STD VIII SS Course SA 1 2016-17

LESSON 1,2,3,4 [ANSWER IN A SENTENCE, BRIEF AND DETAIL ANSWERS ONLY]

LESSON 6, 7, 8 AND 9 [MCQ, BLANKS, TRUE OR FALSE, ANSWER IN A SENTENCE,
BRIEF AND DETAIL ANSWERS.]
STYLE OF PAPER
Q1. A. MCQ
15
1.B. BLANKS
10
1.C. MATCH [L1,2,4,6, 8,9]
8
1.D. TRUE OR FALSE
8
Q.2.A. ANSWER IN A SENTENCE [ANY 12]
12
2.B. ANSWER IN BRIEF [ANY 6]
12
2.C. ANSWER IN DETAIL [ANY 5]
15
SOCIAL SCIENCE SEMESTER-1 [SA 1]
L-6 EFFECT OF BRITISH RULE ON INDIA
MCQ
1 Until which century was India economically prosperous?
A Nineteenth B Twelfth
C Eighteenth D Seventh
2 In which year did a devastating famine attack Bengal ?
A 1760 CE B 1880 CE C 1772 CE D 1770 CE
3 Which Indian state did the devastating famine attack in the year 1770 CE ?
A Bengal
B Bihar
C Mumbai D Orissa
4 Which governor enforced the Permanent Settlement Act ?
A William Bentinck B Lord Cornwallis C Dalhousie D Warren Hastings
5 During whose tenure was the right of revenue collection given to collectors ?
A Wellesley B William Bentinck C Dalhusie D Lord Cornwallis
6 Which governor general became popular by introducing beneficial reformations ?
A Dalhousie B Hardinge C William Bentinck D Wellesley
7 Who enforced the law banning the evil practice of Sati ?
A William Bentinck B Dalhousie C Wellesley D Lord Cornwallis
8 When was the law banning the evil practice of Sati enforced ?
A 1858 CE B 1829 CE C 1868 CE D 1839 CE
9 Who started English education in India ?
A Wellesley B Hardinge C Macaulay D Charles Wood
10 When did the thought of starting English education in India come to Macaulay?
A 1834 CE B 1828 CE C 1830 CE
D 1838 CE
11 When were the first universities established first in India?
A 1864 CE B 1857 CE C 1875 CE D 1980 CE
LESSON 7
EX.1 MCQ.
1. The sphere that envelops the Earth from all sides.
a. weather
b. biosphere c. atmosphere
d. climate
2. Which of the following countries experience maximum temperature?
a. Iran
b. Brazil
c. Philippines
d. Saudi Arabia
3. Which of the following countries experience maximum cold?
a. Norway
b. Russia
c. Iran
D. Brazil
4. Which of the following countries gets maximum rainfall?
a. Russia
b. Brazil
c. Philippines
d. Iran
5. Which gas is most effective as a green house effect?
a. Hydrogen
b. Oxygen
c. Nitrogen
d. Carbon dioxide.
6. Which of the following gases is known as green house gas?
a. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen
c. Methane
d. Nitrogen.
7. How many tones of Methane is produced by paddy cultivation?
a. 15 crore
b. 12crore
c. 7crore
d. 21crore.
8. How many tones of Methane gas is produced by the decomposition of bio-degradable waste?
a. 7 crore
b. 2 crore
c. 9 crore
d. 11crore.
9. How many tones of methane gas is produced due to exhaling and metabolism of animals?
a. 15 crore
b. 7 crore
c. 18 crore
d. 14 crore.
10. When is World Ozone Day celebrated in the world?

a.28thoctomber
b. 16th September
c. 1st January
d. 5th June
11. In which city was the global meet held to save environment in 1972?
a. at Rio de Janeiro of Brazil
b.in Stockholm, the capital of Swedon.
c. In Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark
d. In Delhi, the capita; of India
12. In which city was the conference to save the environmental held?
a. at New York in USA
b.at London in England
C. at Kolkata in India
D. at Reo de Janerio in Brazil
13. In which city was the global meet to save the environment held in December , 2009?
a. at Tokyo of Japan b. at Sydney of Australia
c. In Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark
D .In Rome the capital of Italy
14. How many metric tones of carbon dioxide does an average person in the world produce?
a. 4.5
b. 20.6
c.1.2 d. 8.5
15. How many metric tones of carbon dioxide does an average Indian citizen produce?
a. 20.6
b. 4.5
c. 3.8
d. 1.2
16. How many metric tones of carbon dioxide does an average citizen of USA produce?
a. 4.5 b. 20.6
c. 1.2
d. 10.6
LESSON 8
M.C.Q
1 What is the main characteristic of the democracy ?
A Power of army
B Individualism
C Sovereignity of the people
D Advisory committee
2 Which governance policy has India accepted ?
A communism
B Democracy
C Fedualism
D Ditatorship
3 Which is the upper house of Parliament ?
A Legislative Assemble
B Vidhan Parishad
C Lok Sabha
D Rajya sabha
4 Who is the leader of ruling party in the Lok sabha ?
A Prime minister
B Vice president
C President
D Speaker
5 How many members are elected to the Rajya Sabha ?
A 250
B 238
C 542
D 262
6 How many members does the President appoint in the Rajya Sabha
A 14
B 10
C 12
D 25
7 How many members retire every two years from the Rajya Sabha ?
A 1/3
B
C
D 1/10
8 Who becomes the chairman of the Rajya Sabha ?
A President
B Speaker
C Prime minister
D Vice President
9 What is decided in the beginning of every session of Parliament?
A For prayer
B For attendance
C For affectionate meeting
D For
questioning
10 Who presides over the Lok Sabha ?
A Prime minister
B President
C Speaker
D Secretary of
parliament
SS LESSON 9
MCQ
1 Which batallion refused to accept the Enfield rifle first?
A Kanpur B Jabalpur C Barrackpur D Jagdishpur
2 Which day was fixed for the start of the 1857 Revolt ?
A 20th May
B . 31st May C
1st June
D 10th July
3 Which city was captured first by the soldiers of Meerut when the revolt started?
A Lucknow
B Allahabad C Kanpur
D Delhi
4 Which leader chopped off his hand from his elbow himself and offered it to river Ganges?
A Nanasaheb Peshwa B Bahadurshah Zafar
C Tatya Tope D Kunwarsingh
5 Which state was denied the right of the adopted son as the heir to the throne?

