with parity checking to ensure reliable
transmission at speeds as high as 115200 bits/sec. TestNet modules can be located in different
rooms, even on different floors as long as total length of the network is limited to approximately
2000 feet. More detailed descriptions of TestNet components are presented in later sections.
The Sigma-1 CRS system ships complete. All sensors, cables, and software for performing
triaxial testing are included. A detailed discussion of the system components is presented below.
2.
Sigma-1 System Hardware Setup

2.1.
Unpacking:
Upon taking delivery of a Sigma-1 CRS system, inspect the crate and cartons for signs
of visible damage, then unpack (see below) all components and inspect for any concealed
damage. Report any damage found immediately to the shipper. The sooner a claim is
filed, the better the chances of restitution being made.
The SIGMA-1 load frame is shipped in a wooden crate and should be unpacked as
follows:
A). Stand crate on end such that the shipping label, on the crate front, is oriented right
side up.
B). Locate screws holding the upper brace in place. A pair of these screws is located on
the crate front, in the center, approximately 15 inches from the top. Remove these
screws, as well as, the pair on the back located opposite from the front pair.
C). Locate screws holding the lower brace in place. A pair of these screws is located on
the crate side, in the center, approximately 20 inches from the bottom. Remove these
screws as well as the pair on the opposite side.
D). Lay the crate down, label side up, and remove the screws holding the front in place.

E). Carefully stand the crate upright and remove the load frame.
Unpack the remaining cartons and use the following list and figures below to check that
all items are present:
ITEM
Sigma-1 Load Frame
ACCESSORIES
Power cord
Load Cell Bolt
Load Cell Adapter
Deformation Sensor
Bracket
Strain Rods
DigiFlow Flow Pump
Serial Cables (1)

DC power cable (1)
Computer
Power cord
Keyboard
Mouse
Serial Cable
Monitor
Power cord
Variable DC Power Supply
Power cord
DC power cable
Network Module
Serial Cable
Sensors
Load Cell (load frame)

Deformation Sensor
Pressure Sensor (3)

2.2.
Load Frame Setup:
Refer to the figure above. Place load frame on a support bench or table that is sturdy,
leveled, and make sure that the area is dry, temperature controlled, and vibration free.
The area should also have minimal electrical noise, away from compressors, generators,
air conditioning units, etc. Complete the setup as follows:
A)
Level Load Frame. Place a level on the platen and adjust the leveling feet to
achieve level. Rotate the level 90 degrees and adjust the leveling feet again to
achieve level. Repeat this process until level is achieved in both directions.

B)
Remove Deformation Sensor Bracket. Loosen thumbscrews on deformation

sensor bracket and slide bracket up and off strain rods.
C)
Attach Load Cell. Insert load cell bolt through center hole in cross head. Align
bolt hole on top of load cell with bolt protruding from bottom of cross head. Turn
bolt clockwise and screw into load cell. Snug bolt to draw load cell against
bottom of cross head. Screw load cell button into bottom of load cell.
D)
Adjust Cross Head Position. Loosen cross head nuts and either raise or lower
cross head to accommodate the type of testing to be performed. Re tighten cross
head nuts.
E)
Attach Deformation Sensor. Slide deformation sensor into center hole in

deformation sensor bracket. Snug sensor thumbscrew to hold sensor in place with
approximately inch of the sensor protruding from the bottom of the bracket. Do
not over tighten. Slide bracket and sensor back on strain rods and lower until
deformation sensor spindle rests on top of load cell bolt. Sung thumbscrew to fix
bracket position on strain rods. Do not over tighten. Note: The deformation
sensor travels the same direction and distance as the platen. Be sure there is a
large enough gap between the sensor and the load cell bolt to accommodate
downward travel of the platen.
F)
Connect Sensors. (see below)
G)
Connect Power Cord. (see below).
2.3.
Sigma-1 CRS System Setup:
Sigma-1 CRS System components can be set up quickly using the figures and the
instructions below. Be sure to read the instructions important information concerning
use and care of the system is given. Note, do not power up the system until the last step.

2.3.1. Computer:
The minimal specifications for the Sigma-1 CRS system computer are as
follows: IBM PC compatible, with a Pentium CPU running at 120 MHz or faster,
Windows 95 operating system, minimum 16 MB RAM, 3.5 inch floppy drive,
1.2 GB hard drive, and a Super VGA card with a monitor offering 800x600 or

higher resolution. The computer should also have at least one free serial (COM)
port working properly. Note that setting up serial ports is not a trivial task. Note:
If GEOTAC supplied the computer, all the necessary software installations and
setups have been performed. It is only necessary to make the physical hardware
connections.
Place computer near load frame. Attach the AC power cord, keyboard, and
mouse. Place monitor near computer and attach power cord to monitor and
connect cable from monitor to computer. Attach female end of one serial cable
to the 9 pin serial port on the rear of the computer (next to the 25 pin male
connector). Plug AC power cord from monitor and computer into an AC outlet.
2.3.2. Network Module:

The Network module is the first of five TestNet modules incorporated in the
Sigma-1 CRS system. The Network module regulates the flow of commands and
data between the computer and the load frame. The front panel is shown below.
An OFF/ON switch on the front regulates the power to the TestNet network
and can be used to reset the network. A red LED lights up when network power
is on. Two green on the front panel indicate communication status (TX =
transmit, RX = receive).
The rear panel is shown below. It has two serial ports and one power port.

Cables connect to the rear panel as shown below,
One serial cable connects the module to the computer. The male end of this
serial cable connects to the female D-sub connector labeled TestNet In . The
second serial cable connects the Network module to load frame. The female end
of this cable connects to the male sub-D connector labeled TestNet Out . The
DC power cord from the Power Supply connects to the Network module at the
connector labeled MODULE POWER. The power cord is terminated with 3pin DIN connectors. NOTE: Do not connect this cable to the Network module
until the power supply is set up properly (see below). Also, switch the Network
module to off before connecting or disconnecting this cable.

2.3.3. Precision Variable Power Supply:

A linear regulated DC power supply, shown above, provides logic power for the
TestNet module circuitry and sensor excitation. An AC power cord terminated
with a standard 3-prong plug connects the power supply to an AC outlet (110
VAC, 60 Hz). Plug in the power supply, allow five minutes for warm up, and
then check the voltage reading on the front panel. The power supply was set to
14.9, +/- 0.1 current before shipping. If this setting has changed, insert a small
flat bladed screwdriver through the fine adjustment hole in the front panel and
into the slot of the adjustment post. Increase setting by turning the screwdriver
clockwise. NOTE: TestNet modules can be permanently damaged if the DC
power input exceeds the 15V limit. A safe practice is to turn the Network
module off when making adjustments to the power supply settings. The current
reading should be zero if nothing is connected to the front panel.

A DC power cord terminated with a 3-pin DIN connectors connects between the
front panel of the power supply and the rear panel of the Network module. One
end attaches to any of the three outlets on the power supply front panel. The
other end connects to the back of the Network module. Be sure the power
supply has been set properly and the Network module is switched to off before
making the connection.
Additional information about the power supply can be found in the
manufacture s literature provided with the unit.
2.3.4. Load Frame Modules:

Two additional TestNet modules, an ADIO module and a Servo module, are
attached to the rear panel of the load frame as shown below.
Both modules are similar in size to the Network module and are attached to the
rear of the panel shown above. The Servo module controls the load frame motor.
It is the second module on the SIGMA-1 TestNet network and connects to the
Network module at the 9-pnin sub-D connector labeled TestNet In . The
module also has two LED s, the red one indicates network power, and the yellow
indicates motor power.

