Piping Design Print

17/04/2016
IntroduccinalDiseode
Caeras
RenBecerraMatas
18/04/2016
IntroduccinalDiseode
Caeras
RenBecerraMatas
IntroduccinalDiseodeCaeras
Lossistemasdecaerassonlasarteriasyvenasquetransportanlosfluidosenlas
instalacionesdeservicioydeprocesoquedanvidaanuestracivilizacin.
Eldiseo,construccin,operacinymantenimientodeestossistemasrequieren
delacomprensindelosfundamentos,materiales,consideracionesgenricasy
especficasdediseo,sufabricacineinstalacin,losrequerimientosparalos
exmenes,pruebaseinspecciones,ademsdelaregulacinnacionale
internacionalaplicable.
Elpropsitodeesteseminarioesofrecerunpanoramageneraldelosaspectos
tcnicosvinculadosaldiseodecaerasysuinfluenciaenelsistemadelcual
formaparte.
Alfinaldelmismoelparticipantepodrreconocerlosdistintoscriteriosdeclculo
yanlisis,suseleccinylostiposdeaccesoriosquecomponenunsistemade
caeras,queintervienenenlasdistintascondicionesdeoperacinquelos
caracterizan.
18/04/2016
DiseodeCaeras
Conocerloscriteriostcnicosquerequierenel
diseoyanlisisdelossistemasdecaeras.
DiseodeCaeras
1. NormasASMEdetransporte
paraductosycaeras.
2. MaterialesyDiseo.
3. FlexibilidadyEsfuerzos.
4. ComponentesyFabricacin.
5. Pruebas,EnsayoseIntegridad.
1. ConocerlasNormasASME,
historia,alcanceyusosfinales.
2. Conocerlostiposdemateriales,
propiedadesyaplicaciones.
3. Compararcriteriosdediseo.
4. Conocerloscriteriosdeanlisis.
5. Conocerloscomponentesque
conformanlossistemasdecaerasy
lasparticularidadesensudiseo,
fabricacinymontaje.
6. Analizarlasparticularidadesde
pruebasyensayos.
7. Conocerlosparmetrosesenciales
paragarantizarlaIntegridaddelos
sistemasdecaeras
18/04/2016
DiseodeCaeras
paraductosycaeras.
DiseodeCaeras
paraductosycaeras.
fabricacinymontaje.
pruebasyensayos.
sistemasdecaeras
fabricacinymontaje.
pruebasyensayos.
sistemasdecaeras
18/04/2016
DiseodeCaeras
paraductosycaeras.
DiseodeCaeras
paraductosycaeras.
5. Pruebas,Ensayose
Integridad.
fabricacinymontaje.
pruebasyensayos.
sistemasdecaeras
fabricacinymontaje.
pruebasyensayos.
sistemasdecaeras
18/04/2016
IntroduccinalDiseodeCaeras
BibliografaBsica
ASMEB31Code for Pressure Piping
Piping Systems &PipelineASMEB31 Phillip
Ellenberger
BibliografaComplementaria
Piping Handbook Mohinder LNayyar