A Jhansi
B Ayodhya C Hyderabad
D Kanpur
6 Who took the leadership of Nanasaheb Peshwas army in Kanpur ?
A Mangal Pandey B Tatya Tope
C Bapu Gaekwad D Birsa Munda
7 Who started the revolt in Gujarat in June, 1858?
A Head of Anand Garabaddas Patel in Kheda district
B. 7TH troop of military in Ahmedabad
C The battalion of Indian soldiers of Nandod of Rajpipla
D Jodha Manek of Umarpur
8 Which prominent leader of the revolt stayed in Gujarat for approximately 15 days?
A Nanasaheb Peshwa
B Bahadurshah Zafar
C Tatya Tope
D
Kunwarsingh
9. When did the revolt of 1857 CE actually start?
A 12th January
B 15th August
C 10th November
D 10th May
10When did the revolt start in Kanpur?
A On 4th June, 1857
B On 10th May, 1857
C On 31st May, 1857
D On 4th May, 1857
11Who accomplished the unique task of saving the fort of Bet- Dwarka from canon balls during
the revolt?
A. Dahodi women
B Rani Laxmibai
C People of Santhal D Vagher women
12Which of the following is not a reason for the revolt of 1857 CE
A There was lack of central co-ordination in the revolt
B There was lack of feeling of patriotism Indian soldiers
C The revolt started earlier than the decided date
D The leaders of the revolt had regional feeling but they did not have national feeling
L6
BLANKS
1 Economic prosperity of India was sustained until the eighteenth century.
2 The British increased their income due to the Diwani Rule which gave them rights to collect
rtevenue from Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
3 At the time of British rule, many peasants became economically poor due to the interest
custom of land revenue which was very high.
4 Governor Cornwallis enforced the Permanent Settlement Act for revenue collection.
5 During Lord Cornwallis tenure collectors had to collect the revenue and perform the function
of judge
6 The British system destroyed our ancient system of village self rule which was handled by the
Gram Panchayats.
7 In ancient time, every village was like a small republic.
8 An order was passed in Agra that every Indian had to salute the British.
9 William Bentinck enforced the law to stop the practice of Sati.
10 In 1834 Macaulay introduced English education in India.
11 The reforms made by the British rulers for their benefits / convenience only
12 The reforms made by the British came as a blessing for the growth of nationalism in India..
LESSON 7Q.2. FILL IN THE BLANKS.
1. The sphere which surrounds the earth from all sides is known as atmosphere.
2. Atmosphere is polluted due to human activities.
3. In the countries of cold climate , there is less heat.
4. In colder countries, the door walls and windows are made of glass.
5. Global warming means the Green House Effect which harms up the atmosphere of the earth
?
6. Earth s atmosphere is rapidly warming due to the increase in carbon di oxide gas.
7. Due to the increase of green house gases, the problem of temperature changes is aroused.
8.The temperature of the Earth has increased by 0.6 Degree Celsius in the last 100 years.
9. Proportion of nitrous oxide has increased from 270 ppm to_319_ ppm.
10. CFC gas is released in maximum due to the use of electronic applaiances..
11. According to the U.N. Resolution, 16th September is celebrated as Ozone day.
12. Sensible use of resources has become necessary to check the increase in global temperature.

13. An average citizen in the world produces _4.5__ metric tonnes of green house gas.
14.An average citizen of India produces 1.2 metric tones of green house gas.
15. An average citizen of U.S.A produces 20.6 metric tones of green house gas.
16. An average person of the world produces 4.5 metric tones of CO2.
LESSON 8
1 In democracy , the people themselves are the creators of their destiny.
2Iin Gujarati democracy is known as Lokshahi_
3 India has adopted the Parliamentary system of Democracy .
4 The Lok Sabha is known as the Lower_ house of parliament .
5 . The Rajya Sabha is known as the Upper house of parliament .
6 Generally, the elections of Lok Sabha are held every five years .
7 A candidate elected to the Lok Sabha is called Member of the Parliament__
8 The Prime Minister is appointed by the President.
9 There are 250_ members in the Rajya Sabha .
10. Twelve members are nominated by the President.in the Rajya Sabha.
1 The Rajya Sabha has the representative of every states of our country.
12 The Vice President works as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
13 In the Central Government, Parliament _works to make laws.
14 The person who presides over the session in the Lok Sabha is known as the Speaker.
LESSON 9
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 After the Battle of Buxar in 1764 CE, East India Company adopted the policy of expansion.
2 The ratio of Indian soldiers and English soldiers in Indian military was 6:1.
3 In the year January, 1857 AD, Enfield rifle was introduced in the Indian military.
4 The fat of pig and _cow was used to manufacture the cartridges of the Enfield rifle
5 The 19th battalion of Barrackpur was the first to refuse to use the cartridges with fat.
6. The revolt against East India Company was planned to start all over the country on 31 st
May, 1857 CE.
7 The secret symbol of chappaties for soldiers joining the revolt and of lotus for the people
was kept.
8 The first martyr of the revolt of 1857 AD was Mangal Pandey
9 The Mughal Emperor Bahadurshah Zafar accepted the leadership of the revolt in Delhi
10 Nanasaheb Peshwa undertook the leadership of the revolt in Kanpur.
11 The landlord of Jagdishpur Kunwarsingh undertook the leadership of the revolt in
Bihar .
12 Laxmibai was the Queen of Jhansi..
13 Tatya Tope was the commander in chief of the rebelling army that tried to free Kanpur
from thr British control.
14 The revolt was started in Gujarat by the 7th troop of military of Ahmedabad in June,
1857.
15 The revolt was continued for approximately one year by Nayakada _ of Panchmahal.
16 In December 1857, Tatya Tope stayed in Gujarat along with the army for approximately
15 days in Panchamahal district.
17 It is believed that Tatya Tope spent the later years of his life in Navsari_.
18 Seeds of the feeling of nationalism_ were sown in the Indian people due to revolt of 1857
LESSON 6 EX-3 TRUE OR FALSE
1 The devastating famine attacked in Bihar in the year 1770 CE. FALSE
2 Governor William Bentinck enforced the Permanent Settlement Act for revenue
collection.fALSE
3 The collectors who collected revenue also performed the functions of a judge. TRUE
4 The fine and soft Dhaka muslin was much in demand all over the world during ancient
times..TRUE
5 The British Policy of Social Reforms made t he people feel insecure.. TRUE
6 Mahatma Gandhiji called English education as the Swarajya Education. false
7 The people of India came closer to one another with the newspaper, post-telegraph and railway
FALSE

LESSON 7 EX 3 TRUE OR FALSE.

