Study Committee B2

Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

CIGR B2-AG-06 Seminar Bangkok

Tutorial
Conductor Safe Design Tensions with
Respect to Aeolian Vibrations
CIGR WG B2.11.04
B2 11 04

Andr Leblond
Hydro-Qubec
Montral, CANADA
Februaryy 28,
8, 2011
0
CIGR 2011

Outline of Presentation

Motives for controlling conductor tension

Review of basics about Aeolian vibrations, stranded
conductor fatigue and wind turbulence
Review and analysis of the Every Day Stress (EDS)
concept
Basis for selection of tension parameter, conductor
condition, reference temperature and then span parameter
Strategies for determination of SDT for single conductors
with or without dampers and bundled conductors
respectively
Predicted Safe Design Tension in each case
Comparison with field experience in each case
Recommended Safe Design Tension in each case

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Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Motives for controlling conductor tension

Limit maximum tension resulting from assumed most

severe climatic loads

Limit minimum tension while operating at maximum

t
temperature
t
in
i order
d nott to
t violate
i l t clearance
l

Restrict conductor susceptibility

p
y to harmful Aeolian
vibrations

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The higher is the tension, the more severe are the vibrations

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Aeolian vibrations basics

Caused by alternate vortex

vortex-shedding
shedding from top and
bottom sides of conductor
Occur under breezes with velocity < 6 m/s
perpendicular
di l to
t conductor
d t
Frequency proportional to wind speed & to
1/diameter
Maximum antinode amplitudes
About 1 conductor diameter
Motion in the vertical plane

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May induce fatigue at points where conductor

mobility is restrained (suspension clamps, damper
clamps etc
clamps,
etc.))
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Stranded conductor fatigue basics

A fretting-fatigue phenomenon translating into

reduced endurance as compared to plain fatigue
A highly dispersive, random phenomenon
Fatigue failures occur in the vicinity of clamps at
interwire contact p
points or at contact lines between
wires and clamps where contact stresses are quite
high, in the presence of slipping
Not always apparent externally

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often occur in the internal layers first

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Review of the EDS (Every Day Stress) concept

Introduced in 1960 by EDS Panel under appointment

of CIGRE SC6 to provide guidance to safe design
t
tension
i w/r
/ to
t Aeolian
A li vibrations
ib ti

EDS: conductor tension expressed as % of

conductor
d t rated
t d tensile
t
il strength
t
th (UTS)

Defined as maximum tensile load to which a

conductor may be subjected at the temperature
occurring for the longest period without any risk of
damage due to Aeolian vibrations

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Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

EDS Panel recommendations (%UTS)

Unprotected
lines

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Copper conductors

26

ACSR

18

Aluminium conductors

17

Aldrey conductors

18

Steel conductors
1 Rigid clamps
1.
2. Oscillating clamps

11
13

Lines equipped with

Armour rods Dampers
p
Armour rods
and dampers
22

24

24

26

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Analysis of EDS Panel Recommendations

(ACSR Conductors)

Service life
Years
<=5
> 5 < = 10
> 10 < = 20
> 20

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% of lines damaged
EDS < 18%
EDS = > 18%
5.26
25.00
20.93
35.29
45.00
78.00
58 93
58.93
91 67
91.67

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Selection of tension parameter

Criterion: looking for the most universal yet relevant parameter

EDS = H in %UTS : non relevant as UTS is not

Nominal al fairly relevant but unsuitable for lab or field

measurements

H/w : most relevant combined parameter

Fairly well related to self-damping as per proven models
Proportional
p
to nominal al for ACSRs and AACs
Governs transverse wave length and speed of propagation
Inversely proportional to sag

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Selection of conductor condition

Final condition
Non-suitable
Cannot be controlled well

Initial, stringing condition which can be controlled

Selection of reference temperature

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Average temperature of the coldest month

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11

Wind Turbulence as a Function of Terrain

Terrain

Turbulence
Intensity

Open sea; large stretches of open water

Rural areas;; open
p countryy with few,, low,, obstacles
Low-density built-up areas; small town; suburbs;
open woodland with small trees
Town and city centers with high density of buildings;
broken country with tall trees

