Architecture

Romanesque

Gothic
-

Name:
Olivia Bellezza

Medieval ABCs

Important feature is the flying

buttresses. These are stones that
support outside the buildings
Walls are very high,thin. Ceilings are
lofty to give the effect of reaching for
the heavens.
known for its huge stained-glass
windows.
Popular in churches built in the 12th
and 13th centuries.
Two famous European examples are
The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
and the Florence Cathedral in
Florence Italy.

Black Death

The black death was also called bubonic plague.

Mostly likely spread by fleas on rats
It was spread and brought to Europe through trade with other countries.
From 1347-1353, 1 in 3 people were killed by the black death. This equals
over 25 million people died in total.
the bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills, headache,
and muscle aches.
Also caused bleeding under the skin, in turn giving patients dark patches of
skin. (The skin seemed to turn black with gave it its name)
Some major consequences were social and economic effects.
The cause of Black Death is unknown. Many blamed God or the Jews.
(social effects)
fear of the illness led to people becoming secluded.
As laborers died survivors demanded higher wages leading to inflation.
(economic effects)

Solid stone churches influenced by

churches of the late Roman Empire.
Churches were built in the basilica
shape but had barrel vaults which are
round stone arched structure vaults.
Used huge pillars and walls for
support.
These churches had very little or no
windows because they had very thick
walls to support the building.
Lack of windows made church's dark
inside.
Apparently resembled fortresses.
Popular in churches built in the 11th
and 12th centuries.
Two famous European examples are
the Abbey Church of Saint Savin sur
Gartempe in France and St. Longinus
Rotunda in Prague

Charles Martel & Charlemagne

Charles Martel
leader if the Frankish army;
defeated the Muslims at the Battle
of Tours in 732.
victory at the Battle of Tours saved
Western Europe from Muslim
invasion.

Charlemagne

Charlemagne=Charles the Great.

grandson of Charles Martel.
great ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.
ruled from 768-814
Chanso de Roland- he prayed to St. Michael
to keep his sword from the muslims and St.
Michael took it and tuck it in the mountain.
crowned Holy Emperor of Rome by Pope
Leo the third on Christmas.
revival of culture and learning is known as
the Carolingian Renaissance.(both boys and
girls go to school. taught by Alucine)
school was called Aix-la-chapelle (scriptoria
monk wrote this in latin--Bible) Carolingian
miniscule- a new font that they made
sent out spies to check on his domain
(called missi dominici)

Dark Ages
The Middle Ages were called the Dark Ages because it
was a time of decline in Europe.
Life during this time was horrid and uncultured so it
received the name the Dark Ages.

3 Field System

Food & Fairs

agricultural system in which the

land was split into three sections.
One third was planted with crops
in the autumn and harvested in the
spring.
Another third was planted with
crops in the spring and harvested
in late summer.
Last third was left unsown to
regain fertility.
This allowed for the production of
more food in medieval Europe.
Burgher- townsperson who
belonged to the the Bourgeoisie
class(merchants)

Guild System
- association formed by merchants
and artisans in medieval towns
- Members worked together to protect
their economic interest.
- made rules to protect the quality of
their goods, set prices, and regulate
hours of labor.
- masters-member of the guild and a
master at their trade.
- apprentice-assistant and trainee for
the guild master.
- A journeyman - salary worker for a
master
- Most apprentices ended up as
journeymen as it was very difficult to
become a master.

Excommunication & Interdict

Excommunication-

Interdict-

The cutting off of

communication from the
church and exclusion from
sacraments of the church.

the prohibition from

participating in certain
sacred acts or sacraments
of the church.
When a priest was
interdicted he was
forbidden from giving
sacraments to certain
people.