1. The environment is polluted due to industries, factories , power stations and auto vehicles.
True
2. A short term average of temperature, humidity and rains of a region is called weather False
3. Problem of climate change has emerged due to the reduction in green house gases. False
4. The proportion of CO 2 which was 275ppm before 100 years, is raised to 350 ppm today. True
5. The proportion of nitrous oxide which was 270 ppm before 100 years, is now 470 ppm. False
6. Beehives are disappearing fast due to global warming. True
7. Today, man is preventing the environment due to his activities. False
8. Every citizen off U.S.A produces 20.6 metric tones green house gas. True
LESSON 8
1 In a Democratic Government , the leader of the party that has clear majority is appointed as
the Prime Minister . True
2 In India, Judiciary is the supreme organisation. FALSE
3 The Lok Sabha is the upper house of Parliament. FALSE
4 . Each constituency is one represented by elected member in the Lok Sabha. TRUE
5 The Prime Minister elects ministers from the members of his party. TRUE
6 The Lok Sabha is a permanent house. FALSE
7 The President acts as a Chairman of Rajya Sabha. FALSE
8 The President is called a part of the parliament. TRUE
LESSON 9
1 The aim of British was to bring prosperity to India at the cost of England. FALSE
2 British officers considered India soldiers very low and thought that they lacked dignity. TRUE
3 The 19th battalion of Barrackpur was the first to refuse to use the cartridges with fat. TRUE
4 Roti and rose were used as the secret symbols of the revolt. FALSE
5 The first martyr of the revolt of 1857 AD was Tatya Tope . FALSE
6 Kunwarsingh was the landlord of Jagdishpur. TRUE
7 According to the opinion of the British officials Queen Laxmibai was the best among the
women leader of the revolt of 1857 CE TRUE
8 Kunwarsingh of Jagdishpur died in April, 1858 due to fatal injuries received during the war .
TRUE
9 The revolt succeeded because of the sharp feeling of sacrifice among the soldiers fighting in the
revolt . FALSE
10 At the end of the revolt, the company rule came to an end in India and the rule of British rule
was established . TRUE
LESSON 1
. Match
1498 CE - Vasco-da-gama came to India
1600 CE- British East India Company was established
1608 CE- British ship reached Surat port
1664 CE French East India Company was established
1502 CE- Portuguese established fort in Calicut
1663 CE- Dutch people established fort in Agra
1757 CE-Battle of Plassey was fought
1764 CE -Battle of Buxar was fought
LESSON 2
WHAT IS AROUND US?
Lithosphere - residence of all living organisms including human beings
Hydrosphere - sphere of water
Atmosphere - sphere of various gases
Biosphere - combination of four spheres
LESSON NO 4
Subsidary Alliance Wellesley
Annexation Policy Dalhousie
Maharaja of Punjab Ranjit Singh
Establishment of three universities in India 1857 CE
LESSON 6
1 Cornwallis enforced the Permanent Settlement Act

2 Macaulay started an English education in India

3 William Bentinck banned the practice of sati
4 Gandhiji English education is the Education of slavery
LESSON 8
Lok Sabha the lower house of Parliament
Rajya Sabha the upper house of the Parliament
Vice-President the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Prime Ministerthe leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha
President appoints the Prime Minister
LESSON 9
The first martyr of the revolt ---Mangal Pandey
The leader of the revolt in Delhi Bahadurshah Zafar
The leader of the revolt in Kanpur --- Nanasaheb
The leader of the revolt in Bihar Jagdishsingh
LESSON 1 . Answer in a sentence
Q.1. Which Indian commodities were great demand in European countries?
A.1. Indian commodities which were in great demand in European countries were silk, cotton
clothes, muslin, black pepper, spices, etc.
Q.5. When did Vasco-da-gamas ship reach India? How?
A.5. The ship of Vasco-da-gama started from Lisbon and reached India [Calicut port] on 22nd
May, 1498 through Indian Ocean after completing a circular route from Cape of Good Hope in
South Africa.
Q.6. Where did Portuguese establish their forts in India?
A.6. Portuguese established their forts in Calicut, Goa, Mangalore, Cochin, Diu, Daman, coasts
of Mumbai and island of Sri Lanka in India.
Q.7. To which country did the Dutch inhabitants belong to? Where did they establish forts in
India?
A.7. Dutch people were the inhabitants of Holland [Netherlands]. They established their forts in
Pulicat and Madras.
Q.8. Where, when and why was British East India Company established?
A.8. British East India Company was established in the year 1600 A.D. in England by some
merchants who wanted to undertake trade with India.
Q.9. When and where did the first ship land?
A.9. The first ship landed India in the year 1608 A.D.
Q.10. Where in India did the French East India Company establish their forts ?
A.10. French East India Company established their forts in India in Surat, Machlipatnam,
Pondicherry etc.
Q.11. From where did British first start trade in India?
A.11. Britishers first started trade in India from the bank of river Hugli
Q.12.Who were the first and the last Europeans to come to India?
A.12 The Portuguese were the first and the French were the last European people to come to
India.
Q.13. Between whom was the battle of Plassey was fought? What were its result?
A.13. The Battle of Plassey was fought between Siraj-ud daula 1757 A.D. The British got victory
in the Battle and it marked the beginning of British rule in India.
LESSON 2
ANSWER IN A SENTENCE
Q.1. What is the characteristics of the earth as the member of the solar system?
A.1. The characteristics of the earth as the member of the solar system is that, only earth has got
favourable temperature, water
And air. All necessary things for sustaining life are found only on the earth.
Q.3. What is magma?
A.3. The liquid which is formed due to the melting of rock strata because of the external heat in
the interior of the earth is called magma.
Q.4. Why is the crust of the earth not broken?
A.4. There are many gases in the interior of the earth which on being heated tries to come out
with pressure in upward directions. But the pressure of rocks present on the surface of the earth