Piping Materials Guide PeterSmith
Piping Systems Manual BrianSilowash
Process Piping The CompleteGuide CharlesBecht
17/04/2016
Cdigosynormasparael
transporteporductosycaeras
RenBecerraMatas
Cdigosynormasparael
ConocerelcdigoASME,historia,alcanceyusos
finales.
17/04/2016
Cdigosynormasparael
ESTA PRESENTACION DEBE CONSIDERARSE COMO
UNA REFERENCIA QUE NO SUSTITUYE A LAS
VERSIONES ORIGINALES Y VIGENTES DE LAS
NORMAS INDICADAS.
SU PROPSITO ES EXPONER ALGUNOS DE LOS
ASPECTOS QUE SE CONSIDERAN RELEVANTES PERO
NO CONTIENE NECESARIAMENTE TODA LA
INFORMACIN PARA ATENDER NECESIDADES
ESPECFICAS.
Cdigosynormas
paraeltransporte.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
4. CdigosySeguridad.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
PorqueelusodeNormas,Cdigosy
Especificaciones?
17/04/2016
Cdigosynormas
paraeltransporte.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
Cdigosynormas
paraeltransporte.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
PARATENERUNDETERMINADO
GRADODECONFIABILIDADCON
ACEPTACIONUNIVERSALYCON
RELATIVAREPETIBILIDAD
DOCUMENTOSQUEESTABLECENREQUISITOSDE
CONSTRUCCION
NORMAS
Normaestndar esunaespecificacinquereglamenta
procesosyproductosparagarantizarinteroperabilidad.
EltrminoNORMAseaplicacolectivamentealoscdigos,
especificaciones,practicasrecomendadas,clasificaciones,
mtodosyguasquehansidopreparadasyaprobadascon
procedimientosestablecidospororganizacionesy/o
sociedades
CODIGOS
Conjuntodereglasy/odirectrices.
Aplicablesaldiseo,construccineinspeccindeunsistemao
equipoespecfico.
ESPECIFICACIONESTCNICAS
Documentosquedefinenlasnormas,niveldeexigencia,tipoy
jerarquadeprocedimientosaserempleadosyaplicados.
Tantoenlaelaboracindeestudios,fabricacindeequiposy/o
construccindeobras.Relativosalcomportamiento,
seguridad,dimensiones,calidad,ensayo,instalacin,
funcionamiento,mantenimiento.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
Cdigosynormas
paraeltransporte.
ANSI
DIN
UNE
ASME
ASTM
NACE
AWS
AGA
API
NFPA
ISA
IEC
OPERADOR
CONSTRUCTOR
FABRICANTE
ESPECIFICACIONESTCNICAS
CDIGOS
(AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers)
(AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)
(NationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineers)
(AmericanWeldingSociety)
(AmericanGasAssociation)
(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)
(NationalFireProtectionAssociation)
(InstrumentsSocietyofAmerica)
(InternationalElectricCode)
Ley1689del30deAbrilde1996LeydeHidrocarburos
Ley3058del17deMayode2005LeydeHidrocarburos
Ley16998del2deAgostode1979LeyGeneraldeHigieneSeguridadOcupacionalyBienestar
LeyGeneralDelTrabajodel8deDiciembrede1942
Ley1333delMedioAmbiente
DS24335ReglamentoAmbientalparaelSectorHidrocarburos.1996
DS24721ReglamentoparaConstruccinyOperacindePlantasdeAlmacenajedeCombustiblesLiquidos.1997
DS25048ReglamentoparaConstruccinyOperacindeTerminalesdeAlmacenaje.1997
DS24721ReglamentoparaConstruccinyOperacindeAbandonodeDuctos.1997
DS25502ReglamentoparaConstruccinyOperacindeRefineras,PlantasPetroquimicasyUnidadesdeProceso.1999
DS28397ReglamentodeNormasTcnicasydeSeguridadBolivianasparalaExploracinyExplotacindeHidrocarburos.2005
DS29018ReglamentoparaelTransportedeHidrocarburosporDuctos.2007
DS01499ReglamentoparaCalidaddeCarburantesyLubricantes.2013
DS01539ReglamentoparaelDiseo,Construccin,Operacin,MantenimientoyAbandonodeplantasdeGNC,2013
DS01867ReglamentoTcnicoparaelTransporteySeguridaddeGNC.2014
DS02571ReglamentoTcnicoparaelTransporteySeguridaddeGNL.2015
AGENCIANACIONALDEHIDROCARBUROS
IBNORCA
IBMETRO
INTERNACIONAL
NACIONAL
NORMAS
DOCUMENTOSQUEESTABLECENREQUISITOSDECONSTRUCCION
17/04/2016
CaerasAntiguas.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
Cdigosy
Seguridad.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