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The AD-IO module provides four channels of analog data acquisition. State-ofthe-art analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion technology is used to achieve 22-bit
resolution at 80 readings per second data rate on a single channel. Conversion
rates as high as 250 readings per second can be achieved without significant loss
in resolution. The four input signal ranges, +/- 10V, +/- 1V, +/- 0.1V, and +/0.01V, can be independently set for individual channels. This allows ADIO
modules to handle low level (mV) signals from strain gage type sensors along
side with high level signals without any signal conditioning.
Sensors are connected to ADIO modules at the four 6-pin miniature DIN
(MDIN) sockets labeled CH 1 through CH 4 . The ADIO modules can
provide either 5 VDC or 10 VDC for sensor excitation. Excitation voltage is
determined by how a sensor connector is wired and can be different for different
channels. Sensors should not draw more than 500mA from each ADIO module
and the total power consumption by all sensors should not exceed 3A for the
entire network. Sensor excitation power is stepped down from 15 VDC network
power using precision regulators. Proper sensor cable shielding is necessary to
protect signals from RF noise. The shield drain wire should be connected to the
shield pin of the DIN connector but it should be left unconnected at the sensor
end.
The load frame rear panel with all the proper cables connected is shown below.

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An AC power cable connects to the socket on the left. This socket also contains
an off/on switch for AC power. Three sensor cables are shown connected to the
ADIO module. The load cell is connected to CH1, the cell pressure sensor is
connected to CH2, and the deformation sensor is connected to CH3. The male
end of the serial cable coming form the Network is shown connected to the 9 pin
sub-D connector on the Servo module labeled TestNet In .
2.3.5. DigiFlow Modules:

DigiFlow pumps have two TestNet modules, an ADIO module and a Servo
module. These modules are attached to the pump rear panel as shown below.
The Servo module controls the pump motor. The cell pump Servo module is the
fourth module on the Sigma-1 CRS TestNet network and connects to the
Sigma-1 load frame ADIO module at the 9-pnin sub-D connector labeled

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TestNet Out . The cell pump Servo module also has two LED s, the red one
indicates network power, and the yellow indicates motor power.
The cell pump ADIO module provides four channels of analog data.
The TestNet network is completed by connecting serial cables between the
ADIO module on the load frame and the Servo module of the cell pump. The
female end of the serial cable connects to the ADIO module connector labeled
TestNet Out , The male end connects to the Servo connector labeled TestNet
in.
Each DigiFlow pump requires 24 VDC power to operate the motor. This power
is supplied by the Sigma-1 load frame at the two right most connectors labeled
POWER OUT .
One DC power cables have been supplied. Plug cable end into the load frame,
and the other end into the DigiFlow pump.
The DigiFlow cell pump rear panel with all the proper cables connected is
shown below.

13
One sensor cable is shown connected to the ADIO module. The pressure sensor
is connected to CH1. The male end of the serial cable coming from the load
frame is shown connected to the 9 pin sub-D connector on the Servo module
labeled TestNet In . A DC power cable is shown connected to the 5 pin Din
connector on the Servo module labeled 24 VDC .
All modules except the Network module contain termination DIP switches (red
block of tiny switches). The purpose of termination is to minimize signal
reflections in the cable and to designate the last module on the network. The
switches must be set to OFF on all but the last module on the network. They
must be set to ON for the last module, which in this case is the ADIO module
on the cell pump. Servo module DIP switches have been set to OFF
2.4.
Sigma-1 CRS System Power Up
Check that all components and cables have been attached as described above. The power
supply should be on and the voltage reading should be 14.9, +/- 0.1VDC. Power up the
system as follows:
1.
Turn the computer and monitor on.
2.
Turn the Network module Power to ON . Check that the red LED
power light is on for the Network, Servo, and ADIO modules.
3.
Turn the AC power switch on the load frame rear panel to on . Check
that the yellow LED labeled motor in the Servo section of the load
frame rear panel is on.
Once a successful power up has been achieved, proceed to the next section for
instruction on installing the system software.

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3.
Sigma-1 CRS System Software - Installation and Configuration
Sigma-1 CRS software allows for operation of the load frame and pumps and provides
acquisition and control for stress path triaxial testing. It is a Windows based true 32-bit program
offering benefits such as familiar graphical user interface and robust preemptive multitasking that
allows other applications to run in the background.
3.1.
Installation
The program is distributed on CD. Please make sure to read the Readme.txt file
included on CD for the latest information and instructions.
A)
Insert CD in drive and using Windows Explorer locate Sigma-1 CRS .msi file,
double click it to launch program installer. The installation program uses
Windows Installer service incorporated into Windows ME and 2000 operating
systems. However, Windows Installer may not be available on older computers.
If your computer is not able to start the installation when you double click on
Sigma-1 CRS .msi file then you need to first install Windows Installer service
which is included on the CD. This has to be done only once. Windows Installer
setup program for Windows 95/98 is located under M:\Windows
Installer\Win9X folder where M is the drive letter for CD-ROM. If you are using
Windows NT, use installer setup program located under M:\Windows
Installer\WinNT .
B)
After you install Windows Installer and reboot the system, double click Sigma-1
CRS .msi and follow instructions provided by the installation program.

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C)
The installation program copies program files under directory C:\ Program Files
\ Sigma-1 CRS on the hard disk (unless another path is specified) and creates a
program folder named Geotac under Start | Programs menu and places a
shortcut to Sigma-1 CRS . It will also place a shortcut to Sigma-1 CRS .exe on the
desktop.
The folder shown contains three items. Upon installation, there will only be
Sigma-1 CRS.exe file. Sigma-1 CRS.ini is created after the program has been
launched for the first time and system setup information has been entered by the
user. The Graph.ini file is created the first time a Graph button is clicked.
Also, a file named Error Log.txt may appear if any system errors occur while
the program is running. Events such as reaching a travel limit or exceeding load
and pressure limits are recorded in this file.
3.2.
Starting Sigma-1 CRS
You can start Sigma-1 CRS by either double clicking the program icon in Program
Files \ Sigma-1 CRS folder or selecting Sigma-1 CRS option under Start | Programs |
Geotac menu. Upon startup, the Sigma-1 CRS the main user interface window
appears as shown in below.

16
(Note: when starting the program for the first time, a series of pop up windows will
appear. The first window is used to configure the system for a DigiFlow pump if one is
present.
Click Yes or No . Next the following message appears.
Click OK and a series of windows will appear. The first window requires that a COM
port be chosen. If the wrong COM port is chosen, the following message will appear.
Click OK and the remaining setup windows will appear one at a time. When finished
with these windows, return to TestNet under the Setup menu item and choose another
COM port. Repeat this process until the correct COM port is chosen. Refer to the
section below concerning the menu item Setup for details on what to enter into the setup
windows).

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Once the program is launched, you can exit the program by clicking on the [X] button in
the far right corner of the title bar or by selecting Close (Alt. + F4) from the system
menu. Sigma-1 CRS starts with C:\ Program Files \ Sigma-1 CRS as the default
path. That means any data files created by the program will be placed in directory C:\
Program Files \ Sigma-1 CRS , unless another directory is chosen. It is best to choose
another folder for storing test data. The procedure for selecting another folder is
described in a later section on selecting Preferences in the Setup menu item.
The user interface has three components: Status Panel, Menu Bar and Tab Panels. Each
of these is discussed in the sections below:
3.3.
Sigma-1 CRS Status Panel
There are two possible Status panels. If the load frame selected is a Sigma-1, the Status
panel will look like that shown below on the left. If a GeoJac is selected, it will appear
as the one shown below on the right.

