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Major Developments
The first big breakthrough, by Kirby and Siebenmann [1969, 1969a, 1977], was an obstruction
theory for the problem of triangulating a given
topological manifold as a PL (= piecewise-linear)
manifold. (This was a sharpening of earlier work
by Casson and Sullivan and by Lashof and Rothenberg. See [Ranicki, 1996].) If BTop and BPL are the
stable classifying spaces (as described in the lectures), they showed that the relative homotopy
group j (BTop , BPL ) is cyclic of order two for j = 4,
and zero otherwise. Given an n-dimensional topological manifold M n , it follows that there is an
obstruction o H 4 (M n ; Z/2) to triangulating M n
as a PL-manifold. In dimensions n 5 this is
the only obstruction. Given such a triangulation,
there is a similar obstruction in H 3 (M n ; Z/2) to
804
with
n 5,
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805
Table 1
n
Sn
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
?
5
1
6
1
7
28
8
2
9
222
10
6
Bk
denominator 4k
2
for n = 4k 1 ,
for n 0, 1 (mod 8) , and
for n 2, 4, 5, 6(mod 8) ,
11
992
12
1
13
3
14
2
15
28128
16
2
17
28
18
28
bp
where
Sn Sn
stands for the subgroup
represented by homotopy spheres that bound
parallelizable manifolds. This subgroup is the
part of Sn that is best understood. It can be
partially described as follows.
bp
0 Snbp Sn n /Jn ,
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Hence the exact sequence (1) takes the more precise form
(2)
0 Snbp Sn n /Jn 0 .
bp
bp
- Z/2 S4k3 0 .
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Further Details
Here is a brief outline of the current knowledge
of n . Since the direct summand Jn is known
precisely, we need only look at the quotient n /Jn .
The most difficult part is the 2-primary component,
which has been computed by Kochman [1990], with
corrections by Kochman and Mahowald [1995], in
all cases with n 64. The 3 and 5 primary
components have been computed in a much larger
range by Ravenel [1986]. The primary components
for p 7 are trivial for n < 82. (In fact, for any
p, the p-primary component of n /Jn is trivial
whenever n < 2p(p 1) 2 and is cyclic of order
p when p = 2p(p 1) 2.)
Thus the stable stem n is precisely known for
n 64, and hence the group Sn is precisely known
for n 64 , n 6= 4. In Table 2 the notation bk
bp
stands for the order of the subgroup S4k1 S4k1 ,
3
whereas a notation such as 2 4 stands for the
direct sum of three copies of Z/2 and one copy of
Z/4. The trivial group is indicated by a heavy dot.
bp
All entries corresponding to the subgroups Sn
bp
have been underlined. (Note that S4k3 is cyclic of
order two, indicated by a 2 in the 1 or 5 column,
except in the cases k = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.) Within this
range, the group Sn is trivial only in the cases
n = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 61
for every
n 6= 4 .
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Table 2
n
0+
8+
16 +
24 +
32 +
40 +
48 +
56 +
2
2
2
23
24 12
23 4
2
2 22
2 23
22
2 24
2 24
26
2 23
6
28
26
23 4
22 24
22 6
22
4
?
24
2
6
8
22 6
4
b3
b5 2
b7
b9 22
b11
b13 22 4
b15 22
3
2 22
3
226
2 23 720
2 24
2
22
3
2 60
23 6
24
2 12
7
b2
b4 2
b6 2 24
b8 22
b10 24 6
b12 23 12
b14 3
b16 23
Table 3
k
bk
2
28
3
992
8128
261632
6.71 10
9
12
1.94 10
7.54 1014
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
bk
2.41016
3.41017
8.31021
7.41020
3.11025
5.1029
1.81031
References
[Adams, 1963] J. F. Adams, On the groups J(X) I,
Topology 2 (1963), 181195.
, On the groups J(X) II, Topology
[Adams, 1966]
3 (1965), 137171.
[Antonelli, Burghelea and Kahn, 1972] P. L. Antonelli,
D. Burghelea, and P. J. Kahn, The nonfinite
homotopy type of some diffeomorphism groups,
Topology 11 (1972), 149.
[Barratt-Jones-Mahowald, 1984] M. G. Barratt, J. D. S.
Jones, and M. E. Mahowald, Relations amongst
Toda brackets and the Kervaire invariant in dimension 62, J. London Math. Soc. 30 (1984),
533550.
Hatcher [1983] later proved the sharper result that the
inclusion SO(4) Diff + (S3 ) is a homotopy equivalence.
On the other hand, for n 7, Antonelli, Burghelea, and
Kahn [1972] showed that Diff + (Sn ) does not have the homotopy type of any finite complex. (For earlier results, see
[Novikov, 1963].) For n = 6 the group Diff + (Sn ) is not
connected since 7 6= 0; but I am not aware of any results
for n = 4, 5.
808
8
7
1.45 10
On the other hand, Cerf proved5 that 0 Diff + (S3 )
= 0 and hence that 4 = 0 (although S4 is completely unknown). Using results about Sn as
described above, it follows that n = 0 for n < 7,
and that n is finite abelian for all n.
The Munkres-Hirsch-Mazur obstructions to
the existence of a smooth structure on a given
PL-manifold M n lie in the groups H k (M n ; k1 ),
whereas obstructions to its uniqueness lie in
H k (M n ; k ). (Unlike most of the constructions
discussed above, this works even in dimension 4.)
Evidently Theorem 2 follows.
7
9
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