is equally same. Thus, the balance between opposite forces like heat and pressure is maintained.
That is why the crust of the earth does not break.
Q.7. Which gases make up atmosphere?
A.7. The atmosphere is a composition various gases like water vapour, carbon di oxide,
hydrogen, ozone, argon, etc.
Q.8 How does the ozone gas work?
A.8. Ozone gas absorbs the ultra-violet sunrays in large quantity and saves the biosphere on the
earth from their harmful elements.
Q.9. Where and when is the ozone gas found in large quantity?
A.9. The ozone gas is found in large quantity in the morning near the open ground and in the air
near the sea shore.
Q.10. What is meant by condensation?
A.10. Condensation is a process of cooling of moisture. Various forms like rains, dew, snow,
hailstone, etc, are formed due to condensation.
Q.11. Why are the radio and the television transmission possible?
A.11. The radio and the television transmissions are possible due to the medium of atmosphere.
Q13. What is harmful for biosphere?
A.13. The equilibrium among various spheres of the earth is disturbed due to certain activities
carried out by men for the development. This is harmful for biosphere.
LESSON -3 INDIAN CONSTITUTION
5. Answer the following in one or two sentence each.
1. Of which national objectives is the constitution of India a pioneer?
ANS-1. The constitution of India is a pioneer of the national objectives like public
administration, secularism, socialism and integrity.
3. Which national leaders were included in constitution committee?
ANS-3. National leaders who were included in constitution committee were Jawaharlal Nehru,
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Maulana Azad
4. Which constitutional scholars were included in constitution committee?
ANS-4.Constitutional scholars leaders who were included in constitution committee were Alladi
Krishnaswami Iyer, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, K.N.Munshi, etc.
8. When did the constitution committee pass the constitution?
A.8. The constitution committee passed the constitution on 26th November, 1949.
9. What is Indias point of view as far as religion is concerned?
ANS-9. India is secular as far as religion is concerned.
10. At what age can an Indian citizen get franchise?
ANS-10. The Indian citizen gets franchise at the age of 18 or above.
11. Which are the organs of central government?
ANS-11. The organs of central government are Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
12.What are the functions of the organs of Central Government ?
Ans.12. Legislative makes laws, Executive implements laws and Judiciary makes people follow
the law and does the work of giving justice.
13. What guarantee do the fundamental rights give to the citizens?
The fundamental rights of India guarantee that the residence of the land can lead a peaceful life
as long as they inhabit the country.
LESSON NO 4
5) Answer the follow questions in 1 or 2 sentences each:1) Who introduced the subsidiary Alliance in India? Who accepted this plan first?
ANS-1) Governor General Lord Wellesley introduced the subsidiary Alliance in India. Nizam of
Hyderabad accepted the plan first.
3) By enforcing which policy did Wellesley make the British rule supreme in India?
ANS-3) Wellesley made British supreme power in India by enforcing the policy of Divide and
Rule.
4) WHEN did the Britishers interfere in the administration of Punjab?
ANS-4) When Ranjit Singh, the Maharaja of Punjab died, Sikhs quarreled for the legacy.
Taking advantage of this, the Britishers interfered in the administration of Punjab.
6) Which states where declared heirless and annexed by Dalhousie?

ANS-6) The states declared heirless and annexed by Dalhousie were Satara, Jaitpur, Jhansi,
Sambalpur, Nagpur, Arcot, Tanjore, Karnataka, etc.
7) When and where was the railway line start in India?
ANS-7) The railway line was started in India from Mumbai to Thane in the year 1853 A.D.
8) In whose time did the railway, telegraph, posts system etc started in India?
ANS-8) The railway, telegraph, posts system etc started in India during the time of Governor
General Lord Dalhousie.
9) In which cities were the universities established during 1857 C.E.?
ANS-9) The universities were established in the year 1857 A.D in Mumbai, Chennai and
Kolkata.
L6
Answer the following
1 What has been said by the historians about the economic progress of India?
A.1. The world historians have said about the economic progress of India that till the 18 th
century, the production techniques of India, its industries and organizations of trade and
commerce were unorganized
2 What type of country did India become during the hundred years of British rule from 1757 CE
to 1856 CE?
A.2. During the hundred years of British rule from 1757 CE to 1856 CE India became the source
of raw material for the mills of England and a big market for commodities which were
manufactured in those mills.
3 How did the peasants of India become economically poor?
A.3. When the Britishers got the power to collect the revenue [Diwani] from Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa; they started extracting maximum revenue from the peasants. So, the peasants of India
became economically poor.
4 How did lakhs of people die in Bengal in 1770?
A.4. A devastating drought struck Bengal in 1770. The Britishers did not take any steps to save
the people from hunger. So, lakhs of people died in Bengal in 1770 .
7 Which feelings were aroused in the people regarding the British Social Reform policies?
A.7. The feeling of fear that was aroused in the people regarding the policies started by British
government for social reformation was that the British Government was deliberately forcing
them to follow Christianity and they wanted to destroy the Indian religion and culture.
10 Why did the materials produced in India become costlier in India itself?
A.10. The materials produced in England came to India without custom duty, while the
materials made in India had to pay duty tax of 80%. Thus, due to the custom duty with
partiality, the materials produced in India became costlier in India itself.
14 Why did the British government start the facility of railway, post and telegraph?
A.14. The British Government started the facility of railway, post and telegraph in India
considering the convenience in running administration and strategic importance for the military
and in order to maintain an effective control on the country and to exchange messages with the
neighbouring countries.
15 Why did Macaulay start English education in India?
A.15. Lord Macaulay started English education in India to train illiterate Indians in a modern
way but with a British influence.
LESSON 7. ANSWER IN A SENTENCE
2. How is the atmosphere polluted?
A.2. The atmosphere gets polluted due to industries, factories, power stations and vehicles.
3. What is an environmentalchange?
A.3. The changes that occur in temperature, direction of wind, moisture, etc., due to global
warming is called an environmentalchange.
5. What is a climate?
A.5. The average condition of rain, temperature and moisture in any region at a particular point
of time is called a climate.
6. What is global warming?
A.6. The Green House effect which keeps the earths environment hot is known as global
warming. Those gases, which create green house effect in the atmosphere, retain the heat from

the sunrays and keep the earth warm. Due to increased amount of such gases, the temperature
on the surface of the earth has increased. This is called global warming.
7. How did the problem of climate change emerge?
A.7. The gases like carbon di oxide, methane, nitroxide, chloro fluro carbon [CFC] and halo
carbons play an active role in Green House Effect and they are known as green house gases. The
increase in the proportion of these gases leads to the question of climate change.
9. The use of which things increase the chlorofluorocarbon (CFL) in the atmosphere?
A.9. The use of things that increase the chloro fluro carbon (CFL) in the atmosphere are foam,
plastic, refrigerator, A.C., aerosol spray, etc.
10. Which are non-conventional sources of energy?
A. 10. Non-conventional sources of energy are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy,
geothermal energy, biogas, etc.
(12).In which country was the meeting held in regard to world policy, to protect environment?
A.12. The country where the meeting was held in regard to world policy, to protect environment
was held at Copenhagen, Denmark, in December, 2009.
(13).What was decided at the world meeting at Copenhagen in December, 2009?
A.13 At the world meeting at Copenhagen in December, 2009, it was decided that developed
countries like USA should seriously implement the carbon-cut policy to reduce the production of
green house gases and developing countries like India should be allowed to release more carbon
di oxide for which they should be given a subsidy of 100 billion dollars.
LESSON 8 ANSWER IN A SENTENCE
Q.1. What does the Parliament comprise of?
A.1. The Parliament comprises of the President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and the Vice
President..
Q.5. Why does the Parliament have complete and important powers in Democracy?
A.5. The Parliament has complete and important powers in Democracy because it represents the
people of the country. The members of Parliament are the representatives elected by the people.
Q.6. Mention the main functions of Parliament.
A.6. The main functions of the Parliament are: 1] It makes new laws, makes necessary changes
in the existing laws and cancels the unnecessary old laws. 2] It questions the government, gets
information about its work and keeps control on it.
Q.7. What is called constituency?
Q.7. The whole country is divided into different voting sections according to geography and
population for the election of the Lok Sabha. This type of every voting section is called
Constituency.
Q.9. Who elects the members of Rajya Sabha?
A.9. The elected members of the Legislative assembly of different states elect the members of the
Rajya Sabha.
Q.10. Who becomes the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?
A.10. The Vice-President of India becomes the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Q.13. What does the government come to know during the questioning session in Parliament?
A.13. Due to the questioning session in Parliament, the government knows about the views and
opinions f people through their representatives. It brings about the drawbacks of policies of
Government and their programmes.
Q.14. What is the responsibility of the Member of the Parliament?
A.14. The main responsibility of the member of the Parliament is to question the government
about its administrative functions.
Q.15. How does the opposition party play an important role in democracy?
A.15. The opposition party plays an important role in democracy by finding drawbacks of the
enforcement of programmes for development and the policies of the Government.
Q.16. When does a bill become a law?
A.16. A bill passed by both the houses becomes a law only after the signature of the President.
Q.17. Give reason: Rajya Sabha is a permanent House.
A.17. In the Rajya Sabha, one third of its members retire after every two years and the same
number of the members are re-elected. Thus Rajya Sabha is never dissolved fully. So, it is called
a permanent house.