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Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

0.11
0.18
0.25
0.35

12

Determination of SDT: single unprotected conductors

Strategy:
St
t
recourse tto modelling
d lli
(EBP) tto predict
di t safe
f tension
t
i on
account of predicted vibration amplitudes and conductor
endurance; back by field experience

Participants: 4 investigators: R. Claren, H.J. Krispin, C. Rawlins

and A. Leblond & C. Hardy

A
Approaches:
h
Endurance
E d
limit
li it and/or
d/ Cumulative
C
l ti damage
d

Assumptions as for self-damping, wind power input, wind

recurrence,, vibration mode shape
p & fatigue
g endurance peculiar
p
to
each investigator

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Predicted safe H/w for unprotected ACSRs

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14

Unprotected ACSRs Field cases H/w < 2000 m

Conductor Diam
(mm)
21.9
21.9
24.2
8.0
21 8
21.8
26.6
16.5
18.8
18.8
10.7
21.8
25.9
21.8
20.5
25.4
19.9
22.4
21.0
12.7
22.4
21.7
18.8
18.8
11.7

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Al / St
Strands
36/12
36/12
54/7
6/1
26/7
26/19
30/7
30/7
12/7
26/7
30/7
26/7
26/7
54/7
26/7
30/7
30/7
6/1
30/7
48/7
30/7
30/7
12/7

Average
Span (m)
200
395
137
61
183
362
310
396
350
300
274
396
326
300
346
170
333
390
107
340
295
270
360
264

H/w
(m)
707
844
934
1029
1358
1397
1405
1511
1554
1607
1638
1655
1723
1731
1735
1738
1747
1761
1772
1865
1881
1908
1959
1996

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

Fatigue
failure

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes

15

Unprotected conductors Recommended safe H/w

Terrain
category

Terrain characteristics

Open, flflat, no trees, no obstruction,

O
b
i with
i h snow cover, or
near/across large bodies of water; flat desert.
Open, flat, no obstruction, no snow; e.g. farmland without any
obstruction,, summer time.
Open, flat, or undulating with very few obstacles, e.g. open
grass or farmland with few trees, hedgerows and other
barriers; prairie, tundra.
B ilt with
Built-up
ith some trees
t andd buildings,
b ildi
e.g. residential
id ti l
suburbs; small towns; woodlands and shrubs. Small fields with
bushes, trees and hedges.

2
3

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Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

(Hw)

adm

(m)
1000
1125
1225

1425

16

Single Conductors + span-end Stockbridge dampers

Selection of span parameter
Point,

local damping calls for introduction of span parameter

Similarity

in damping efficiency of dampers from different

sources points toward parameter LD/(Hm) for rating their
protective capabilities

Combination

of LD/(Hm) with tension parameter H/w leads to

independent span parameter LD/m

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Determination of SDT: single conductors + dampers

Strategy: recourse to modelling (EBP) to predict safe

tension on account of predicted vibration amplitudes and
conductor endurance; back by field experience

Participants: 2 investigators: C. Rawlins and A. Leblond &

C. Hardy

Approaches: Endurance limit only

Additional assumptions as to characterization of

conductor-damper interaction peculiar to each investigator

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Predicted safe H/w for single conductors + dampers

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Single conductors + dampers Field cases vs SDT

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Recommended SDT for single conductor lines

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Determination of SDT Bundled Conductors

Strategy : due to lack of proven analytical method, rely on

field experience and preferably on field test results
whenever possible

Bundled systems covered: horizontal twins, triples apexd

down
and
d horizontal
h i
t l quads
d protected
t t d by
b means off nondamping spacers with or without span-end Stockbridge
dampers or by means of spacer-dampers