17/04/2016
LaIniciativaB31.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
B31.1,Power Piping
B31.3,Process Piping
B31.4,PipelineTransportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons andOther Liquids
B31.5,RefrigerationPipingandHeatTransferComponents
B31.8,GasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSystems
B31.8S,ManagingSystemIntegrityofGasPipelines
B31.9,Building Services Piping
B31.11,SlurryTransportationPipingSystems
B31G1991,ManualforDeterminingtheRemainingStrengthofCorroded Pipelines
Themissingnumericalcodesectionshaveexistedbutforvariousreasonsarenot
currentpartsofthecode.
B31.7,NuclearPowerPiping,isnolongeraB31code.Ithasbecomeanintegral
partoftheBoilerCode,inSectionIII.
B31.6,ChemicalProcessPiping,basedonCase49oftheB31code,wasin
preparation.Asitapproachedpublication,thesimilaritiestothePetroleumPiping
code,nowB31.3ProcessPiping,werenoted,anditwasdecidedtoincludeitin
thatbook.
B31.2,IndustrialGasandAirPipingorFuelGasPiping,waspublishedasa
separatebookforatime.ThatcodewaswithdrawnasanAmericanNational
Standardearlyin1988.
LaIniciativaB31.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
ThiscodeistheoriginalcodeandwasadirectdevelopmentoutoftheBoilerandsubsequentcodes.Aboilerneedspipe,
bothinternallyandexternally.TheinternalpipewouldcomeundertherulesofSectionIandtheexternalpipingwould
comeunderB31.1.Thispipingisgenerallyfoundinelectricpowergeneratingstations.Itistypicallytransportingsteamor
waterunderelevatedtemperaturesandpressures.Itmaybeusedinotherheatingandsteamuses.
Paragraph101.3enumerateswhatitdoesnotapplyto.Itdoesnotapply to
Boilers,pressurevesselheaters,andcomponentscoveredbytheASMEBoilerandPressureVessel Code(BPVC)
Buildingheatinganddistributionsteamandcondensatesystemsdesignedfor100kPa (15psig)orless
Hotwaterheatingsystemsdesignedfor200kPa (30psig)orless
Pipingforhydraulicorpneumatictools
Pipingformarineandotherinstallationsunderfederalcontrol
Towers,buildingframes,andothersimilarstructures
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
LaIniciativaB31.
Atpipelineterminals
Onshore /offshorepipeline
facilities
plants
terminals
within
terminals
pumping
regulating
naturalgasliquids
liquefiedpetroleumgas
carbondioxide
liquidalcohol
liquidanhydrous
ammonia
liquidpetroleum
products
condensersandevaporators
includingwater
water
containedinpiping
Predominately natural
gas
Betweensourcesandenduse
Refrigerantandcoolantpiping
Heattransfercomponents
refrigerants
secondarycoolants
meteringstations
wells
condensate
naturalgasoline
between
crude oil
predominatelyliquid
allfluidservices
gas
air
otherservices
Pipingmetallicandnonmetallic
Pipingmetallicandnonmetallic
water
oil
MEDIA
SERVICE
steam
*Compressedair
steamandsteam
condensate
to1035kPa(150psi)gage
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
PRESSURES
antifreezesolutions
notexceedingthefollowing
forheatingandcooling DIMENSIONALLIMITS
steamandsteam
publicbuildings
condensate
*Carbonsteel:NPS42(DN1050) *Vacuumto1Bar(14.7psi).
*Liquidsto2415kPa(350
multiunitresidences
air
and0.500in.(12.7mm)wall
psi)gage
combustibleliquids
*Stainlesssteel:NPS24(DN600)
othernontoxic
and0.500in.(12.7mm)wall
nonflammablefluids *Aluminum:NPS12(DN300)
*BrassandcopperNPS12(DN
300),
12.125in.(308mm)forcopper
tube.
*Thermoplastics:NPS24(DN600)
*DuctileIron:NPS24(DN600)
*ReinforcedThermosettingResin:
NPS24(DN600)
Pipingtransportingaqueous
B31.11Slurry
Between plants andterminals aqueous slurries
slurries
ALL
Transportation andwithinterminals
ofnonhazardousmaterials
Pipinginpumping,andregulating
Piping Systems
stations
00/00/11
B31.12
gaseousandliquid
Includingthejointpiping
Hydrogen
Piping
hydrogen
equipment
Piping and
Pipeline
00/00/11
Industrial
Services Piping institutional