Q.18. Why is the President of India called a part of the Parliament?

A.18. The President is called a part of the Parliament because, he is associated with the
procedure of the Parliament. A bill that is passed by both the houses becomes a law only after
the signature of the President. He has the power to decide about the meetings of the Parliament
and announce the completion of sessions too.
LESSON 9 ANS IN ONE SENTENCE
1 What were the main reasons of the revolt of 1857 CE?
A.1. The main reasons for the out burst of revolt of 1857 CE were economic downfall of different
classes of India by the British Government, political injustice, disregard towards Indian social
set-up, religious intervention, dissatisfaction among the Indian soldiers, etc.
4 Why did the 19th battalion of Barrackpur refuse to use new Enfield rifle ?
A.4. The 19th battalion of Barrackpur refused to use new Enfield rifle because the cartridges of
new Enfield rifle were to bitten off before putting in the rifle. A rumour was spread among the
Indian soldiers that the fat of cow and pig was used in the manufacture of those cartridges.
6 Who were the main leaders of the revolt of 1857 CE?
A.6. The main leaders of the revolt of 1857 CE were Moghul emperor Bahadurshah Zafar,
Nanasaheb Peshwa, Tatya Tope, Jagirdar Kunwarsingh, Queen Laxmibai of Jhansi, Begum
Hazrat Mahal of Avadh, Rango Bapuji, Azimullakhan, etc.
14Why did Queen Laxmibai join the revolt of 1857 CE ?
A.14. Queen Laxmibai joined the revolt of 1857 CE because the British refused the right of her
adopted son as a heir to the throne of Jhansi.
15 How did Queen Laxmibai attain martyrdom ?
A.15. Due to the betrayal of the gatekeeper Dulhaji, Jhansi was captured. So, Queen Laxmibai
went towards Kalpi. Here, Queen Laxmibai attained martyrdom while fighting very bravely
against the British army.
18 Who started the revolt of 1857 CE in Gujarat and When ?
A.18. The 7th troop of army in Ahmedabad started the revolt of 1857 CE. in Gujarat in the
month of June, 1857.
19 Who started the revolt against the Britishers in Kheda district ?
A.19. The head of Anand, in Kheda district namely Garbaddas Patel collected 2000 people by
the co-operation of Jivabhai Thakor of Kanpur and stared the revolt against the British in
Kheda district.
20 Who took the leadership of the revolt in Kheda district ?
A.20. The head of Anand, Garbaddas Patel took the leadership of revolt in kheda district.
25. Why did the planning of the revolt of 1857 CE disturbed
A.25. The planning of the revolt of 1857 got disturbed because it started earlier than the
decided date.
LESSON 1
BRIEF QUESTIONSAnswer in short [2 marks answers]
Q.1. Write few lines on the arrival of the French people in India.
A.1. After the British rule, the French people established the French East India Company in
1664 CE. They established their forts in Surat, Macchlipattnam and Pondicherry. Dupley was
the head of the French army. He had the desire to expand the European rule in India. However,
at that time, the British stood in competition against each other for establishing their rule over
India. This resulted in innumerable disputes and quarrels between the Britishers and the
French. However, at the end, the British won and they were successful in establishing their
power over India.
Q.2. How did the Portugal rule come to an end?
A.2 In the beginning of 17 the century, Portuguese entered Bengal for trading. The Subedar of
Bengal complained about the behaviour of Portuguese to Mughal Emperor Shahjahan. The
Emperor gave orders and following them the Hugli fort was demolished and the ships of the
Dutch were burnt. In this way the Portugal rule got limited up to Diu, Daman and Goa only.
LESSON2
BRIEF ANSWERS
Q.1. What do you know about the earth? [Brief ans]
A.1. The earth is one of the members of the solar system. Among the entire solar system, only
earth has the temperature, water and air required to sustain life. There is no proof of their

