Material Science La

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE CHAIBASA
RUN/ MANAGED BY TECHNO INDIA

WEST SINGBHUM, JHARKHAND
MATERIAL SCIENCE LAB (EC 1307-P)
To Study the lattice structure of various type of unit cells, observe the miller
indices for various planes of direction in unit cell.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Experiment - 01
Aim: - To Study the lattice structure of various type of unit cells, observe the miller indices for various
planes of direction in unit cell.
Miller indices: - These are used to denote various atomic planes in a crystal. In describe crystallographic
planes, crystal axis are used in conjunction with a reference origin or one lattice point and the intercepts
are determined as pure numbers in terms of the unit measure the lattice parameter approximate to each
crystal axis regardless of the actual dimension.
Method to find Miller Indices of a plane:The following procedure is carried out to determine Miller Indices of a plane:The following procedure is carried out to determine Miller Indices of a plane.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Find the intercepts of the plane on three crystallographic axes.

TaRC reciprocals of these numbers.
Multiply these reciprocals by the smallest integer necessary to convert them into a set of integers.
Enclose the result in a bracket without commas.
a=b=c
==
Cubic Crystal System
Bravias lattice: - A three dimensional space lattice is generated by repeated translation of 3-non-coplaner
vector a,b, & c.Therefore there are only 14 disirguisable ways of arrangement conform to the definition of
a space lattice these Ki lattice space are known as Bravias lattice named after their originator which are as
follows.
1) Simple cubic lattice: - In this lattice all the 3 axis are equal at right angle to each other and
possess lattice point at all the 8 corners of the unit cells as shown in fig.
2) Body centered cubic lattice: - In these lattice all the 3 axis are equal and at right angle to each
other. It possesses lattice point at all the 8 corners of the unit cells as shown in fig.
3) Face centered cubic lattice: - In this lattice, all the 3 axis are equal and at right angle to each
other. It possesses lattice point at all the 8 corners of the unit cell & one lattice point at the center
of the unit cell.
Tetragonal crystal system
A= bc, ===90
Orthorhombic crystal system

4)
5)
Simple tetragonal Lattice:- In this lattice all the 3 axis are a right angle to each other,
two of these horizontal axis are equal while the third axis is either longer or shorter then
the other two. It possesses lattice point at all the 8 corners of the unit cell.
Body centered Tetragonal Lattice: - In this lattice all the 3-axis are at right angle to each
other. Two of this horizontal axis is equal, while the 3rd vertical axis is different. It posses
lattice point at all the 8 corners & at the centre of the body there is one lattice point of the
unit cell.
6) End centered orthorhombic lattice:- It possess lattice points at all the 8 corners of a unit cells &
also 2 lattice points at each centre of two faces opposite to each other. If the lattice points are at
the top and bottom faces of the lattice it is known as end centered orthorhombic lattice.
7) Simple orthorhombic lattice: - In this lattice all the 3 axis are at right angles to each other. But at
all the 3-axis are of unequal lengths. It possesses points at all the 8 corners of the unit cell.
8) Simple Hexagonal Lattice: - In this lattice there 4 axis. Three of this horizontal axis are equal and
meet each other at an angle of 60 the forth vertical axis is either longer or shorter then the other
three axes. It possess lattice point at all the 12 corners of the hexagonal prism and also two
lattice points at the centre of two hexagonal faces of the unit cell.
9) Body Centered orthorhombic Lattice:- In this lattice all the 3 axis are at right angle to each
other & possesses lattice points at all the 8 corners and also one lattice point at the centre of
the body of the unit cell.
10) Face centered orthorhombic lattice:- It possess lattice points at all the 8 corners and also lattice
points at the centre of each side faces of the unit cell.
11) Simple rhombohedra lattice:- In this lattice all the three axis are equal and inclined at equal
angles but not at right angles with each other. It possess lattice points at al the 8 corners of the
unit cell.
12) Simple Monoclinic lattice: - In this lattice all the three axes are unequal .one of this axis is at
right angle with the other two. But other two axes are at a right angle to each other. In posses
lattice points at all the 8 corners unit cell.
13) End centered monoclinic lattice:- it possess lattice points at 8 corners of the unit cell and also
two lattice at the centre of the two opposite faces.
14) Simple triclinic lattice:- In this lattice all the 3-axis are at an equal and none of them is at right
angle to each other .it possess lattice point at all the 8 corners of the unit cell.