31/05/2011 commercial
B31.9Building
Transportation Gatheringpipelines
andDistribution Gasdistributionsystems
Compressor,regulatingand
Piping Systems metering
00/00/12
B31.8Gas
B31.5
Refrigeration
Piping andHeat
Transfer
Component
21/07/2010
scrapertraps
strainers
prover loops
pipingandheattransfer
components
including
Transportation Marine
Systems for
Liquid
rail
Hydrocarbons truck
andOther
Liquids:
tankfarms
12/11/2012 pumpstations
pressurereducingstations
meteringstations
B31.4Pipeline
B31.3Process
Piping
processfacilities
00/00/12 petroleumrefineries
chemical
pharmaceutical
textile
paper
semiconductor
cryogenicplants
FACILITIES
electric power generating
stations
industrialandinstitutional
29/06/2012 plants
geothermalheatingsystems
centralanddistrictheating
systems
CODE
B31.1Power
Piping
B31.8coversthedesign,construction,operation,andmaintenanceofthesepiping
systems
B31.8doesnothaverequirementsforauxiliarypiping,suchaswater,air,steam,or
lubricatingoil.
B31.4coversthedesign,construction,operation,andmaintenanceofthesepiping
systems
B31.4doesnothaverequirementsforauxiliarypiping,suchaswater,air,steam,
andlubricatingoil.
Ownerdesignatewhencertainservicesareapplicabletoasystemandfor
designateaQualitySystem
CategoryM(toxic),highpurity,highpressure,elevatedtemperature
CategoryD(nonflammable,nontoxicfluidsatlowpressureandtemperature)
exceptinmultipleboilerinstallations,mandatoryuptothesecondisolationV
OBSERVATIONS
MandatoryForpipingattachedtoanASMESectionIboileruptothefirstisolation
valve
From29to121C
(20to250F)inclusive
B31.11doesnothaverequirementsforauxiliarypiping,suchaswater,air,steam,
lubricatingoil,gas,
andfuel.
to18to93C(0to200F)
*Liquidsat18to121C(0to
250F)
*Steamandsteam
condensate
PipingconnecteddirectlytoASMESectionIVHeatingBoilers.
fromambientto186C
(366F)
*Othergasesfromambient
(20to450F)inclusive
From29to232C
Above320F(196C)
(20to250F)inclusive
From29to121C
ALL
Above29C(20F)
TEMPERATURES
17/04/2016
LaIniciativaB31.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
Thispipingistypicallyfoundin
petroleumrefineries,chemical
andpharmaceuticalplants,and
manyotherprocessplantsand
terminals.
Thiscodeisforthetypeof
pipelinesthattransportliquids
betweenplantsandterminalsand
pumpingregulatingandmetering
stations.
Ithasahighpressuresection.It
recognizesdifferentdegreesof
fluidssafetyconcernsandimposes
differentrulesoneach.Ithasa
nonmetallicsection.
Oneofthemorewellknown
pipelinesthatispredominately
undertheauspicesofthiscodeis
theAlaskanPipelinefromPrudhoe
BayinAlaskatoValdez.
Thiscodecoversprimarilygas
transportationpipingbetween
sourcesandterminals.Itincludes
gasmetering,regulating,and
gatheringpipelines.Ithasrules
aboutcorrosionprotection.
WithitssupplementB31.8Scovers
themanagementoftheintegrity
ofsuchpipelines.
Itisgenerallyconsideredthemost
broadlyapplicablecode.
LaIniciativaB31.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.
Paragraph 300.1.3lists the exclusions:
Pipingsystemsdesignedforpressures
atorabove0butlessthan105kPa (15
psig),providedtheymeetcertainother
requirementsincluding temperature
ranges
Powerboilersandpipingrequiredto
meetB31.1
Tubesandsoforththatareinternalto
aheaterenclosure
Pressurevesselsandcertainother
equipmentandpiping
Paragraph400.1.2liststheelementstowhichit
doesnotapply:
Auxiliarypiping,e.g.,water,air,or
steam
Pressurevessels,heatexchangers,and
similarequipment
Pipingdesignedatorbelow1bar(15
psig)atanytemperature
Pipingabove1bar(15psig)if
temperatureisbelow30C(20F)or
above 120C(250F)
Pipe,casing,ortubingusedinoilwell
andrelatedassemblies
Petroleumrefinerypipingwithcertain
exceptions
Gastransmissionanddistributionlines
Most proprietary equipment
Ammoniarefrigerationpipingand
carbondioxidegatheringand
distributionsystems
Paragraph802.1.3liststheelementstowhichit
doesnotapply:
PressurevesselscoveredbytheBPVC
Pipingwithmetaltemperaturesabove
232C(450F)orbelow29C(20F)
Pipingbeyondtheoutletofthe
customersmeterassembly
Pipinginoilrefinerieswithexceptions
Vent piping for waste gases
Wellhead assemblies
Designandmanufactureofproprietary
equipment
Designandmanufactureofheat
exchangerstoTubularExchanger
Manufacturers Association (TEMA)
standards
Liquidpetroleumtransportation
systems,liquidslurrytransportation
piping,carbondioxidetransportation
systems,andliquefiednaturalgas
pipingsystems;itincludesreferences
tootherdocumentsforthesetypes of
systems
17/04/2016
BibliografaBsica
LaIniciativaB31.
1. Cdigos,normas,
especificaciones
2. CaerasAntiguas.
3. EvolucinASME.
5. LaIniciativaB31.
6. CdigosenOil&Gas.
7. Bibliografa.