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Review of field experience

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N o . o f lin e s

B u n d le
typ e

P ro te c tio n

19
48
3
1
4
9
3
4

2H
2H
2H
3AD
3AD
3AD
4H
4H

NDS
N D S + S tk
DS
NDS
N D S + S tk
DS
N D S + S tk
DS

R ange of
m e a n L D /m
(m 3 /k g )
2 .1 9 - 4 .6 3
3 .1 4 - 7 .2 7
5 .0 3 - 6 .6 0
5 .6
62
6 .2 0 - 6 .9 3
3 .9 3 - 7 .8 1
6 .6 3 - 7 .8 9
7 .3 3 - 8 .3 8

Range of
in itia l H /w
(m )
802 - 2088
910 - 2959
1636 - 1937
1627
1166- 2056
1401 - 2096
1452 - 1488
1633 - 1937

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Review of field test experience

Ref.

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Bundle

Nominal

Test span

Spacer

End

Amplitude ratio

type

conductor H/w

LD/m

type

damper

single/bundle

(m)

(m /kg)

[3]

Hor. twin

1755

6.3

Articulated

No

>2,1

[3]

Hor. twin

1755

6.3

Articulated

Yes

>1,8

[3]

Hor. twin

1755

6.3

Ball-&-socket

No

>2,7

[3]

Hor. twin

1755

6.3

Ball-&-socket

Yes

>1,9

[4]

Hor. twin

1295

6.5

Various

No

~2
2

[4]

Hor. quad

1295

6.5

Various

No

~4

[5]

Hor. twin

>1454

6.5

Articulated

No

>1,5

[5]

Hor. twin

>1437

7.5

Articulated

No

>1,5

[5]

Hor. twin

>1730

6.3

Articulated

No

>1,7

[5]

Vert. twin

>1454
1454

6.5

Articulated

No

>1,7
1,7

[5]

Vert. twin

>1730

6.3

Articulated

No

>5

[5]

Triple

>1437

7.5

Grouped twins

No

>5

[5]

Hor. quad

>1730

6.3

Grouped twins

No

>5

[7]

Hor. twin

1743

7.2

Rigid

No

>1,3

[7]

Triple

1743

7.2

Damping spacers

No

>5
5

[8]

Hor. twin

1550

6.8

Damping spacers

No

~2,4

[8]

Triple

1550

6.8

Damping spacers

No

~6,5

[8]

Hor. quad

1550

6.8

Damping spacers

No

~7,7

[8]

Hor. twin

2325

6.8

Damping spacers

No

~3,6

[8]

Triple

2325

6.8

Damping spacers

No

~8,6
8,6

[8]

Hor. quad

2325

6.8

Damping spacers

No

~13,0

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

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Determination of SDT Bundles

U
Unspacered
db
bundles
dl with
ith or without
ith t dampers
d

B dl with
Bundles
ith non-damping
d
i
spacers

The more permissive of the two cases above

In all cases

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For twins and quads, SDT derived from field experience

For triples, SDT derived from test line results

Bundles with non-damping spacers + dampers

Same SDT as for equivalent single conductors

Absolute limit H/w 2500 m

Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06

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Determination of SDT Bundles with spacer-dampers

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Comparison
C
i
off SDT with
ith field
fi ld experience
i
Twins with non-damping spacers + span-end dampers
15
Field cases
Terrain #1
Terrain #2

Terrain #4

LD/m
m, (m /kg)

Terrain #3

10

Special
Application
Z
Zone

Safe Design Zone

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

H/w, (m)
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Safe Design Tension Task Force Recommendations

Terrain Cat. #1
LD/m (m3/kg)
H/w (m)

Conductor system

1. Undamped single conductor

< 1000

2. Single conductor with span-end Stockbridge dampers

Terrain Cat. #2
LD/m (m3/kg)
H/w (m)
< 1125

< 2615/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

< 2780/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

Terrain Cat. #4
LD/m (m3/kg)
H/w (m)