To study the microstructure of cast Iron.
Experiment No-2
Aim: To study the microstructure of cast iron
Apparatus: 1) cast iron sample
2) Sawing machine
3) Rotating polishing machine
4) Emery papers
220, 320, 400, 600, 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, 4/0o
5) Anemia solution
6) Nital Soln.( Nitric Acid + Alcohol)
7) Optical Microscope
8) Cloth
Theory: The viewing of the grain structure of a metal at high magnification under microscope is
known as microstructure list. Studying the microstructure of any metal, its defects, properties
of that metal can be examined to some extent.
Procedure: At first, a small sample sample of cast iron is selected and is cut into desired shape
with the help of sawing (cutting) machine using abrasive cutting wheel.
2. The cast iron sample is rubbed with emery papers of different core (2w, 3w, 4w and 600) in such a
way that if should be at the direction of right angle to the scratched portion.
3. Then the sample is made smooth by means of rotating polishing agent and it is free from any type of
scratch.
4) The sample is dipped into vital solution which dissolves a portion of the surface or furnishes the
different constituent selectively and lie sample is ready for microscopy list.
Observation:
Under lit magnification of 500, grain boundary is shown and laminar structure of Pearlite is shown.

To study the microstructure of annealed Mild Steel.
Experiment - 03
Aim: To study the microstructure of annealed Mild Steel.
Sample: Annealed Mild Steel.
Apparatus: optical microscope
Theory Annealing: It is a process of lulling a metal which is in metals or distorted structured state, to a
temperature which will remove instability or distortion and lie cooling at a slow rate so that the room
temperature structure is stable and strain face.
The purpose of annealing is to
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Inducing a completely stable structure.

Refining and homogenizing the structure
Reducing hardness
Improving Machiniability
Improving cold working , characteristic
Producing desired microstructure.
Removing residual stresses
Removing gases
Improving mechanical, physical, electrical and magnetic properties.
Process Annealing: - process annealing is applied to remove the effects of cold work, to soften and
permit further cold work. In this process steel sample is heated to a temperature close to, but below the
lower critical temperature in transformation range (550C-650C), held for sometime and then cooled in
air in order to soften alloy for further cold working.
Full Annealing: Full annealing implies annealing the steel sample by austenizing and then cooling slowly
throughout the transformation range between 723 to 910 for hypereutectoid steel and between 723
to 1130C for hypereutectoid steel.
In this process, steel sample is heated to proper annealing temperature in the austenite and is hold the
austenitic zone and is hold sample for a definite period at this temperature to become completely
austenite and cooling very slowly throughout the transformation range.
1) A pearlite ferrite in hypereutectoid steel.
2) A pearlite Clementine in hypereutectoid steel
Full Annealing purposes
i.
ii.
Refines grains.
Removes strain
iii.
iv.
v.
Induces softness
Improves machinibility
Improves electrical and magnetic properties.
Procedure: The ample is heated in this annealed temperature depending upon its carbon content.
% C in steel sample
Less than 0.12(dead mild steel)
0.12 to 0.25(mild steel)
0.25 to 0.55
0.50 to 0.80
0.80 to 1.40
Annealing Temp(C)
875-925
840-970
815-840
780-810
760-780

To verify the fracture characteristic of ductile and brittle materials.
Experiment no - 04
Aim: - To verify the fracture characteristic of ductile and Brittle materials.
Theory:
Fracture separation of a metal or a body into two or more pieces due to stress is called fracture.
Fracture Strength- Separation of a metal or a body into two or more pieces due to stress is called
fracture.
Fracture Strength: This is also known as breaking strength fracture strength is the amount of stress of
which the specimen fails the fracture strength is determined by the tensile test which charts the
stress. Strain curve.
Steps in fracture
Crack formation
Crack propagation
Ductile Fracture: - In ductile fracture necking takes place. In other words ductile materials show
appreciable deformation before fracture.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Necking steps in ductile fracture.