Piping Systems &PipelineASMEB31
Phillip Ellenberger
Piping Systems Manual Brian
Silowash
Process Piping The CompleteGuide
CharlesBecht
17/04/2016
CdigosASMEparalaindustria
Oil &Gas
RenBecerraMatas
CdigosASMEparalaindustriaOil &Gas
Conocerlassimilitudesydiferenciasentrelas
versionesdelcdigoASMEparacaerasa
presin.
17/04/2016
CdigosASMEparalaindustriaOil &Gas
ESTA PRESENTACION DEBE CONSIDERARSE COMO

UNA REFERENCIA QUE NO SUSTITUYE A LAS
VERSIONES ORIGINALES Y VIGENTES DE LAS
NORMAS INDICADAS.
SU PROPSITO ES EXPONER ALGUNOS DE LOS
ASPECTOS QUE SE CONSIDERAN RELEVANTES PERO
NO CONTIENE NECESARIAMENTE TODA LA
INFORMACIN PARA ATENDER NECESIDADES
ESPECFICAS.
3
Intro
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Diferenciarfechadepublicacindefechaefectiva.
Respuestasainterpretaciones.
Erratasefectivasdesdesupublicacin.
17/04/2016
Intro
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Intro
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
CdigosANSI.
LmitesdeASMEconlaindustria.
Responsabilidadsloporlasinterpretaciones.
17/04/2016
Intro
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Sistemasde
Caeras
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Eachofthecodesreferstoapipingsystem.
Whilethespecificdefinitionofapipingsystemmayvaryfromcodebook
tocodebook,thissimplifieddefinitiontreatsapipingsystemaccording
tothefollowing:
Apipingsystemisasetofcomponentsincludingpipe,pipe
fittings,flanges,bolting,gaskets,reliefdevices,andthe
pressureretainingpartsincludedinanystressanalysis.It
alsoincludesthehangers,supports,andotherequipment
necessarytopreventoverstressingofthepressureretaining
parts.
Itdoesnotincludethestructureandequipmentand
foundations,exceptastheymayaffectthestressanalysis.
ThisdefinitioncomesmainlyfromtheB31.71969edition.Itcaptures
thegistofthemanyseparatedefinitionseachbookmightofferaswell
asthereasonforthecodes.Thatreasonistodefinethedesignand
fabricationofasystemthatoffersareasonableexpectationofbeing
safewhenoperatedasintended.
17/04/2016
Sistemasde
Caeras
PROCESSPIPING
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
Contenido
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
ChapterIScopeand
Definitions
Chapter IIDesign
Chapter IIIMaterials
ChapterIVStandardsfor
PipingComponents
ChapterVFabrication,
AssemblyandErection
ChapterVIInspection,
ExaminationandTesting
ChapterVIINonMetallic
PipingandPipingLined
WithNonMetals
A300GeneralStatements
ChapterVIIIPipingfor
Catergory MFluidService
M300GeneralStatements
ChapterIXHighPressure
Piping
K300GeneralStatements
ChapterXHighPurity
Piping
U300GeneralStatements
ChapterIScopeand
Definitions
Chapter IIDesign
Chapter IVDimensional
Requirements
ChapterVConstruction,
Welding,andAssembly
ChapterVIInspection
andTesting
ChapterVIIOperation
andMaintenance
Procedures
Chapter VIIICorrosion
Control
ChapterIXOffshore
LiquidPipelineSystems
Chapter XCarbon Dioxide