Great Schism

The Great Schism lasted from 1378 to 1417

Called the Western Great Schism
The event leading up to thi is the Avignon Papacy (In France)>>>Pope
moved to France (The jews were there and should have been in Israel)
Pope goes back home to Italy
There were two Popes and were trying to get rid of each other.
Council of Constance- they celebrate new pope by burning people who
they dont think are good catholics
Martin V- good pope other one stepped down
Babylonian Captivity

Hundred Years War

Longer than 100 years

Fought between France and England
Took place around the 1300s
Medieval warfare (mostly took place in France)
Started because of power and confusion, lordes and basils between two
countries; wool trade
English were winning (Crecy and Agincourt-- two most famous battles)
They were using the Welsh LongBow.
French were using cross bow
Cut off middle fingers when they caught the___________.
One battle English had diarrhea and were fighting pantless
Battle of Orlean (joan of arc hears from God)-- said Charles 7 to king but
then he turned her over to the enemy-- English inquisition
joan was buried in the City of Rouen-was found guilty of cross dressing
and witchcraft
France won (Joan saint of France)
England goes bankrupt and they cant figure out who their kings is.

Inquisition & Innocent III

Inquisition

John I was King of England.

He was known for having a temper.
He was never supported by the Pope
was excommunicated at one point.
There was also a lot of political unrest during his reign.
In 1215 he was forced to sign the Magna Carta, this
document gave the people rights that the King could
never go back on.
Magna Carta said that the King was not above the law.

During Pope Innocent III papacy

the Catholic Church had the most
political power.
Innocent III believed he was the
supreme judge of European
affairs.
He made the King Philip
Augustus of France stay with his
wife when he tried to get his
marriage annulled.
He also influenced King John of
Englands choice for archbishop
of Canterbury.
Additionally, he called for the
Fourth Crusade and the Crusade
of Albigenses.

Knights

John I of England
(Magna Carta)

Innocent III

The inquisition was developed by

Pope Gregory IX in 1231 for the
apprehension of heretics.
The inquisition later sought out
witches, diviners, blasphemers,
and any other sacrilegious
persons.
eventually became known for its
excessive use of torture.
Dominicans were used by
catholics to torture
King Ferdinand + Queen Isabella
completed the Reconquista;
order the conversion or exile of
all Jews and muslims in Spain

In order to become a Knight at the age of seven a boy would be sent to the
castle of his fathers lord for training where he would learn to fight and ride.
During this upbringing in the lords castle the boy was known as a page or
a little vassal he would wait tables, and do things like care for the lords
clothing. Pages ranged from age seven to age fourteen.
The next step in becoming a knight is the role of a squire, at the age of
fourteen boys began learning the code of chivalry, weaponry, and
horsemanship in addition to entering into social life and learning proper
etiquettes.
Finally the boy became a knight in the knighthood ceremony where an
older knight or lord tapped him with the flat side of his sword and declared
him a knight. (This was a very big/important honor)
Chivalry was the code of conduct adopted by knights requiring them to be
loyal, brave and true to their word.
Also knights were expected not to fight for material rewards but rather just
for glory.

Lay Investiture

Lay investiture was when secular rulers chose nominees for church office
as well as gave them symbols of their office.
secularism is the separation of church and state.
Pope Gregory VII believed that the only way for the Catholic Church to
gain freedom and reform was to eliminate lay investiture.
However this caused conflict between the Pope and Henry IV the king of
Germany.
Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV from the Church.
Henry IV went to canossa where the Pope made him wait outside in the
snow for three days begging for forgiveness before he would see him.
Henry IV was let back into the church but soon went against the Pope
again and was excommunicated another time.
It was not until 1122 that a new Pope and King came to an agreement
called the Concordat of Worms.
In this agreement it was understood that the bishop of Germany would be
elected by Church officials but would respect the King of Germany.

Nuns , Monks, and PriestsOH MY!