18
The Status Panel occupies the left half of the screen and is visible throughout the test. It
is a graphical representation of consolidation test setup that includes important status
information. A quick look at the status panel allows the operator to assess overall status
of the system any time during the test. Rectangular numeric display fields are used for
displaying sensor readings, platen displacement, and platen deformation rate.
When a sensor reading exceeds its minimum or maximum limits (set by the user), the
corresponding display field turns red and a beeping sound is used to get the user s
attention. The load frame will stop moving if the load cell minimum or maximum is
exceeded. Also, pumps will stop moving if their associated pressure sensor exceeds the
maximum or minimum.
Two simulated LED s indicate platen displacement direction. For the example shown
above the platen is traveling in the up direction. A red LED indicates that the platen has
reached a travel limit. Platen movement is tracked in two display fields, one labeled

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Position and the other labeled Distance . Located on the load frame cabinet. The
Position field contains the distance the platen has moved away from a user selectable
reference point, usually the lower travel limit. This display is useful for directing the
platen to move fixed positions within the platen travel range. The reference point is
usually not changed.
The display field labeled Distance tracks how far the platen has traveled since the last
time it was reset. For example, the Distance display box is set to zero at the start of
testing to track the amount of deformation at any time during a test.
The Speed, Position, and Distance display information is based on a built in encoder, not
from the deformation sensor. This is a safety measure in that encoder information is
always available for calculations while the deformation sensor information may be out of
range if not properly set by the user. Deformation sensor readings however are available
for data reduction if needed.
3.4.
Sigma-1 CRS Menu Items
A standard Window style menu is located at the top of the main user interface window.
Using menu commands the operator can enter and edit test parameters, sensor calibration
information, and hardware settings and constants. Menu commands are also used and for
testing the A/D converter and servo (motor controller). The various menu options are
shown and discussed below.
3.4.1. Setup Menu Items

Click the Setup menu item and the following selection appear:

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Each selection is discussed in detail below.
3.4.1.1. TestNet
When TestNet is selected, the TestNet Setup window appears
Two pull-down boxes allow for setting the serial port and baud rate. A
baud rate of 19200 is adequate for most setups. Information on ADIO
modules connected to the network is shown in the module list box.
Command buttons on the right side of the window allow for adding,
removing, editing, and testing modules. These commands can also be
accessed through a pop-up menu by right clicking on a module name in
the list box.
Name order in the module list coincides with the module location on the
network; first module (top of list) is closest to the computer, last module
(bottom of list) is last on the network (with address = 1). Modules are

21
automatically assigned addresses by the program according the order of

this list, so it is important that new module being added to the network
are placed at the proper location in the list. To add an ADIO module,
click on the module name that will immediately precede the new module
and then click Add Adc button. The program will insert new module
immediately under the highlighted module.
After clicking Add Adc the Add Adc window will appear.
Click in the Name text box and type in a unique name for the module
being added. Use the pull down box to select the module type then click
OK
Click the Edit button to set the parameters for the ADIO module and the
Edit Load frame Adc window will appear. Note that the module name
cannot be edited. To rename a module, remove it from the list using the
Remove command button and then add it back to the list with the new
name.

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Select a Data Rate ; this is the rate at which readings are converted. A
value of 80 readings per second is adequate for most geotechnical
testing.
Next, enter values for Gain Factor , 10V Excitation , and 5V
Excitation . These values are contained on the calibration sheet supplied
with each module.
Next, select an Input Range for each channel. The input range for any
channel should be selected to accommodate the maximum output voltage
from the sensor connected to that channel. For best resolution, use the
smallest input range available. The 0.1 V range will be suitable for most
strain gauge based sensors. The 10.0 V range is suitable for most
DCDT s or variable reluctance type sensors. Note that if a sensor will
only be excited in the low end of its range, a smaller input range can be
selected to increase resolution. For example, a 10,000 pound load cell
that outputs 0.035 V at full scale is used in a test where the maximum

23
load will not exceed 1,000 pounds. The output at 1,000 pounds would
be approximately .0035 V, so the 0.01V range can be selected. If a
reduced range is being used and the input exceeds the value selected, the
maximum value will be stored in the data file for all readings in which
the range has been exceeded. For example, if the load cell described
above was excited by a 5,000 pound load while using the 0.01 V range,
the corresponding reading stored in the data file would be 0.010 V.
When finished entering module data, click OK to close the Edit
Loadframe Adc window.
This procedure needs repeating for both DigiFlow pump AD-IO
modules.
To change a particular module s settings, click on its name and then Edit
or right click on its name and select Edit from the pop-up menu. Note
that the module name cannot be edited. To rename a module, remove it
from the list using the Remove command button and then add it back to
the list with the new name.
Before clicking Done, make sure all cables are connected properly,
network power is turned on, and termination switches are in ON position
only for the last module on the network. Next, click Done command
button to close the TestNet Setup window. A prompt will appear
requiring the network to be reset. Do this by turning the network power
off and on (using OFF/ON switch on the Network module). Click OK
and the system will undergo an initialization sequence and issue
appropriate warnings if it cannot complete the process. A quick check
that the network is operating properly is to watch the communication
status LED s on the Network module during initialization process. If

24
neither the transmit (TX) nor receive (RX) LED blinks, it indicates that
the serial (COM) port is not working. If the transmit LED blinks but
receive LED does not, it usually means that the modules are not
connected properly or a module reset has failed. If this happens, quit
Sigma-1 UU, check all connections, cycle network power one more time
(turn the switch on the Network module OFF and ON), and restart the
program. If initialization is successful, the program creates database file
Sigma-1 UU.ini in the default directory.
Once TestNet modules are initialized properly, data acquisition can be
performed. Before that however, a quick check to see that the ADIO
modules are working properly is recommended. To do this, select Setup
| TestNet and the TestNet Setup window will appear. Select the ADIO
module and click Test and the Test Load Frame Adc window will
appear. Clicking Start in the Channel Scan section continuously
displays the current reading for each channel. Clicking Start in the
Statistics section causes the program to take 100 readings from the
selected channel. Statistical analysis of these readings is then performed
to obtain the average and the standard deviation. This window is useful
for checking that the sensors are responding properly, that calibrations
are correct, and for determining noise levels.

25
3.4.1.2.Sensors
To add sensor information to the database, select Setup | Sensors and the
Sensor Database window appears.
The list box in this window contains a summary of the sensor

information included in the database. Command buttons along the
window bottom allow for adding, removing, editing, or testing sensors.
These commands can also be invoked by right clicking on a sensor name
in the list box. It is possible to sort sensors by name, ID, location, etc.
by clicking on corresponding column header. Clicking once will sorts
sensors in descending order while clicking the same column header
twice reverses the order.
To start, click Add and the Add New Sensor window will appear.

26
If there are sensors listed in the list box, the new sensor is placed
directly after the sensor name highlighted when Add is clicked. Enter
the following information:
Enter the following information:
Name:
Click in the Name box and type in a

convenient sensor name, such as Load cell .
ID:
Enter a unique sensor ID. This is usually a

number found on the sensor, such as a serial
number. Sensor ID shall include at least one
non-numerical character (any character other
than 0-9).
ADIO Module:
select the ADIO module that the sensor is

attached to.
Unit:
Enter the units corresponding to the calibration

factor, e.g. psi
Channel:
Select the channel number the sensor is attached

to.

27
Calibration Factor: Enter the calibration factor in units/V/V. See

Appendix for a discussion concerning the
calibration factor.
Excitation (V):
Click the appropriate excitation for the sensor.

If the senor is powered through TestNet, the
option is either 5 or 10 Volts, depending on how
the sensor is wired. If the sensor was supplied
by GEOTAC, an orange band on the sensor
cable means it has been wired for 10 volt
excitation, a green band signifies 5 volt
excitation. Clicking the 5 or 10 Volt option
assigns the value entered when setting up the
module (see 3.4.1). If an external source is used
to excite the sensor, click External and enter
the appropriate value.
Maximum:
Enter the maximum value (in units) that the

sensor is rated for. (See note below)
Minimum:
Enter the minimum value (in units) that the

sensor is rated for.
Zero:
Enter the sensor output in volts when there is no

physical excitation. This value can be entered
manually on this window or it will be filled in
automatically when the Take Zero button is
clicked in the Test Sensor window.
Click OK. Sensor information appears in the list box in the sensor
database window. If any sensor information is incorrect, click the sensor
name and then Edit or right click the sensor name and select Edit from
the pop-up menu. The Edit <sensor name> window will appear.