PipelineSystems
B400GeneralStatements
Chapter XISlurry Pipeline

Systems
C400GeneralStatements
GeneralProvisionsand
Definitions
ChapterIMaterialsand
Equipment
Chapter IIWelding
ChapterIIIPipingSystem
Componentsand
FabricationDetails
ChapterIVDesign,
Installation,andTesting
ChapterVOperatingand
MaintenanceProcedures
ChapterVICorrosion
Control
ChapterVIIIntentionally
LeftBlank
Chapter VIIIOffshoreGas
Transmission
A800OffshoreGas
Transmission
Chapter IXSourGas
Service
B800SourGasService
10
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
10. Integrity
Contenido
Appendices
AAllowableStressesandQuality
FactorsforMetallicPipingandBolting
Materials
BStressTablesandAllowablePressure
TablesforNonmetals
CPhysicalPropertiesofPiping
Materials
DFlexibilityandStressIntensification
Factors
EReferenceStandards
FPrecautionary Considerations
GSafeguarding
HSample Calculations for Branch
Reinforcement
JNomenclature
KAllowableStressesforHighPressure
Piping
LAluminum Alloy PipeFlanges
MGuidetoClassifyingFluidServices
NApplicationofASMEB31.3
Internationally
PAlternativeRulesforEvaluating
StressRange
QQualitySystemProgram
SPipingSystemStressAnalysis
Examples
VAllowableVariationsinElevated
TemperatureService
XMetallicBellowsExpansionJoints
ZPreparationofTechnicalInquiries
PROCESSPIPING
Nonmandatory Appendix P
Nomenclature for Figures
MandatoryAppendixQScope
DiagramsNonmandatory AppendixR
EstimatingStraininDents
Mandatory Appendix
IReferenced Standards Nonmandatory
Appendices
ASubmittalofTechnicalInquiriesto
theB31PressurePipingCommittee
BPublicationsThatDoNotAppearin
theCodeorMandatory
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
Appendices
Mandatory Appendix AReferences
MandatoryAppendixBNumbersand
SubjectsofStandardsand
SpecificationsThatAppearin
MandatoryAppendixA
Nonmandatory AppendixC
PublicationsThatDoNotAppearinthe
CodeorMandatory Appendix A
MandatoryAppendixDSpecified
MinimumYieldStrengthforSteelPipe
CommonlyUsedinPipingSystems
MandatoryAppendixEFlexibilityand
StressIntensificationFactors
MandatoryAppendixFExtruded
HeadersandWeldedBranch
Connections
MandatoryAppendixGTestingof
WeldersLimitedtoWorkonLines
OperatingatHoopStressesofLess
Than20%oftheSpecifiedMinimum
Yield Strength
MandatoryAppendixHFlatteningTest
forPipe
Mandatory Appendix IEnd
Preparations for Buttwelding
Nonmandatory AppendixJCommonly
UsedConversionFactors
Mandatory AppendixKCriteriafor
CathodicProtection
Nonmandatory AppendixL
DeterminationofRemainingStrength
ofCorrodedPipe
Nonmandatory AppendixMGas
LeakageControlCriteria
Nonmandatory AppendixN
RecommendedPracticeforHydrostatic
TestingofPipelinesinPlace
11
Nonmandatory AppendixO
PreparationofTechnicalInquiries
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Contenido
ChapterIScopeand
Definitions
Chapter IIDesign
Chapter IVDimensional
Requirements
ChapterVConstruction,
Welding,andAssembly
ChapterVIInspection
andTesting
ChapterVIIOperation
andMaintenance
Procedures
Chapter VIIICorrosion
Control
ChapterIXOffshore
LiquidPipelineSystems
Chapter XCarbon Dioxide