existence on other planets of the solar system. Thus, the most important characteristics of the
earth is its ability to support living organisms.
Q.2. How did the four spheres come into existence on the earth? [brief ans]
A.2. The earth was in the form of a fireball initially. The fireball gradually cooled down and
some of its elements turned into liquid and solid matter. During this process, the material which
condensed into solid state formed the lithosphere and the material which condensed into liquid
formed the hydrosphere. Those elements which turned in gaseous state formed the atmosphere.
Biosphere is that sphere which flourished over all these spheres. Thus, the four spheres came
into existence on the earth.
Q.3. Which human activities affect the hydrosphere? [BRIEF]
1. Industrial waste and other impurities from the cities and villages are dumped into the rivers,
streams, ponds, lakes and sea continuously. So all these water masses have turned into general
dunghills [heap of rubbishes]
2. Polar ice melts due to the increase in temperature through continuous industrial pollution.
3. Due to the oil sleek from the ships and dumping of poisonous and chemically polluted water
into the oceans, marine life is also getting destroyed.
Q.4. How are dust particles useful to us?
A.4. Dust particles are useful to us in many ways.
1. Sunlight spreads on the earth due to these particles only.
2. It is due to these particles that it does not turn dark after sunset and it does not turn bright
suddenly after sunrise.
3. The sunrays are reflected back with the help of these dust particles on the surface of the earth
and we receive the light of the sun.
L3
BRIEF ANSWERS
Q.1. India is a secular nation. Explain
A.1. The rule of India does not run on the basis of any religion or sect. No partiality or
discrimination are kept among the citizens on the basis of religion or sect. Every citizen of the
country has freedom to follow his own religion and its propagation. Indian government is
neutral in the religious matter. Thus it is called that India is a secular nation.
Q.2. Why it is said that India is a federal state?
A.2. India is called a federal state because the law making subjects are fixed for the central and
the state government. The concurrent list of subjects is also decided. The laws made by the
central government are for the whole nation.
LESSON 4 . ANSWER IN BRIEF
Q.1. Why were the Britishers not successful in establishing their rule in Punjab during the time
of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
A.1. Ranjit Singh the lion of Punjab was the most powerful Maharaja of Punjab. He had set up
a strong army with the help of European officers for protection of his state. He had got victory
over nearby states of Punjab. Thus, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was powerful and victorious ruler.
So the Britishers were not successful in establishing their rule in Punjab during the time of
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Q.2.What reforms did Lord Dalhousie make in India?
A.2. Reforms made by Dalhousie in India were as follows.
1. He started the railway, telegraph and modern postal system.
2. The first railway line was started from Mumbai to Thane in the year 1853 A.D.
3. In his time wireless system [telegram] was started between England and India.
4. He passed the law to ban the child marriages and to advocate widow remarriages.
5. With the efforts of Dalhousie, Universities were established in Mumbai, Chennai and
Kolkatta.
LESSON 6 BRIEF ANSWERS
Q.1. What reforms were done by William Bentinck in India?
A.1. Reforms done by William Bentinck in India were as follows:
1. He allotted posts to Indians in company administration.
2. The freedom of using mother tongue was given to the people who came to demand justice in
the court.
3. He passed a law to stop sati practice in 1829.

4. He enforced education committee to manage the expenditure if one lakh rupees every year on
education.
5. In 1853, he started English education system in India.
6. In 1857, he established Universities in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
Q.2. What were the benefits to the British rule due to reforms made by the Britishers?
4 The benefits to the British rule due to reforms made by the Britishers were:
1. The British Government started to get administrative workers, who knew English.
2. The British goods and the transportation of army became easy by railways.
3. The modern system of telegraph and post became useful for keeping their eye on huge country
like India and exchanging messages with England.
Q.3. What were the benefits to the people of India due to reforms made by the Britishers?
The benefits to the people of India due to reforms made by the Britishers were:
1. National feelings and nationalistic mind were developed among Indians.
2. Due to the English education, the people became familiar with the new trends of the world.
They played an important role for social reforms and national awareness in the country.
3. The people of India became closer due to post, telegraph and railway. The literate people
united and started fight for freedom.
4. Later on, the thoughts against the English education was born in the country. As a result of
this, the new form of education and national education were developed.
LESSON 7
ANSWER IN BRIEF
1. What do you mean by Green House effect ?
A.1. The countries experiencing cold climate experience very less heat. Hence plants, trees,
vegetables and fruits cannot grow properly. So, an artificial preparation is done to receive
adequate heat. For this, the roof is of glass or cloth. When the sunlight falls on the green house,
the plants, vegetables and fruits remain warmer. This warmth is retained in the green house due
to the production of CO2 and water vapour in it. This phenomenon is called Green House
Effect.
2. In your routine life, which gadgets do you use which lead to global warming?
A.2. The gadgets used in our routine life are television, air conditioners, tube light, bulbs, laptop,
computer, refrigerator, geyser, heater, scooter, motorbike, phone, mobile , electric motor pump,
washing machine etc..
3. What happen if the proportion of co2is increased in the atmosphere?
A.3. If the proportion of CO2 is increased in the atmosphere, the average temperature of the
earth will rise. CO2 enhances the green house effects. If that increases, the climate will become
more acute.
4. To protect ourselves from the increase in the temperature, what type of houses should be
constructed?
A.4. To protect ourselves from the increase in the temperature, we should construct our house in
the following ways.
1. Doors, windows and the roof of the house should be constructed in such a way that it will
allow enough sunlight and air.
2. The roof should be sloppy and the roof tiles should be so arranged that the roof does not get
heated.
3. Kitchen chimney should be installed such that the smoke of the fireplace, frying pan and
cooking gas rises high directly
LESSON 8
Q.1. What do you mean by Democracy?
A.1. Democracy is the Government of the people, by the people and for the people. In a
democracy, people give the power to the government to take decisions and implementation of
law. They elect the government of their choice through election. The elected people make the
government. The most important characteristics of democracy is that sovereignty is placed in
the hands of the people. People themselves are the creator of their destiny.
Q.2. What will you do as a Member of Parliament?
A.2. As a member of Parliament, I will present the questions of the people, their problems and
difficulties in the Parliament and draw attention towards them. I will get assurance from the

Ministers to solve the questions, problems and difficulties of people. I will keep my eye on the
work which is done or not done according to the assurance of ministers.
LESSON 9 BRIEF ANSWERS
Q.1. What were the social and religious reasons for the revolt of 1857 AD?
A.1. The social and religious reasons for the revolt of 1857 AD were as follows:
1. The orthodox Hindus felt that the British deliberately forced Christianity upon
them and destroyed their religion and culture.
2. The Indian social structure was criticized in army prisons and railways.
3. The new changes aroused dissatisfaction among the orthodox Hindus.
To sustain their socio-religious structures, many people joined this freedom movement
Q.2. Which economic reasons were responsible for the revolt of 1857 CE?
2. Economic reasons responsible for the revolt of 1857 were as follows:
a. Most of the section of Indian society became economically poor because of the
British policy.
b. Due to new revenue system of the British government, the peasants were
economically ruined and became indebted to bankers and landlords became
landless.
c. Due to discriminative octroi policy of the British government, hundreds of
workers became unemployed.
Q.3. Which political reasons were responsible for the revolt of 1857 CE?
3. Political reasons for the revolt of 1857 were as follows:
1. After the victory of the Battle of Buxar, the British government got the right to
collect revenue from Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and they adopted the
expansionist policy.
2. The British officers had established their rule on various states of India
through unjust divide and rule policy, diplomacy and inappropriate alliance.
3. The victims of this policy like Queen Laxmibai of Jhansi, Kunwarsingh of
Bihar and many other leaders joined the revolt.
LESSON 1
DETAIL ANSWERS [3 marks]
Q.1. Why did the Europeans feel the need to discover a new sea-route to India?
A.1. From ancient time, the merchants from outside the country came to India from northwestern boundaries by land route and after buying the Indian commodities, sold them in
European countries. Turkeys got victory over city called Constantinople which was the main
trading centre of European and Asian countries. Consequently, the trade route between Europe
and India was stopped. Demand of Indian commodities like silk, cotton clothes, muslin, black
pepper, spices etc, was increased in European countries. Europeans could not stay without
Indian black-pepper and spices. So, a need arose to find out sea-route to India by European
people.
Q.2. What is the importance of the Battle of Plassey?
A.2. After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. He was supposed to
dance to the tunes of the British. The Battle of Plassey was the first war of the British in India. It
marked the beginning of the rule of the British in India.
The English influence in the rich kingdom of Bengal increased as a result of this battle. Now the
company was in a position to maintain a powerful army and with the help of this force, the
company succeeded in ending the French power in India.
Thus the battle proved to be very important for the English from historical point of view. The
English became the real masters of Bengal and it became easy for them to expand their power in
India. The Battle of Plassey is considered to be the most important event in the history of India
because there was a drastic change in the history of India after this event.
Q.3. Why was the Battle of Buxar fought? What was its result?