28
Make required changes and click OK. Note that sensor ID cannot be
edited. If this is entered incorrectly, remove the sensor from the
database and reenter the correct information.
If the network is successfully initialized then the Test command button
on Sensor Database window will be enabled. To check that a sensor is
working properly, click its name and then Test. The Test <sensor
name> window will appear.
It displays sensor output in volts, along with the converted reading with
appropriate units and the zero reading in volts. Clicking Take Zero
command button causes the program to average 10 consecutive readings
and record the average as the zero reading in the sensor database. When

29
all sensor information has been entered, click Done to dismiss Sensor
Database window.
Note: Sensors that have a maximum output equal to the voltage range
selected require special attention. If the channel range is set to 0.1V the
maximum it can read is 100 mV. In other words, with 0-300 psi sensor
you can never measure pressures larger than 300 psi assuming perfect
sensor zero (0.0 mV). However, if the zero is slightly positive (say 0.3
mV) the maximum pressure ever measured will be less that 300 psi (it
will be 299.1). Thus, if you set maximum pressure to be same as
transducer capacity, the program under certain circumstances can never
detect over pressure condition. Therefore, it is recommended that you
set maximum pressure about 10 psi lower than sensor range (290 psi in
the above example).
3.4.1.3.Load Frame
Load frame and pump information is added to the database by selecting
Setup | Load Frame and Setup | Cell Pump. The Load Frame window
is shown below.
Select the load frame from
the drop box
and default values will

automatically be entered in
the remaining entry boxes.
Compare these values with those on a setup sheet provided with the load
frame. The Calibration Factor is for the built in encoder and gives the

30
number of counts per inch of platen travel. The Total Stroke is the
amount of platen travel between the upper and lower limit. The user can
restrict platen travel by entering a lower value. Maximum Speed is the
highest rate the platen can travel. This speed is used when the platen is
set in motion using the full up or full down arrow.
The Initial Stiffness is used in motor feedback control and should not
be changed.
The Reset Position check box is used to set the position box in the
status window to zero. Normally this box is checked when the platen is
at the lower limit. Using the lower limit as a reference is a convenient
means for determining where the platen is within the stroke range.
Click the OK after verifying all entries.
3.4.1.4.Cell Pump
Cell pump information is added to the database by selecting Setup | Cell
Pump. The Cell Pump window is shown below.
Compare these values with
those on a setup sheet provided
with the pump. The
Calibration Factor is for the
built in encoder and gives the
number of counts per mL of
flow.
The Total Volume is the amount of flow volume that occurs when the
piston travels between the upper and lower limit. The user can restrict
flow volume by entering a lower value. Maximum Flow is the highest

31
flow rate. This rate is used when the piston is set in motion using the
full up or full down arrow.
Initial Stiffness is used in motor feedback control and should not be
changed.
The Reset Position check box is used to set the position box in the
status window to zero. Normally this box is checked when the piston is
at the lower limit. Using the lower limit as a reference is a convenient
means for determining where the piton is within the stroke range.
Click the OK after verifying all entries.
3.4.1.5.Reading Schedules
Click Reading Schedules and the following window will appear.
Reading Schedule is a program feature that provides a convenient

means for storing and recalling various sets of reading times used for
different types of tests. A Reading Schedule consists of two columns
or pairs of numbers. The first column contains the number of readings
that are to be taken at the interval specified in the second column.

32
Below are two examples of Reading Schedules typically used in a

Geotechnical testing laboratory.
Example 1. Triaxial
# of
Readings
1
40
40
40
Interval
(min)
0
.5
2
5
Example 2. Consolidation
# of
Readings
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
Interval
(min)
0
.1
.15
.25
.5
1
2
4
7
15
30
60
In the Triaxial example, 40 readings will be taken 30 seconds apart,

followed by 40 readings taken 2 minutes apart, and finally 40 readings
taken 5 minutes apart. The total number of readings listed is 121. If
more than 121 readings are taken, these subsequent readings will also be
taken every 5 minutes, which is the last interval on the list.

33
The Consolidation example is a good case for pointing out the difference
between elapsed time and interval time. In order to obtain readings at
elapsed times of 6 s, 15 s, 30 s, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, and 60 minutes, the
intervals shown in the second column are needed. Note that after the 60minute reading, additional readings will be taken every hour until the
elapsed time is 24 hours.
To create a Reading Schedule , select Setup | Reading Schedules from
the pull down menu. The Add/Remove Reading Schedule window
should appear. The pull-down box lists the names of all Reading
Schedules currently in the database. Number of readings and intervals
associated with the Reading Schedule displayed in the pull down box
are shown in the list box on the left-hand side.
Click Add to create a new Reading Schedule . The Add Reading
Schedule window should appear.
Enter a unique name for a Schedule Name . Enter the number of

readings and an interval for those readings in the appropriate boxes.
Note that all new reading schedules have the first row automatically
filled in. This first row reflects the zero reading that is recorded for all
data files. This reading is also included in the total number of readings.
A running tally of the total number of readings and times is displayed in
the lower two boxes. Click Add to add the second point to the Reading

34
Schedule . The number of readings and interval should appear in the list
box. Enter the number of readings and interval for the next point in the
Reading Schedule . Continue adding points until the schedule is
complete and then click Finish.
Reading Schedules cannot be edited. Changes and corrections are made
by first removing a schedule and then recreating it just as if it was a new
group. You can remove a Reading Schedule by first selecting it with
the pull down arrow in the Schedule Name box, and then clicking
Remove.
Create additional Reading Schedules by repeating the above procedure.
When Reading Schedule Add/Removing is finished, close the window
by clicking Done. Note that any changes made with respect to Reading
Schedules are not saved until you quit Sigma-1 CRS. If the program
terminates prematurely, changes will be lost. Therefore, it is good
practice to save through Setup | Save immediately after changes have
been made.
3.4.1.6.Preferences
Click Preferences and the following window will appear.

35
Use the Browse button to select a default data folder. Sigma-1 CRS
starts with C:\ Program Files \ Sigma-1 CRS as the default path.
This means any data files created by the program will be placed in
directory C:\Program Files\Sigma-1 CRS, unless another directory is
chosen. It is best to choose a folder other than a program folder for
storing test data. As a suggestion, create a folder named Sigma-1 CRS
Data on the hard drive. Then click Browse and select this folder. Any
test files created within Sigma-1 CRS will be stored in Sigma-1 CRS
Data .
The window also contains entry boxes for specimen diameter and height.
Enter the most commonly used values. These values will appear in data
entry boxes in the Specimen Data window eliminating the need to type
them in.
Designating a Minimum Unload Total Stress and a Minimum
Unload Strain minimize chances of a gap forming between the loading
piston and specimen top during unloading. Platen motion will stop if
either or these limits are reached during unloading.
Click the checkbox if a DigiFlow pump is connected to the system,
otherwise leave unchecked.
Click OK when finished.
3.4.1.7.Setup Save
Note that any changes made using any Setup Menu item are not saved
until you quit Sigma-1 CRS. If the program terminates prematurely,
changes will be lost. Therefore, it is good practice to save through
Setup | Save immediately after any changes have been made.