PipelineSystems
B400GeneralStatements
Chapter XISlurry Pipeline

Systems
C400GeneralStatements
ChapterIScopeand
Definitions
Chapter IIDesign
ChapterIVStandardsfor
PipingComponents
ChapterVFabrication,
AssemblyandErection
ChapterVIInspection,
ExaminationandTesting
ChapterVIINonMetallic
PipingandPipingLined
WithNonMetals
ChapterVIIIPipingfor
Catergory MFluidService
M300GeneralStatements
ChapterIXHighPressure
Piping
K300GeneralStatements
ChapterXHighPurity
Piping
U300GeneralStatements
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
PROCESSPIPING
12
Definitions
ChapterIMaterialsand
Equipment
Chapter IIWelding
ChapterIIIPipingSystem
Componentsand
FabricationDetails
ChapterIVDesign,
Installation,andTesting
ChapterVOperatingand
MaintenanceProcedures
ChapterVICorrosion
Control
ChapterVIIIntentionally
LeftBlank
Chapter VIIIOffshoreGas
Transmission
A800OffshoreGas
Transmission
Chapter IXSourGas
Service
B800SourGasService
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
20
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
ChapterIScopeand
Definitions
ChapterIScopeand
Definitions
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
PROCESSPIPING
21
Definitions
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
22
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
23
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
24
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
25
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Definitions
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
26
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
Loads
Conditions andCriteria
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
PROCESSPIPING
28
Design,Installation,and
Testing
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
29
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
30
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
31
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
32
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
renebecerramatias@yahoo.com
PROCESSPIPING
33
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
34
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
35
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
36
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
37
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
38
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
39
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
40
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
41
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
42
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
43
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
44
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
.
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
45
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
46
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
47
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
48
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Design
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
49
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Materials
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
51
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Materials
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
52
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Materials
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
53
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Materials
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
54
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Materials
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
55
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Components
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
56
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Components
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
57
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Components
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
58
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Fabrication
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
59
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Fabrication
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
60
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Fabrication
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
61
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Fabrication
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
62
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Fabrication
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
63
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Testing
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
64
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Testing
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
65
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Testing
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
66
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Testing
PROCESSPIPING
PIPELINE
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMSFORLIQUIDS
ANDSLURRIES
67
GASTRANSMISSION
ANDDISTRIBUTION
PIPINGSYSTEMS
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. Contenido
4. Definitions
5. Design
6. Materials
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Bibliografa.
68
17/04/2016
Transporte&Distribucin
(Pipeline)
RenBecerraMatas
Conocer los parmetros y caractersticas a

considerar en el diseo de caeras de
transporte y distribucin (ductos).
17/04/2016
Intro
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
3. ConsideracionesdeDiseo
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Una vez que el petroleo y el gas son localizados y el pozo

es exitosamente perforado y completado, el producto
debe ser transportado a las instalaciones donde puede
ser producido/tratado, alamcenado, procesado, refinado,
o transferido para una eventual venta.
Un diagrama simplificado ilustra el concepto tpico, y
bsico cabeza de pozo a venta. El sistema comienza en
el dispositivo de control de pozo en los brazos del
arbolito de navidad e incluye el flowline, los equipos de
produccin/tratamiento/almacenaje, medicin de la
transferencia de custodia, y el pipeline de recoleccin
transporte.
Conceptotpico,ybsicocabezadepozoaventa
Sistemasde
Caeras
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
17/04/2016
Costs
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Tarifas
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
17/04/2016
Costo de Servicio
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pipe Selection and Wall Thickness.

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
The type of pipe and wall thickness must be determined

for each application. Following the design requirements
of Part 192 for natural gas, Part 193 for liquefied natural
gas (LNG), and Part 195 for crudeoil and products
pipelines, the pipe materials and wall thickness can be
determined using the applicable formula. As discussed in
Sec. 9.2, the operating pressure (maximum and normal),
operating temperature, other design factors (depending
upon the type of pipeline and applicable regulation), and
the pipe material will determine the wall thickness.
Typically, for highpressure pipelines, highergrade pipe
(such as API 5L, Grades X42, X52, X60, and X65) is
selected because muchthinnerwall pipe can be used,
which significantly reduces pipe costs. Constructioncosts
savings also are realized, as the welding time is reduced
and material shipping/handling costs are reduced.
8
17/04/2016
Pipe Selection and Wall Thickness.