A.3. Britishers dismissed Mir Jafar and replaced him by making his son-in-law as the Nawab of
Bengal. After becoming the Nawab, Mir Qasim started troubling the Britishers. So, the
Britishers decided to dismiss him too. Hence Mir Qasim got angry. To fight against the
Britishers, Mir Qasim took the help of the army of Nawab of Ayodhya and Mughal Emperor
Shah Aalam. In the year 1764 CE there was a battle fought against the Britishers and the
combined forces of Mir Qasim. In this battle the Britishers got victory. After the end of the
battle, the Britishers dismissed Mir Qasim and again made Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal. Mir
Jafar died in 1765 A.D. So, Clive was sent to India to take control of the situation. In this way,
after the battle of Buxar, British became very powerful and emerged as a political power in the
sub-continent of India.
LESSON 2.
ANSWER IN DETAIL [3 MARKS]
Q.1. State the utility of lithosphere. [detail]
A.1. Utility of lithosphere is follows
1. Lithosphere is the home of man.
2. Man gets water from various water sources of lithosphere.
3. Man grows various crops on the land and also develops industries and various economic
activities.
4. It is also home for vegetation and animals.
5. Minerals obtained from the lithosphere are used in industries and in many other ways.
6. Human civilization owes its progress mainly to lithosphere.
Q.2. State the utility of hydrosphere. [detail]
A.2. The utility of hydrosphere is as follows.
1. Hydrosphere provides us the fresh water.
2. Most of the rain water comes from hydrosphere. The rain is created only due to the moisture,
which comes from the evaporation taking place in the water of the ocean.
3. Chemicals are obtained from the sea water and mineral oil from the sea floor.
4. Man gets fish and other food from sea water.
5. Salt is produced from the sea water.
6. Electricity is produced from the tidal energy.
7. Oceans are used as waterways.
8. We feel less heat on the earth because of hydrosphere.
Q.3. State the utility of atmosphere.
A.3. The utility of atmosphere is as follows.
1. Oxygen in the atmosphere is essential to all living organisms on the earth.
2. Nitrogen is necessary for the growth of vegetation.
3. Carbon dioxide is the food for green vegetation.
4. Nitrogen dilutes the intensity of oxygen.
5. Ozone gas absorbs the ultra-violet sunrays and thus protects the life on the earth fro intense
heat of the sun.
6. The dust particles in the atmosphere help to spread the sunrays in all directions, So, there is
never a sudden light before the sunrise or darkness after the sunset.
7. We can hear sound only due to the atmosphere.
Q.4. How do human activities affect our sphere? [5 points only]
A.4.Human activities affect our sphere in the following ways.
1.The atomic research in the interior of the earth, too much drilling of the earth to find
minerals, mineral oil and making tube wells affect the lithosphere and it faces danger.
2. The impurities of the villages and cities are dumped
3. Due to increased heat, the snow at the Polar Regions has started to melt.
4. Aquatic creatures are destroyed due to the waste oil from the ships and deposition of
industrial and chemical mixed impurities in water.
5. The areas having higher mobility of vehicles show increased rate f carbon monoxide in the air.
6. The amount of CO2 in the air increases due to the cutting of trees.
7. Heat on the earth increases due to the increase of CO2 in air.

L3
ANSWER IN DETAIL
1. What do you mean by constitution? Why is constitution needed for any nation?
A.1. A collection of systematic set of rules for running the government of the country is known as
constitution of the country. Constitution can be in written or unwritten form. It is formed on the
basis of principles, goals and ideals. It should be formed by the elected representatives of the
people.
Constitution is needed for any nation because no rule of country can work without constitution.
The kind of government of the country and its administration are decided by the constitution.
Many objectives have been achieved through constitution. It is such a document which weaves
our ideals. The representatives elected by the people run the country in accordance with the
constitution. Our Constitution contains such provisions and rules so that the rulers do not
misuse their powers.
2. What is Democracy? Write few lines on Democracy.
Democracy means government of the people, by the people and for the people. The main feature
of Indian constitution is democratic rule. General elections are held in our country every five
years. The voters of age 18 years or above cast their vote and elect their representatives. Any
voter of the country can fight on election without any discrimination of religion, caste, class,
male or female. Representatives elected by the people rule the country by taking responsibility of
the people.IN a democracy, a citizen has the freedom to follow any religion according to his
speech, thought, desire and presentation.
Q3.Why is India known as a republic?
A.3. In India, the government obtains powers from people directly or indirectly. So India is
known as Republic Democracy The rule of our country is not in the hands of particular class of
people.All the posts of state administration are open for the citizens without any discrimination
of religion, caste, sex, etc. The Indian government can dismiss any government by election and
they have supreme power to form a new government. Thus India is known as Republic.
LESSON 4
. ANSWER IN DETAIL
Q.1. Discuss the specialities of Subsidary Alliance.
A.1. The specialities of the Subsidary Alliance system were as follows.
1. According to t he Subsidary Alliance system, the company undertook the responsibility of
protecting the rulers of the princely states who accepted the system
2. The states which accepted the system had to keep a permanent British army in their kingdom.
3. The rulers had to bear all the expenses of the British army.
4. Otherwise the rulers had to give away some of their regions to the British so that they could
collect revenue from these regions and manage the expenses of the British army.
5. The rulers had to keep a British representative in their court so that the British would come to
know about the happened in the state.
6. Thus the British army and their representatives were taken care of at the cost of Indian rulers.
7. This system was like a sweet poison for the native states of India.
Q.2. Discuss the specialities of the Annexation Policy.
A.2. Lord Dalhousie adopted the Annexation Policy. The Annexation Policy means to bring an
end to the rule of the native states and to keep the states under the British control directly.
1. The company started interfering in the internal affairs of the states and annexed many states
in the name of misadministration.
2. Under this policy, if the king died without an heir, his state would be annexed. The kingdoms
of Satara, Jhansi, Jetpur, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Arkat, Tanjore, Karnataka etc., were annexed by
this policy.
3. Dalhousie annexed many states by winning the battle. For eg., he defeated Sikhs in the battle
and annexed Punjab. Similarly he defeated the king of Myanmar and annexed his kingdom also.
4. Thus, by victory, confiscation and annexation, Dalhousie joined many Indian states to the
regions of British government and expanded the British rule.