36
3.4.2. File Menu Items

Click on the Edit menu and the followoing choices appear:
When Test Data is selected, the Test Data Setup window appears
When Specimen Data is selected, the Specimen Data Setup window

appears

37
Both of these windows are used to create a data file. Details are
discussed in a later section.
3.4.3. Tools Menu Items

When the Tools menu item is clicked, the following options become available.
Details of these menu selections are discussed below.
3.4.3.1.Manual Mode Load Frame

When Manual Mode menu item is selected, the Manual Mode window
appears. The window consists of tab panels for each actuator. Click the
Load Frame tab and the following two options are available.

38
In Displacement Control , the user can control the displacement of the

platen. It can be set at full speed and maximum displacement by
choosing the top or bottom arrows then clicking Start . The platen will
continue in motion until an upper or lower limit is reached or until
Stop is clicked. If the Start button has the focus then motion can also
be stopped and started simply by pressing the space bar.
The entry boxes can be used to move the platen at a desired speed and
distance. Once entries are made, click one of the inner arrows to select
direction and then click Start . The platen will move the specified
distance, at the entered speed, in the selected direction. The space bar
can be used to start and stop platen movement. Note that the distance
the platen will travel is reset each time the Stop and Start button is
clicked (or space bar). In other words, it will not complete an
interrupted move; it will start a new one.
Clicking the Reset button sets the position display box in the load
frame shown in the Status Panel to zero
In the Load Control option, a load is entered along with a time. Upon
clicking Start , the load will ramp to the desired load in the time
entered. Alternatively, the constant load option can be selected in which

39
case the load frame will move as quickly as possible to achieve the
desired load.
The selected load can be based on the internal or external load cell.
Also, the direction of loading can be limited by selecting options in the
Direction box. This option is useful in trying to minimize load
fluctuations. For instance, in consolidating a specimen, one can choose
the Load option and the load frame will stop moving if the desired load
is ever exceeded. The load frame will move again once the load has
fallen below the desired value due to specimen consolidation.
3.4.3.2.Machine Deflection
Sigma-1 CRS provides a convenient means for measuring machine
deflections. The procedure involves assembling the CRS cell with a
metal specimen along with filter paper if desired. The cell should then
be placed in the load frame and the platen adjusted until the gap between
the load cell button and the piston top is approximately 0.1 inches. Then
select the Machine Deflections option under the Tools menu item
and the following window will appear.

40
Enter a seating load and the maximum load for which machine
deflections are to be measured. Then click Start , the following
message will appear.
The platen will move up until contact is made between the load cell
button and the piston top. The message widow will then close and the
machine deflection window buttons change to the following.
Click Graph to view a plot of machine deflections. Click Pause to

stop the measurement process and the buttons change to the following.
Click Restart to continue machine deflection measurements or Done

to end the process.
3.4.3.3.Uplift Calibration
The vertical load measured using the external load cell includes load
applied to the specimen as well as load due to piston uplift. Piston uplift
is the result of cell pressure acting on the piston bottom. Piston uplift
varies with cell pressure and Sigam-1 CRS provides a convenient means
for measuring this relationship. Start by assembling the CRS cell (minus

41
specimen), locking the piston, filling it with water and placing it in the
load frame. Use the manual controls and raise the platen until the gap
between the load cell button and the piston top is less than 0.1 inches.
Raise the cell pressure to approximately 10 psi. Unlock the piston while
holding it and allow it to raise and make contact with the load cell
button. Choose Piston Uplift under the Tools menu item and the
following window will appear.
Click Take Reading ; raise the cell pressure, then click Take Reading
again. Repeat at least three more times. Once the Calculate button
becomes active, click it and the display boxes for Piston Area piston
Weight , and Regression Const. will be filled in. Additional pressure
increases can be entered and the above parameters will be re calculated
when the Calculate button is clicked. Click Done when finished.
An alternative to determining the uplift parameters automatically, the
user can enter Piston Area and Piston Weight after clicking the
checkbox.

42
Click Done after filling in the entry boxes.
3.4.3.4.Data Acquisition
In addition to data collection, which occurs automatically during testing,
Sigma-1 CRS provides a separate, independent means of collecting data
that can be initiated by the user through the menu bar. Select Data
Acquisition under Tools menu item and the New Task selection will
appear.
This independent or manual means of data collection can be used at any

time, during testing or when operating the system in the manual mode.
In fact, there is no need to be using the system for testing. Sensors could
be used to monitor events completely unrelated to triaxial testing while
data is collected in the manual mode.
Start data acquisition by selecting New Task . A standard Windows
Save As window pops up. Enter the name of file to contain the
collected data. Click Save and the New Task window will appear.

43
Choose a Reading Schedule and enter Maximum Readings if a value

other than the default is desired. (Note: All these items can be changed
during data collection). Enter a value for Start After . Data collection
will commence that many minutes after clicking OK . Click Hold to
retain the window entries for a later starting time. Click OK when
finished.
To check how many readings have been taken or to change the
controlling parameters, choose Data Acquisition and select Edit Task .
The Edit Task window will appear.

44
Data collection continues while the window is open. The number of

reading taken is shown in the lower display box. A new Reading
Schedule can be selected, the Maximum Readings can be changed, the
task can be put on hold, and the reading schedule can be reset.
When OK is clicked to reinitiate data collecting, data will be appended
to the open data file.
Note that data collection will enter the pause mode when number of
readings entries have been made in the data file. Hence, the data file
remains open and data collection can be reinitiated by choosing Data
Acquisition | Edit and entering a new set of data collection parameters.
Subsequent data will be appended to the open data file. Also note that
no additional readings will be taken unless number of readings has
been increased.
3.4.4. Cell Pump Menu Item

When the Cell Pump menu item is clicked, the following window appears:

45
The Pump Status Panel occupies the left half of the screen and is available
throughout the test. It is a graphical representation of the pump. Rectangular
numeric display fields are used for displaying sensor readings, volume, and flow
rate.
When a sensor reading exceeds its minimum or maximum limits (set by the
user), the corresponding display field turns red and a beeping sound is used to
get the user s attention. The pump will stop moving if the pressure sensor
minimum or maximum is exceeded. This safety feature helps minimize damage
to the pump.
Simulated LED s indicate piston displacement direction. A blinking LED
indicates that the piston has reached a travel limit. Piston movement is tracked
in the display field labeled Volume . The Volume field contains the volume
change that has taken place since the piston moved from a user selectable
reference point. The lower travel limit is a convenient reference point. The
reference point is usually not changed.

46
The Volume and Flow display information is based on a built in encoder.

It is important that the proper pump calibration factor has been entered under the
Setup menu.
The right side of the screen contains tab panels used for operating the pump. In
Volume Control , the user can select a flow rate, volume, and direction to move
the pump piston. This tab window is typically used for filling the cell and
flushing drain lines. The piston can be set at full speed and maximum volume by
choosing the top or bottom arrows then clicking Start . The piston will continue
in motion until an upper or lower limit is reached or until Stop is clicked.
Motion can also be stopped and started by pressing the space bar after the Start
button is clicked.
The entry boxes can be used to move the piston at a desired rate and volume.
Once entries are made, click an inner arrow then Start . The piston will move
the specified volume, at the entered rate, in the direction selected of the selected
arrow. The space bar can be used to start and stop piston movement. Note that
the volume expelled or drawn in is reset each time the Stop and Start button
is clicked (or space bar). In other words, an interrupted move will not be
completed; a new move will be initiated instead.
Clicking the Reset button sets the volume display box to zero. Typically, the
reset button would be clicked when the pump is at the lower limit.
Click the Pressure Control option and the following tab panel will appear.

47
This option is used for ramping backpressure during the saturation stage.
In the Pressure Control option, a pressure is entered along with a time. If
Constant Pressure option is selected, the piston will move as quickly as
possible to achieve the desired pressure upon clicking Start . Alternatively, if
Ramp Pressure is selected, the pressure will ramp to the desired value in the
time entered.
3.4.5. Help Menu Items

When the Help menu item is clicked, the following selections become available.
3.4.5.1.Help Topics
(to be filled in later)
3.4.5.2.About Sigma-1 CRS

Click About Sigma-1 CRS to obtain information about the program
including the version number as shown below.