Usury- the practice of lending money at unreasonably high interest.
Monks followed the strict code of Benedictine Rule and devoted
their lives to serving God. (male version of Nuns)
Franciscans were the Catholics during the 13th century because
this practice was founded by St. Francis Assisi
Simony- making a profit off of religiously sacred things
Tithe- one tenth of crops being set aside as an offering to God or
for the support of the church.
Clergy- the group of religious leaders in the Church.
Canon Law- The group of laws governing the Roman Catholic
Church put in place by the Pope and clergy.
Selling of Indulgences- the practice of paying money as a penalty
for your sins to be forgiven.
Clunic movement- reform in western church which brought practice
back to traditional monastic life which encouraged art and caring for
the poor.

Manorialism & Feudalism

Manorialism-

Feudalism-

The system in which a manor, or

agricultural estate was run by a lord
and worked by peasants.
Serfs worked the land of the
Manor for the lord as well as land
to grow food for themselves.
Serfs paid their rent by giving
their lord a share of their
products.
Serfs were not slaves but lords
did have control over the serfs
that worked their land.

political and social system developed

in which nobles protected other
people in return for service.
A lord was a feudal superior, the
noble who offered protection and
had control over his
subordinates.
A vassal was a man who served
a lord in terms of military.
A fief was land granted to a
vassal in which he had political
authority.
A lord and a vassal had a feudal
contract in which they both owed
services to each other.

Otto I
Otto I was the most well known Saxon King of
Germany.
He was crowned the Emperor of the Romans after
protecting the pope.
This was a huge honor that hadnt been given since
Charlemagne.
He was one of the greatest and most ambitious
emperors of his time.
He interfered often in Church affairs.

Philip II & Philip IV

(France)

Philip II
Philip II reigned from
1180 to 1223.
His reign was a turning
point for the French
monarchy.
He waged war against
England and gained
control of Normandy,
Maine, Anjou and
Aquitaine.
This increased the French
monarchys power and
income.

Philip IV
Philip IV ruled from 1285
to 1314
He extended the royal
bureaucracy.
He also established the
French parliament by
meeting with
representatives from
different classes.
The first meeting took
place in 1302 and began
the Estates-General.

Richard I of England/Richard the Lionhearted

Richard I of England was known as the absentee King
because he was off fighting in the crusades for most of
his reign and then in France where he was killed in
battle.
While he is fighting the crusades he leaves William
Longchamp to govern the country and then his brother
John.
During the third crusade he won victories at Acre, Arsuf,
and Cyprus but did not recover Jerusalem.
The other two Kings on this crusade were King Philip II
of France, and King Frederick I of Germany
(Barbarossa).
Saladin was a muslim military and political leader who
lead the Muslims during the third crusades, he lost
much of his conquered land but was able to keep
Jerusalem.

Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine

Her two husbands were King Louis VII of France, and
King Henry II of England.
Her two famous sons that became Kings were John I
and Richard I of England.
Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine joined and supported the
second crusade.
She served as Queen for 65 years.
Also, she aided in her sons rebellion against his father.
In addition, she promoted the idea of courtly love.

Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a philosophical and theological system
that uses reason and logic to support Christian beliefs.
Saint Thomas Aquinas tried to reconcile Christian
thoughts with Aristotles works.
His most famous work is his Summa Theologica in this
document he organized this work using a logical method
of intellectual investigation.
Saint Thomas Aquinas believed that there are truths in
faith and truths in reason and they are not in conflict
with one another.

Thomas a Becket

Urban II

archbishop of Canterbury {highest priest title you can

hold (catholic)}
King Henry II wants Thomas to go against Canon law
(Church law) Henrys law was common law
Henry wanted to be more powerful than the church
Thomas says no to henry and Thomas is martyred while
praying by Henrys men
Henry II get away with the murder
Chaucer- Writes in the vernacular language (English)
Thomass story (book called Canterbury Tales)
Thomas becomes a saint

Pope Urban II served as pope from 1088-1099.