Void nucleation.
Void coal scene
Crack propagation
Breaking
Brittle Fracture: - In this type of fracture no arreciable plastic deformation takes place for fracture.
Fracture can occur by cleavage plane fracture can be seen in glass, concrete etc.
I.
II.
Transgranular fracture.
Intergranular fracture.
1) Transgranular fracture:- The fracture travel through the grain of the material i.e cuts the grain.
2) Intergranular fracture:- The fracture travels along the grain boundaries and do not cut the
grains.
Observation:- Ductile fracture.
1. Neck formation
2. Increase of length
3. Reduction of cross-Sectional area.
4. Surface of the object.

I.
II.
III.
No neck formation
Sudden fracture
Surface of the object.

Estimation the percentage of carbon composition in mild steel.
Experiment - 05
Aim: - Estimation of percentage of carbon composition in mild steel.
Apparatus required:- conical flask, measuring cylinder, round-bottomed flask fitted with a
crank,buretle,stand.
Chemical required:- dilute sulphuric acids/1 KMno4,Mild steel solution.

Theory: - The purity of a piece of iron wire is determined by dissolving a known weight of it in dilute
sulphuric acid.
Fe+H2SO4= FeSO4+ H2
The ferrous sulphate solution thus obtained is titrated against a standard solution of KMnO4.
2KMnO4+10FeSO4+8H2SO4= K2SO4+ 2MnSO4+ 5Fe2(SO4)3+8H2O
2KMnO4 10FeSO410Fe
Or, 1/5KMnO4 FeSO4Fe
: 1000 ml of (N) Kmno4 solution 55.84g of Fe
1 ml of (N) KMno4 solution 0.05584g of Fe.
Procedure:1. Clean a small length of iron wires by rubbing if between the folds of a sand paper.Wipe it with a
clean and dry cloth. Weigh out accurately about 0.5 g of the iron wire.
2. Take 500.00 ml of bench sulphuric acid in 500 ml round-bottomed flask fitted with a cark and a
delivery tube, bent at an angel of 40.
3. Dip the longer end of the delivery tube into a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate contained in
a small beaker.
4. Remove the crack and add a pinch of NaHCO3 to the acid. The CO2 thus evolved expels all air
from the flask. When the effervescence ceases add the weighed iron to it and immediately
replace the cork.
5. Heat the flask gently on a wire gauge until the iron wire completely dissolves.
6. A few black carbon particles may remain undissolved.Now without disturbing the arrangement
of the apparatus; cool the flask with a stress of coo water.
7. During cooling, some of the NaHCO3 solution may be drawn into the flask, but as soon as it
enters the flask, CO2 will drive the liquid back to the beaker.
8. When the solution is cooled to the room temperature, transfer the solution from the flask to a
250 ml measuring flask. Wash the round-bottom flask 2-3 times with air-free distilled water and
transfer the washings to the measuring flask.
9. Then make the solution to 250 ml with air-free water shake thoroughly to ensure a
homogeneous solution.untill a permanent faint pink color is obtained.
10. Take 25 ml of the solution in a conical flask and add one test-tube full of bench H2SO4 and then
titrate the cold solution against standard (N/10) KMnO4 solution until a permanent faint pink
color is obtained.
11. Repeat the titration till at least 2-3 concurrent readings are obtained.
Burette reading ml
Ob. No.
Volume of acid
solnn(ml)
Initial
25 ml
Final
Difference
Strength of
KMnO4
Concurrent
solution
reading
8.5
1
8.5
25ml
17.0
8.5
2
8.5
8.5
3
17.0
25.5
8.5
25.5
34
8.5
25ml
4
25ml
(N/10)(f=1.012)
Calculation: - weight of iron wire taken 0.5g

25 ml of the iron solution 8.5 ml of 1.012 (N/10) KMnO4 solutions
50
250 ml of the iron solution 8.8.5 1.012 25 10()4 8.6()4

1 ml (N) KMnO4 solution 0.05584g of Fe
8.6 ml of (N) KMnO4 solution 8.6 0.05584g of Fe
Since 0.5 g of iron wire contains 0.80224g of Fe
100 g of iron wire contains 0.480224
100
0.5
= 9.04 g of Fe
Hence, the purity of the give iron wire is 96.04

Wt of carbon = 1-0.96=0.04
Hence, the % of carbon in mild steel = 4 %
Result: The percentage of carbon in mild steel = 4%
Precaution:1. Take the reading carefully
2. Handle the glass with care

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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE CHAIBASA

RUN/ MANAGED BY TECHNO INDIA