48
4.
Pump Saturation
Air trapped in the pumps, pressure sensor, tubing, or specimen drains can cause error in system
volume calculations. These errors result when pump pressure is raised and air compresses and
slowly dissolves in solution. The resulting volume change due to air compression or dissolution
is recorded as flow in or out of the specimen. Saturating the pumps and associated tubing can
minimize errors due to air volume change. A procedure for saturation is outline below.
Note that this procedure involves operating the pump with the port valve closed. DigiFlow
pumps have a shutdown feature that turns off pump motor if pressure exceeds maximum pressure
set in sensor setup. This gives some degree of protection. However, caution is required. It takes
some time for the program to become aware of over an over pressure situation. The pressure
sensor is read only so often. If the system is very stiff (i.e. closed valve condition) pressure can
exceed the maximum sensor pressure before pump shuts down.
4.1.
Connections
A typical pump setup is shown below.

49
The pump valve has two ports. Ports are connected or opened to the pump cylinder by
rotating the valve handle so it points to the port. The vertical position is the closed
position. The pressure line port connects to the cell quick connect or a specimen drain
line valve. The refill/drain line port has a tube that terminates in a container filled with
pump fluid (usually water). A plastic flask with a one-hole stopper serves as a
convenient container.
4.2.
Fill Pump
The first step in saturating the pump is to fill it with liquid. Switch the pump valve to the
refill/drain port. Open the Manual window under Tools on the menu bar and select
the appropriate pump. Select the flow control option and move the piston to the top of
its stroke (select topmost arrow). Fill the container with fluid (leave some overflow
space at the top of the container) and move the piston to the bottom of its stroke. Water
will be drawn into the pump from the container as the piston moves down. When the
piston reaches the bottom limit, reverse the piston direction and move the piston to the
upper limit. Observe the top of the pump and stop the piston when water starts flowing
out the refill/drain line and all the air has been pushed out of the tube. (Note: it may take
several cycles of moving the piston up and down before water will reach a level that it

50
will flow out the refill/drain line). Reverse the piston direction again and start the piston
moving down. Close the pump valve for several seconds and check the pressure sensor
reading on the status panel. A vacuum should build up which will cause air bubbles to
rise to the top of the pump. Open the valve to release the vacuum and repeat this process
until air bubbles cease to rise to the top. Stop the pump, reverse the piston direction,
check that the pump valve is switched to the refill/drain line, and start the piston moving
up. The air in the top of the pump should flow out the refill/drain tube. Stop the pump
when all the air has been pushed out of the refill/drain tube.
4.3.
Saturate Pressure Sensor
Air trapped in the pressure sensor can cause the same volume change errors discussed
previously. The following procedure should be used to saturate the pressure sensor.
First, switch the pump drain valve to the closed position. Switch to pressure mode on the
Manual panel and set the pressure to 100 psi. Click Start and wait for the pressure to
build up. Click Stop when the pressure reaches 100 psi. Hold a paper towel under the
pressure sensor bleed port then loosen the setscrew.
(Note: do not remove the set screw, just loosen it a couple turns so that water and air can
flow around it). Leave the setscrew loose, switch back to flow control on the Manual

51
window and start the piston moving upward. Stop the piston when air ceases to emerge
from around the setscrew. Be sure the pump is stopped and tighten the setscrew. Just
snug the setscrew, do not over tighten.
4.4.
Pressure Test
A pressure test should be performed to check for leaks or air in the pump or pressure
sensor. First, use a paper towel and wipe up any water drops left over from the filling
and saturation process. Be thorough and remove any visible water around all the fittings.
If all visible water is removed, then any water found later can be attributed to a leak.
Next, switch the pump valve to the refill/drain line and use the Manual window move
the piston to the lower limit. Reverse the piston direction and move the piston up off the
lower limit by approximately 1 inch. Switch the pump valve to the closed position, click
the reset box in the Manual flow control window, switch to pressure mode, set the
pressure to 100 psi and click Start . Monitor volume in the display box for the pump in
the status panel. The volume reading should stabilize after a few seconds and should not
read more than a couple of tenths of an ml. Larger readings indicate there is still air in
the pump or pressure sensor. Repeat the saturation process if necessary and then
perform another pressure test.
If the volume reading slowly increases with time and does not stabilize, there is most
likely a leak. Check all connections and snug any fittings where water is found.
Click Stop at the end of the pressure test, enter zero for pressure, and then click Start .
Click Stop when the pump pressure reaches zero.
4.5.
Saturate Pressure Line
Before connecting the pressure line to a specimen drain valve, it should be saturated.
Switch the pump valve to the pressure line, select flow control in the Manual window,
select In for the piston direction, and then click Start . Click Stop when all the air
has been flushed out of the pressure

52
5.
Sigma-1 CRS System Software Performing a Test
A consolidation test using Sigma-1 CRS software consists of three stages: Seating, Back
Pressure, and Consolidation. Tab panels on the right-hand side of the screen guide the user
through each stage. Tabs become active after creating a specimen and test data file under the
File menu bar item.
A detailed discussion of each stage along with instructions for creating a
data file and test file is given below.

Note: The system hardware should be powered up for at least half an hour before testing to
allow the electronics to warm up and reach an equilibrium state. After warm up, check all sensor
zeroes and re zero if necessary before proceeding to the next section.
5.1.
Creating a Specimen and Test Data File
Choose Specimen Data under the File menu item
and the following window appears:

53
Click in each box and fill in the appropriate information. Be sure to enter the correct
height and diameter as these values are used to control loads and pressures. Click Save
and a standard Save As window will appear. Enter a name for the data file, then click
Save .
Next choose Test Data under the File menu and the following widow will appear:

54
This window provides a convenient means for entering test control parameters in one
place. Most of these parameters appear on the tab panels and can be changed at a later
time. If a series of tests is being performed with all or mostly the same parameters, they
can be saved using the Default menu item
. Once saved, they will
automatically appear in the entry boxes the next time this window is opened. A
description of the entry boxes is given below.
5.1.1. Seating/Back Pressure.

Specimen seating, i.e. minimizing compliance in the load string, can be
accomplished under strain or stress control depending on the selection made in
the Seating entry box.
Click the desired option then enter an appropriate value. If Target Strain is
selected, the platen will move at a rate corresponding to the Initial Stain Rate
(see below) and will stop when it reaches the Target Strain . If Target Stress
is selected, the platen will move to attain the selected stress on the specimen.
Once target values are attained, the stress and strain conditions are controlled by
the selections in the Back Pressure entry box.
If Maintain Height is selected, the platen remains fixed during backpressure

and prevents specimen swell. Note that the specimen can still consolidate under
the porous stone and top cap weight. If Maintain load is selected, the Target
Stress will be maintained during back pressure. The last option to select in this
section is the reading schedule for the Seating/Back Pressure stage.

55
Note: Target Strain and Maintain Height options are recommended for most
soils due to the difficulty in maintaining low values of vertical stress while
raising the backpressure.
5.1.2. Consolidation.
Entries for the left side of the
Consolidation entry box include
the following. Initial Strain
Rate
is used for the seating stage and
the early portion of the
consolidation stage. During
consolidation, it will be reduced
if the Pressure Ratio exceeds
0.3 and the current strain is less
than the value entered in the
Adjust Rate Until entry box. Maximum loading during consolidation is
controlled by the entries made in Final Strain and Final Stress . Readings are
collected according to the Reading Schedule selected. Click the checkbox if
unloading is desired after maximum loading has been attained. The unloading
rate is equal to the Unload Rate Factor time the Strain Rate at the end of
loading.