Q.3. How were the Britishers benefitted due to Subsidiary Alliance and Annexation Policy?
A.3. There were many small and large states in India. There was no unity among them.
Consequently, Indian states were ruined by the Britishers policy of Divide and Rule. Many
native kings became slave of the Britishers by accepting Wellesleys Subsidiary Alliance. In the
time period of seven years, Wellesley expanded the company by Subsidiary Alliance and made
British rule supreme power in India.
The kings who accepted Subsidiary Alliance had no feeling of internal or external fear and so
they became irresponsible. Consequently, misadministration was carried out in their states.
Dalhousie annexed those states by Annexation Policy and joined with British rule. He defeated
some states in battle and disapproved the right of some kings to adopt the son. Their states were
annexed and joined with company government. Thus, Dalhousie established British Rule in
whole nation.
LESSON 6
DETAIL ANSWERS
Q.1 How did the peasants of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa ruin?
A.1. When the British Government got the power of acquiring Diwani of Bengal. Bihar and
Orissa they started extracting maximum revenue from the peasant class at the cost of
agriculture. The peasants became poor. Many a times, they could not pay the revenue even after
selling their gold items. As a result, they had to sell their land. Many peasants became
economically poor due to the interest custom of landlords which was very high.
Meanwhile a devastating drought attacked Bengal in the year 1770 A.D. Lakhs of people died
due to hunger. The British did not take any steps to save people from drought. On the contrary,
Lord Cornwallis insisted that they should pay their revenue. Thus due to hard and unjust
revenue policy and cruel behavior of the British, the peasants of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa got
ruined.
2 What was the result of The Permanent Settlement Act?
A.2. Governor General Cornwalis enforced The Permanent Settlement Act in order to collect
revenue. According to this act, the British fixed a certain amount of revenue to be paid on a
certain piece of land every year. The landlords had to collect their revenue from the farmers. As
the company fixed its income, there arose a group of landlords who were always on the British
side. The farmers were affected very badly. They worked hard in sun and grew crops but in
return they earned nothing. They became debtors. As a result of Permanent Settlement, the
condition of farmers became pitiable and they were exploited by the Britishers.
LESSON 7 DETAIL ANSWERS
Q.1. State the possible destructive consequences on the world due to global warming (write five
or six points on it).
A.1. The possible destructive consequences on the world due to global warming are as follows:
1. Certain species of birds are now becoming extinct like sparrow and vulture.
2. 2000 snow rivers of Himalayas have melted.
3. Calamities like famine, cyclone, excessive rain and floods have increased.
4. The level of ground water has decreased.
5. Sea water level is increasing due to the melting of snow.
6. There will be a change in the cycle of season.
7. There is a continuous decrease in the agricultural produce.
8. Beehives are rarely seen.
Q.2. State the necessary steps to prevent global warming. Write five or six points on it.
A.2. The necessary steps to be taken to prevent global warming are as follows:
1. Reduce the use of sources which release CO2.
2. Plantation of trees, preservation of trees, deforestation etc., should be taken care of.
3. Avoid use of plastic.
4. Adopt organic farming.
5. Stop population increase.

6. Save rain water.

7. Increase the use of CNG.
8. Increase the use of eco-friendly papers.
LESSON 8 DETAIL ANSWERS
Q.1. How is the Parliament formed in India?
A.1. India consists of the President and the two houses Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Lok
Sabha is the Lower House and the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament. Adults of
our country elect the members of the Lok Sabha by secret voting method. Each state gets seats
of Lok Sabha according to its population. The time duration of Lok Sabha is generally 5 years.
The elected members of the Legislative Assembly of each state votes for the candidates of the
Rajya Sabha members. 12 members are nominated by the President. It is a permanent house. It
is never dissolved fully. 1/3 of the members retire every year and the same number of members
are re-elected in their place.
Q.2. How is the Council of Ministers [Government] of India formed?
A.2. After general elections, the leader of the majority party or a coalition of parties which has a
clear majority in the Parliament is appointed as the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister elects
ministers from the members of his party, In this way, the Council of Ministers is formed. The
ministers along with Prime Minister take decision. The Prime Minister hands over the
responsibility of different departments to the members of the Council of Ministers. The Prime
Minister also takes the responsibility of one or more department. In this way, the Council of
Ministers is formed.
LESSON 9 DETAIL ANSWERS
Q. 1. How did the revolt of 1857 CE come to an end?
1. A.1. The revolt of 1857 came to an end in the following way.
1. The British captured Benares and Allahabad in June 1857.
2. The British got victory over Kanpur by the end of July.
3. They captured Delhi in September. Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his queen
were imprisoned and sent to Rangoon and their sons were murdered.
4. They acquired Lucknow in March 1858.
5. Rani of Jhansi Laxmibai fought bravely but due to the trait of Dulhaji, she had to leave
for Kalpi and afterwards she attained martyrdom. Jhansi was captured by the British.
6. Kunwarsingh of Jagdishpur was wounded in the battle and he died in April 1858.
7. The British defeated the Begum Hazrat Mahal of Avadh and captured Avadh in
September, 1858.
A.2. What were the results of the revolt of 1857 CE?
A.2. The results of the revolt of 1857 were as follows:
1. The rule of East India Company came to an end and India came under the British rule.
2. The British Government stopped interference in the internal matters of the state.
3. The British Government changed their economic and social policy.
4. An increase was made in the amenities, D.A. and salary of the Indian sepoys.
5. A feeling of nationalism was invoked in the people of India.
Q.3. Give a brief account of Jagirdar Kunwarsingh.
A.3. Kunwarsingh was the Jagirdar of Jagdishpur in Bihar. He undertook the leadership of
revolt of 1857 A.D. He was 70 at that time. But, he faced the Britishers like a young man and
fought bravely. Once he got hurt by a bullet which pierces his wrist. To stop the spreading of
poison all over his body, he cut his hand from elbow with his sword and offered it to the river
Ganges. Before he died, he had freed his Jagdishpur from the clutches of the Britishers.