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ABRASIVES

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Abrasives
Dental abrasives (polishing materials) are
used to remove stain and to polish natural
teeth, prosthetic appliances, restorations,
and castings.
Abrasives are available in extra coarse,
coarse, medium, fine, and extra fine. The
coarser the agent, the more abrasive the
surface.
Even a fine-grit agent removes small
amounts of the enamel surface.
The goal is to always use the abrasive
agent that will produce the least amount of
abrasion to the tooth surface.

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Abrasives - Composition

Natural minerals or synthetic substitutes

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Abrasives - Uses
To remove stains
To finish & polish natural teeth and all
types of tooth restorations & replacements

Finishing is cutting & smoothing


Polishing is smoothing the surface further to create a shine
Smooth surfaces promote oral cleanliness, a major factor in
prevention of oral disease
Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Mechanism of Action
Rubbing hard abrasive particles over substrate,
a softer material, wears the substrate away.
The wearing process also creates heat and debris.

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Abrasives - Purpose
To finish
To polish

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Abrasives - Purpose

To produce smoothest surface

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Abrasives - Types
Finishing
Polishing
Cleansing

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Abrasives Finishing Agents


Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
Cuttle quartz (SiO2)
Diamond
Garnet (Al2O33FeO3SiO2)
Sand - quartz (SiO2)
Silicon carbide (SiC)

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Abrasives Polishing &


Cleansing Agents
Calcite CaCO3
Kieselguhr
Pumice
Rouge Fe2O3
Silex
Tin oxide
Tripoli
Zirconium silicate ZrSiO4

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Benefits of Finishing
Restorative Materials

Oral health
Resisting the accumulation of food debris &
pathogenic bacteria
Easy to maintain a hygienic state
Eliminate tarnish & corrosion

Function
Enhanced bcoz food glides more freely over
occlusal & embrasures surfaces
Minimized wear rates of opposing & adj. teeth

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Benefits of Finishing
Restorative Materials

Aesthetics

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Retention of Cutting Ability

An abrasive must be frequently renewed to


maintain its effectiveness

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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How Abrasives are Supplied?


Powders
Paste, stone, points, cakes and polishing
cups
Bonded to disks, wheels, strips, or stones

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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How Abrasives are Supplied?

Powders
mixed w/ a liquid such as water or glycerin to
make a thin paste termed slurry

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How Abrasives are Supplied?

Stone and points


mixtures of abrasive and binder pressed into
various shapes and mounted on a mandrel, a
metal rod that fits into the dental handpiece or
angle

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How Abrasives are Supplied?

Cups
mixtures of abrasive and binder pressed into
small round shapes hollowed out on one side
and mounted on a screw or mandrel

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How Abrasives are Supplied?

Cakes
pressed shapes, but are larger, hand-held, and
for laboratory use

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How Abrasives are Supplied?

Disks and wheels


round pieces of paper, plastic, metal or rubber
covered or impregnated with abrasive particles
They are placed on mandrels and used in
handpieces and angles

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How Abrasives are Supplied?

Strips
relatively long, thin pieces of plastic or metal
w/ abrasive particles attached to one side
They are hand rubbed on proximal surfaces

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Material Selection for Specific


Needs
Material

Mohs Hardness

Diamond

10

Tungsten Carbide

Aluminum Oxide

Zirconium Silicate

7.5

Quartz
Tin Oxide

7
6.5

Pumice

Chalk (Calcium Carbonate)

Gypsum

Talc

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Commonly Use

Diamond
Natural mineral or synthetic substitute
supplied as chips bound to metal wheels &
points or as a component of polishing pastes
Extremely hard abrasive & is used to cut
natural teeth
Diamond wheels & points generate significant
heat; the tooth must be cooled w/ water while
they are being used
Diamond paste for polishing composite

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Commonly Use

Aluminum Oxide
Natural supplied as particles bonded to disks,
wheels, strips, stones & points, & as a
component of pastes
It is used for polishing natural teeth

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Commonly Use

Pumice
Ground volcanic glass that is supplied as a
gray powder or a component of various pastes
It is used for finishing & polishing natural &
artificial surfaces

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Commonly Use

Quartz
Also called sand or cuttle
Natural mineral supplied as particles on disks
or strips & used for finishing gold, plastic &
composite

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Commonly Use

Tin Oxide
Very mild abrasive supplied as a white
powder
It is mixed w/ water to form a slurry & used
for polishing enamel & metals

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Commonly Use

Emery
Also called corundum
Natural mineral supplied as particles on strips
& disks
Most people are familiar w/ emery as the
abrasive used on emery boards for shaping
fingernails
In dentistry, it is used for finishing natural
teeth

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Commonly Use

Rouge
Iron oxide, a natural mineral, supplied as a
reddish-brown cake
It is usually used in the laboratory for
polishing gold

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Principle of Abrasive Use


Use coarsest abrasives first & progress to
the finest last. This gradually reduces the
size of cuts until the smoothest possible
surface is obtained. A smooth surface
appears shiny & promotes cleanliness
Never use large, irregular, coarse abrasives
on natural teeth. The danger of removing
too much tooth structure, especially
cementum, is to great. Only medium or
fine material shld be used on natural teeth.

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Principle of Abrasive Use


Position the abrasive carefully to avoid
soft tissue damage. Maintain position
control whenever the abrasive is moving.
Apply abrasives w/ low to moderate speed.
This keeps the abrasive on the instrument
& decreases the production of unwanted
heat.

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Principle of Abrasive Use


Keep the abrasive moist. The liquid will
cool the area, help the particles move over
the surface and assist in removing
accumulated debris.
Use low to moderate pressure. This will
help prevent surface roughening and allow
the abrasive particles to keep moving.

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Principle of Abrasive Use

Move your hand so the abrasive moves


from one area of the tooth to another.
Cutting occurs when the abrasive is in
contact with the tooth. Prolonged contact
in one area causes deeper cutting there,
roughening rather than smoothing the
surface

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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Principle of Abrasive Use


While working, use a dabbing motion to
apply and release the abrasive. Prolonged
application in one area localizes and
concentrate heat production, creating
greater potential for material degradation
Renew your abrasive frequently. As the
abrasive is used it wears and finally
disappears. Renewing the abrasive
provides fresh cutting ability.

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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THANK YOU

Dr. Sam R. Alcantara

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