56
Entries for the right side of the

Consolidation entry box control
an unload/reload cycle. Click the
check box if an unload /reload
cycle is to be performed. Choose
a Stress or Strain at which to
start unloading. Once the Stress
or Strain is reached, the current
stress will be maintained for a time equal to the Creep Time entry. After creep,
unloading will continue until the stress is equal tp the selected percentage of the
stress at which unloading began or until the selected strain is reached. The stress
when unloading stops will be maintained until the entry in Creep Time is
reached. Reloading will then commence and continue until the Final Stress or
Final Strain is reached.
Click OK when all entries are made.
Preliminary test information is written to the hard disk when the Save button on the
Test Data window has been clicked. Hence any changes made to the Specimen Data
window or to any sensor calibration information (including sensors zeroes) will not be
included in the data file. Therefore, all sensors should be zeroed before the data file is
created.
Once the data file has been saved to the hard disk, the Seating/Back Pressure tab
becomes active.
5.2.
Seating/Back Pressure Tab
The seating/back pressure process involves assembling the specimen in the cell, placing
the cell in the load frame, applying a seating load, filling the cell, flushing drain lines,

57
then saturating the system by applying backpressure. The various steps are discussed in
detail below.
5.2.1. Specimen/Cell Assembly

The main objective in mounting the specimen in the cell is to prevent volume
change. It is suggested that all free water be wiped from the porous stones.
Once the specimen is mounted and the cell assembled, push the piston down to
make contact with the specimen and then lock the piston. Next place the cell in
the load frame and use the manual controls to adjust the gap between the load
cell button and the piston top to within 0.1 inches.
Connect the cell pump line and transducers as shown below.
5.2.2. Seating
Seating involves making contact between the load cell button and piston top and
then applying a seating load to the specimen. For soft specimens where low
seating loads are to be applied it is recommended that the Target Strain and
Maintain Height option be used. Either option can be used for stiffer
specimens where high seating loads are used. The purpose of applying a seating

58
load is help promote sealing between the specimen and the containment ring.
The seating process is initiated by clicking Make Contact .
The following message will appear as
the load platen moves up.
Once contact is made, the next

message appears.
After unlocking the piston and adjusting the LVDT. Click Start and the
simulated LED under the Seating box will turn red indicating that the seating
strain or load is being applied.
During seating, the process can be
interrupted by clicking the Pause button.
Target values can be changed in the

Pause mode. Plots can be viewed at any
time by clicking View Plots .
Seating can be reinitiated by clicking

Restart . The stage can be ended by
Clicking Done . Once the target value is achieved, the simulated LED under the
Back Pressure box turns red as shown below.

59
The command buttons remain

unchanged and the specimen height
or load is maintained. Clicking
Pause allows for tagets to be
changed and seating reinitiated when
Restart is clicked. Otherwise, the
LED indicates that it is time to fill the
cell and apply backpressure as
described below.
5.2.3. Filling Cell

The cell can be filled using water from the pump or any other water source.
These instructions pertain to using the pump.
a. Click Cell Pump in the menu bar to bring the pump window to the
top level. Switch the pump valve to the fill port and move the piston
close to the bottom limit.
b. Switch the pump valve to the cell port, remove the vent cap on the
top tee fitting, and open both the base drain valve and the vent valve.
Place the vent line in a container to catch the overflow. It is
important to keep the base drain valve open through the filling
process to ensure that the same pressure acts on both the top and
bottom of the specimen.
c. Select the Volume Control tab on the pump window, click the full
speed up arrow, and then click Start .
d. Close the vent valve when water starts flowing out the vent line.
e. Hold a container under the vent cap fitting to catch the cell overflow.
When air ceases to emerge from the top tee fitting, click Stop on

60
the cell pump window (or press the space bar) to stop the pump.
Attach the vent cap to the top tee fitting.
f.
Reopen the vent valve, and then click Start on the pump window.
Allow water to flow through the base drains until air ceases to
emerge from the vent line then click Stop . Close the vent valve.
g. Loosen the bleed screw on the pore pressure sensor (do not back it
all the way out.
h. Click Start on the pump window. Click Stop when air ceases to
emerge from the bleed port. Retighten the bleed screw. Use caution
when saturating the pore pressure sensor. If the bleed screw is not
loosened sufficiently, pressure will increase rapidly in the cell.
Monitor the cell pump pressure after clicking Start . Click Stop if a
sudden rise is noted and open the vent valve to release the pressure.
Back out the bleed screw some more and repeat the process.
5.2.4. Backpressure
If a manual source (e.g. pneumatic pressure panel) is being used for applying
backpressure, slowly increase the pressure in small increments until the final
backpressure is attained.
If a pump is being used, choose the
Pressure Control tab and enter a
target backpressure, select the
Ramp Pressure option, then enter
a time for the target to be reached.
Click Start Pump . Pressure will
increase linearly until the target
pressure is reached. The pump will
then maintain the target pressure.

61
Click the Sigma-1 icon in the task bar to switch back to the main window. Click
View Plots the view a plot of backpressure versus time. Once the target pressure
has been reached, click Pause . The Done button will become active. Click it,
the following message will appear:
Click Yes to move to the next stage.
5.3.
Consolidation Tab
Upon exiting the Seating/Backpressure stage, the Consolidation tab appears.
Check that all the entries made in the Test Data , window that are now on the
Consolidation Tab , are correct. Make changes if any are necessary. Close the
base drain valve. Click Start to start the consolidation process.
During consolidation, clicking the
Pause button suspends the
process.
Parameters in white display boxes

can be changed in the Pause
mode. Plots can be viewed at any
time by clicking View Plots .
Consolidation can be reinitiated by

clicking Restart .
The stage can be ended by clicking Pause then Done .
If the unload/reload cycle option has been selected, simulated LED s are used to
indicate the creep times just before unloading and reloading.

62
5.4.
Test Tear Down
Test tear down involves removing loads and pressures from the specimen and then
removing the cell from the load frame. This can be accomplished in several ways. The
following is one example. The user may find other ways that are more appropriate or
convenient.
a. Lock cell piston.
b. Switch to the pump window. Open the base drain valve.
c. Use the manual controls and reduce the cell pressure to zero.
d. Use the manual controls to lower the load frame platen.
e. Remove the cell from the load frame.
f.
Drain the cell and dismantle.
Close the program by clicking [X] button in the upper right corner of the main widow.

63
6.
APPENDIX 1. Data File Format
Data collected by Sigma-1 CRS is stored in a file named < name>.trx . It is a tab delimited
(each column of data separated by a tab) ASCII text file that can be opened in any text editor
such as WordPad, or imported into a spreadsheet program.

A single data file is used to store specimen related information, sensor constants, and test data.
The data is stored in sections, each marked by a header string as follows: [HEADER],
[SENSOR], [CONTACT], [SEATING], and [CONSOLIDATION] as shown above.
To import the file in Microsoft Excel , launch Microsoft Excel , go to File | Open and then
select All Files (*. *) in the file selection box. Browse to the folder that contains the data file.
The Open dialog box should list all available files. Select the data file you want to import and
click Open, the text import wizard will pop up. In step 1, for Original Data Type check
Delimited, in step 2 select Tab as Delimiters, in step 3 check General as Column Data
Format, and click Finish.
Refer to the section concerning calibrations factors for instruction as to how to convert the raw
data to engineering units.

7.
APPENDIX 2. Plot Controls

To see plots, click View Plots and the View Graphs window will appear.
Explanations of the plot freatures are given below.
Menu Items
Two floating cursors on the graph can
be manipulated using the mouse to
obtain coordinates of any two points in
the plot space. The cursors can be free
floating or can me made to snap to data
points for precise measurements by
selecting appropriate options from
Cursor Behavior menu.