< 1225

< 1425

< 2860/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

< 15

< 1000

4. Unspacered twin, triple & quad bundled conductors

with span-end Stockbridge dampers

< 2615/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

< 2780/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

< 2860/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

< 3030/(LD/m)0.12

< 15

< 1725

< 15

< 1925

< 15

< 2100

< 15

< 2450

< 15

7. Twin horizontal bundled conductors with damping

spacers
8. Triple apex-down bundled conductors with non-damping
spacers
9. Triple apex-down bundled conductors with non-damping
spacers and span-end Stockbridge dampers
10. Triple apex-down bundled conductors with damping
spacers
11. Quad horizontal bundled conductors with non-damping
spacers
12. Quad horizontal bundled conductors with non-damping
spacers and span-end Stockbridge dampers
13. Quad horizontal bundled conductors with damping
spacers

< 2615/(LD/m)

0.12

< 15

< 1900
< 15
0 12
0.12

< 15

< 2500

< 2500

< 15

< 2100
< 2780/(LD/m)
< 2100

< 15
0.12

< 15

< 15
0 12
0.12

0.12

< 13
> 13 ; < 15

< 10
> 10 ; < 15

< 2275
< 2860/(LD/m)
< 2275

< 15
0.12

< 10
> 10 ; < 15

< 15
0 12
0.12

< 2500

<6
> 6 ; < 15

<7
> 7 ; < 15

< 2500
< 3030/(LD/m)
< 2500

< 15
0 12
0.12

<5
> 5 ; < 15

< 2500

< 2275
< 2860/(LD/m)
< 2275

< 3030/(LD/m)
< 2450

0.12

< 2500

< 2500

< 2100
< 2780/(LD/m)
< 2100

< 2860/(LD/m)
< 2100

< 1425

< 2500

< 2500

< 1850
< 2615/(LD/m)

0.12

< 2200

< 1850
< 2615/(LD/m)

< 2780/(LD/m)

< 1225

< 3030/(LD/m)0.12

3. Undamped, unspacered twin, triple & quad bundled

conductors

5. Twin horizontal bundled conductors with non-damping

spacers
6. Twin horizontal bundled conductors with non-damping
spacers and span-end Stockbridge dampers

< 1125

Terrain Cat. #3
LD/m (m3/kg)
H/w (m)

< 15
0.12

<7
> 7 ; < 15

< 2500

< 2500
< 3030/(LD/m)
< 2500

< 15
0.12

<5
> 5 ; < 15

< 2500

Terrain category # 1 : Open, flat, no trees, no obstruction, with snow cover, or near/across large bodies of water or flat desert.
Terrain category # 2 : Open, flat, no obstruction, no snow; e.g. farmland without any obstruction, summer time.
Terrain category # 3 : Open, flat or undulating with very few obstacles, e.g. open grass of farmland with few trees, hedgerows and other barriers; prairie, tundra.
Terrain category # 4 : Built-up with some trees and buildings, e.g. residential suburbs; small towns; woodlands and shrubs. Small fields with bushes, trees and hedges.

H: initial horizontal tension; w: conductor weight per unit length; L: actual span length; D: conductor diameter and m: conductor mass per unit length.

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Publications
Overhead Conductor Safe Design Tension with
Respect to Aeolian Vibrations

Part 1: Single Unprotected Conductors, Electra No. 186, Oct.

1999, pp. 52-67

Part 2: Damped single Conductors,

Conductors Electra No
No. 198
198, Oct
Oct. 2000
2000,
pp. 28-48

Part 3: Bundled conductor Lines, Electra No. 220, June 2005,

pp. 48-59
48 59

All 3 parts: CIGR Technical Brochure No. 273, June 2005

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Task Force B2.11.04

Members : C. Hardy (Convenor), H.J. Krispin (Secretary),

A. Leblond,, C.B. Rawlins,, K. Papailiou,
p
, L. Cloutier,, P.
Dulhunty

Corresponding members : D.G. Havard, J.M. Asselin, M.

Ervik, T. Sepp, V. Shkatsov

Former members : R. Claren, A.R. McCulloch, B. White,

D Muftic
D.
Muftic, P
P.A.
A Hall
Hall, P
P.W.
W Dulhunty

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Thank you for your attention!

QUESTIONS

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