Pope Urban II called the First Crusade at the Council of
Clermont in 1095.
He said that anyone who fought and died in the holy war
would have their sins forgiven.
The first crusaders traveled overland through France,
Italy, Eastern Europe, and modern day Turkey because
they could not travel by Mediterranean sea as they
lacked control of ports in the Middle East.
The first city the crusaders captured was Nicea, next
they attacked Antioch, and finally they captured
Jerusalem.
The capture and control of Jerusalem was the ultimate
goal of the First Crusade

Vernacular & Vikings

William The Conqueror

Vernacular

Vernacular- the language or

dialect spoken by ordinary people
in a country.
troubadours- A french medieval
lyric poet who wrote mostly on
courtly love.
The Song of Roland is the oldest
surviving French poem.
It is thought that the poem was
written between 1098 and 1100.
The author is unknown.
The poem includes historical
evidence about the First
Crusades as well as
Charlemagne.

Vikings

The Vikings were originally from

Scandinavia.
Most of the best known vikings
come from Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden.
The Vikings were not civilized in
the European sense of the word
Also, the Vikings were not
Christian.
The Vikings were known for
raiding and ransacking towns.
Additionally, the Vikings were
viewed as barbarous people.
The Norse Vikings lead by Leif
Eriksson reached North America.

Became the Duke of Normandy at the age of 8.

Was named of successor to the English throne but had
it stolen by Harold Godwin, a powerful Lord.
William decided to invade England and win the throne.
In the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066 Harold
and his brothers died leaving the throne available to
William.
William was crowned the King of England on Christmas.
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts William with Odo of
Bayeux, his half brother, and Robert of Mortain who
both fought with him in the Battle of Hastings.
The Domesday book ordered by William is a record of
the value and ownership of the land of England made in
1086.

X Them Out
Heretics- people who have believes contrary or
opposed to the beliefs of their church or religion, in this
case the Roman Catholic Church.
John Wycliffe was a church reformer who believed
scripture was the number one authority and anyone who
could read should have access to them.
Wycliffe translated bibles into english.
He also believed the church should be poor like in the
time of the apostles.
Jan Huss was a Czech follower of John Wycliffe who
wanted the bible translated to Czech and was burned at
the stake for heresy.
John Wycliffe died of a stroke but all his work was
eventually burned as well as his body when he was
declared a heretic.

Zara

A city on the Adriatic Sea

Was directly to the right of Venice-- supplies ships
Venice and Zara are in competition to sell ships
In year 1204 constantinople were attacking the people
of Zara.
4th crusade christians are killing christians
People from Zara are orthodox Christians

Youth on a Mission
The Childrens Crusades took place after the Fourth
Crusades.
It was a Crusade lead and completed entirely by
children.
The Crusade was lead by Stephen of Cloyes.
The Church or state did not support this crusade but
Stephen was able to gain a lot of support through
preaching about a message he got from god telling him
to fight for the holy land.
It was a complete failure and it is believed the children
were captured and sold into slavery or died as they
were not trained and prepared to face the harsh
elements of the trip.

Works Cited
http://list25.com/25-inspiring-works-romanesque-architecture/1/
http://historylists.org/architecture/list-of-top-10-most-spectacular-gothic-buildings.html
http://www.medievalists.net/2014/02/04/why-the-middle-ages-are-called-the-dark-ages/
http://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/avignon_papacy.htm
http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/loftis/overview.html
http://historymedren.about.com/od/iwho/fl/Pope-Innocent-III.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/king_john.htm
http://www.lordsandladies.org/steps-to-knighthood.htm
http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=marshall&book=sketches&story=struggle
http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/otto-great-crowned-emperor-romans
http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/eleanor-of-aquitaine
http://www.history.com/topics/saladin
http://www.medievality.com/third-crusade.html
http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=richard1
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/becket_thomas.shtml
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/becket.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/first_crusade.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619378/Urban-II
http://www.gradesaver.com/song-of-roland
http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history
http://www.history.com/news/the-viking-explorer-who-beat-columbus-to-america
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/domesday/world-of-domesday/king.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_i_king.shtml
http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/rel-christ05.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/childrens_crusade.htm
http://www.medievality.com/fourth-crusade.html