The plot appearance menu item can be

used to select between showing just the
plot points, just lines that connect the
points, or both.
Plot Selection Box
The plot selection box provides a

means to switch between available
plots. The number of and type of plots
varies depending on the test stage
Cursor Position Box

The Cursor Coordinate box provides
the x and y position of the cursors on
the plot.
Cursor Box
The Cursor box displays the value of

slope, x, or y of the line that
connects the two cursors. Right click
on Slope and select the desired mode
from the pop-up menu.

A right click in the plot area provides a

pop up menu containing pointer
behavior choices. The pointer will
change depending on the selection.
Select Cursor to be able to manipulate
cursor pointer
the plot cursors. Select Zoom to

enlarge a particular region by dragging
zoom pointer
pan pointer
Plot Properties Button
the pointer over it. Select Pan to grab

the plot to move it from side to side or
up and down.
Clicking the Plot Properties button
brings up the <plot name >
Properties window.
Plot properties window allows
user to set axis limits, number
of divisions, and plot results on
a logarithmic or inverted axis.
A convenient auto-scale feature
automatically sizes any axis to
fit available data.

Settings selected through properties window are stored in a settings file named
Graphs.ini in the program directory and are recalled next time the program is launched.
Plot properties window allows user to set axis limits, number of divisions, and plot
results on a logarithmic or inverted axis. A convenient auto-scale feature automatically
sizes any axis to fit available data. Settings selected through properties window are
stored in a settings file named Graphs.ini in the program directory and are recalled next
time the program is launched.
The View Graphs window can be dismissed by clicking the x in the upper right hand
corner or by clicking any other button on the lower task bar.

8.
APPENDIX 3. Calibration Factor (CF) for GEOTAC Systems
The calibration factor (CF) for GEOTAC systems is defined as the magnitude of physical input
applied to a sensor that would produce 1 volt of signal output while using 1 volt of excitation. In
terms of an equation CF can be expressed as follows:
CF = P / Vs /Ve
CF
calibration factor (measurement unit/ volt/ volt)
magnitude of physical input (e.g. load, pressure, deformation, temperature, etc.)
Vs
signal or output voltage coming from sensor (volts)
Ve
excitation voltage going to sensor (volts)
The following is a typical example of how to calculate calibration factor. A load cell
manufacturer provides a specification sheet that lists the sensitivity of a 1000-pound capacity
load cell as 3.3 mV/ V. This means that the output signal from the load cell will equal 3.3 mV
when 1000 pounds is applied to the load cell that has an excitation voltage of 1 volt. CF in this
case is determined as follows:
CF = 1000lbs / (3.3 mVs x 1 V/1000 mV) /1 Ve
CF = 333333.33 lbs / Vs / Ve
So in this case, applying 333,333.33 pounds to the load cell would produce 1 V of output if an
excitation voltage of 1 volt were used.

Frequently sensor calibration information is presented as a set of physical input versus sensor
output pairs as shown below.
Applied Load
Sensor
(lb)
Output
(Volts)
0.000000
400
0.003730
800
0.007461
1200
0.011184
1600
0.014912
2000
0.018636
Note: Excitation voltage used during calibration = 10.0842 V

In this case, calibration factor can be obtained by performing linear regression analysis on the
data set using Microsoft Excel or similar spreadsheet program. Select sensor output as the X
input range and applied load as the Y input range for regression analysis. The calibration factor
is calculated by multiplying the slope value, (X Variable 1) from regression output, by the
excitation used during calibration. The slope for the above example is 107,321.6, giving a
calibration factor of 1,082,252.702 lbs/V/V.
The following observations may be helpful in understanding calibration factor. First, calibration
factor may seem much larger than other conversion constants you may have used in the past.
The reasons are twofold. First, CF is defined in terms of volts instead of millivolts. Second, CF
is the inverse of what many manufactures list in specification sheets, namely the output in
millivolts when the sensor is subjected to full-scale physical excitation.
A second observation is that CF is normalized by the excitation voltage, Ve. Normalizing CF
makes it convenient to account for changes in excitation voltage for sensors that are ratiometric.

A ratiometric sensor has an output that is directly proportional to excitation voltage. Most strain
gauge sensors are ratiometric. A load cell that is excited by 5 V and produces a 0.012 V signal
for a particular load would produce a 0.024 V signal if excitation was increased to 10 V for the
same load.
The following is an example of how CF is used to calculate the corresponding physical excitation
for a measured signal voltage. The above load cell will be used in this example.
A signal voltage (Vs) of 0.027663 is measured from the above load cell having and excitation
voltage of 9.954631. A zero voltage (Vo) of 0.000287 volts was measured previously when no
physical loading was applied to the load cell. The load (P) applied to the load cell is calculated
as follows:
P = CF x (Vs Vo) /Ve
P
333,333.33 pounds/V/V x (0.027663 V 0.000287 V) / 9.954631 V

P
916.69 pounds

9.
APPENDIX 4. GEOTAC Sensor Cable Wiring Diagram


Sigma-1 CRS Instructions

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Sigma-1 CRS

Sigma-1 System Hardware Setup ...................................................................................................... 2

Load Frame Setup: ......................................................................................................................... 4

Sigma-1 CRS System Setup: .......................................................................................................... 5

Network Module: .................................................................................................................... 7

Precision Variable Power Supply: .......................................................................................... 9

Load Frame Modules: ........................................................................................................... 10

DigiFlow Modules: ............................................................................................................... 12

Sigma-1 CRS System Power Up .................................................................................................. 14

Starting Sigma-1 CRS .................................................................................................................. 16

Sigma-1 CRS Status Panel ........................................................................................................... 18

Sigma-1 CRS Menu Items............................................................................................................ 20

Setup Menu Items ................................................................................................................. 20

Cell Pump ...................................................................................................................... 31

File Menu Items .................................................................................................................... 37

Tools Menu Items ................................................................................................................. 38

Manual Mode Load Frame ......................................................................................... 38

Machine Deflection ....................................................................................................... 40

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Data Acquisition ............................................................................................................ 43

Cell Pump Menu Item ........................................................................................................... 45

Help Menu Items................................................................................................................... 48

About Sigma-1 CRS ...................................................................................................... 48

Saturate Pressure Sensor .............................................................................................................. 51

Pressure Test ................................................................................................................................ 52

Saturate Pressure Line.................................................................................................................. 52

Sigma-1 CRS System Software Performing a Test ...................................................................... 53

Creating a Specimen and Test Data File...................................................................................... 53

Seating/Back Pressure Tab........................................................................................................... 57

Specimen/Cell Assembly ...................................................................................................... 58

Filling Cell ............................................................................................................................ 60

Consolidation Tab ........................................................................................................................ 62

Test Tear Down............................................................................................................................ 63

APPENDIX 1. Data File Format ...................................................................................................... 1

APPENDIX 2. Plot Controls ............................................................................................................ 1

APPENDIX 3. Calibration Factor (CF) for GEOTAC Systems....................................................... 1

APPENDIX 4. GEOTAC Sensor Cable Wiring Diagram ................................................................ 1

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Sigma-1 System Hardware Setup

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

DigiFlow Flow Pump

Serial Cables (1)

Variable DC Power Supply

Load Cell (load frame)

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Load Frame Setup:

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Remove Deformation Sensor Bracket. Loosen thumbscrews on deformation

Attach Deformation Sensor. Slide deformation sensor into center hole in

Connect Sensors. (see below)

Connect Power Cord. (see below).

Sigma-1 CRS System Setup:

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

2.3.2. Network Module:

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Cables connect to the rear panel as shown below,

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

2.3.3. Precision Variable Power Supply:

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

2.3.4. Load Frame Modules:

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01

Sigma-1 CRS - Instruction Manual - Version 1.01.01 8/16/01