Consideracionesde
Diseo
PVC, fiberglass, polypropylene, and other materials may

be used in lowpressure and utility applications.
ANSI/ASME B31.4, B31.8, and the DOT regulations allow
the use of alternative materials in very restricted
applications. However, steel pipe will be required in the
majority of the oil and gas production and pipeline
applications. ANSE/ASME A53[28] and A106[29] and API
5L[30] seamless, ERW, and submerged arcwelded (SAW)
steel pipe are commercially available and most
commonly used in pipeline systems. Seamless pipe is
seldom used in pipeline applications because of the
higher unit cost and limited availability. From a design
and regulatory perspective, pipe made with ERWs and
SAW seams is equivalent to seamless pipe and is less
costly. Note: this is not true for piping systems designed
in accordance with the ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3. [7]
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
28 ANSI/ASME Standard A53, Standard for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service. 2002. New York City: ANSI/ASME.
29 ANSI/ASME Standard A106, Standard for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service. 2002. New York City: ANSI/ASME.
30 API Standard 5L, Specification for Line Pipe, nineteenth edition. 2004. Washington, DC: API.
7 ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3, Standard for Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. 2002. New York City: ANSI/ASME.
Material Selection.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
Pipe fittings, flanges, and valves must meet the

specification and pressure class of the pipe selected for
pipeline applications. The materials for pipelines
commonly conform to industry codes and standards
including ANSI/ASME Standard B16.5, [11] ANSI/ASME
Standard B16.9, [31] ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4, [8]
ANSI/ASME Standard A105, [32] ANSI/ASME Standard
A106, [29] ANSI/ASTM Standard A234, [33] ANSI/ASTM
Standard A420, [34] ANSI/ASTM Standard A694, [35] API
Standard 6D, [36] API Standard 6H, [37] MSS Spec. 44, [38]
and MSS Spec. 75. [39] Pipe fittings can be matched to the
higher grade API 5L, X Grade pipe. Detailed material
information is discussed in Sec. 9.6.
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
11 ANSI/ASMEStandardB16.5,StandardforSteelPipeFlangesandFlangedFittingsNPS1/2throughNPS24Metric/Inch.2003.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
31 ANSI/ASMEStandardB16.9,StandardforFactoryMadeWroughtSteelButtWeldingFittings.2003.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
8 ANSI/ASMEStandardB31.4,StandardforLiquidTransportationSystemsforHydrocarbons,LiquidPetroleumGas,AnhydrousAmmonia,andAlcohols.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
32 ANSI/ASMEStandardA105,StandardforCarbonSteelForgingsforPipingApplications.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
29 ANSI/ASMEStandardA106,StandardforSeamlessCarbonSteelPipeforHighTemperatureService.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
33 ANSI/ASMEStandardA234,StandardSpecificationforPipeFittingsofWroughtCarbonSteelandAlloySteelforModerateandElevatedTemperatures.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
34 ANSI/ASMEStandardA420,StandardSpecificationforPipeFittingsofWroughtCarbonSteelandAlloySteelforLowTemperature Service.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
35 ANSI/ASMEStandardA694,CarbonandAlloySteelforPipeFlanges,Fittings,Valves,andPartsforHighPressureTransmissionServices.2000.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
36 APIStandard6D,StandardSpecificationforSteelGate,PlugandCheckValvesforPipelineService,twentyfirstedition.1998.Washington,DC:API.
37 APIStandard6H,StandardSpecificationforEndClosures,Connections,andSwivels.1998.Washington,DC:API.
38 Specification44,SpecificationforSteelPipelineFlanges.1998.Vienna,Virginia:ManufacturersStandardizationSoc.ofthe ValvesandFittingsIndustryInc.
39 Specification75,SpecificationforHighTestWroughtButtWeldingFittings.1998.Vienna,Virginia:ManufacturersStandardizationSoc.oftheValvesandFittingsIndustryInc.
10
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Route Selection and Survey.

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Route selection is very important to successful pipeline

design. Careful study of the terrain, natural obstacles
(such as mountains, swamps, marshes, and rivers),
manmade obstacles (such as highways, roads, railroads,
and buildings), and population density is required.
Topographic maps, aerial photography, satellite imagery,
and property ownership maps, as well as physical
inspection, are helpful aids in the routing process.
11

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Constructability is an essential consideration when

choosing the route. Typically, the minimum pipeline
construction working rightofway (ROW) for a 2in.
pipeline is 35 to 40 ft in width, and the working area
should be reasonably level. Largerdiameter pipe requires
wider ROW because the larger pipe requires bigger pipe
handling equipment (sidebooms), wider ditches and
wider spoil piles. Eighty to 100ft wide construction
working ROWs are typical for 4 to 12in. pipe, and 200ft
plus construction ROW widths are common for pipe up to
30 to 36 in. The proposed route must be surveyed to
determine the exact length of the proposed pipeline,
determine the physical terrain, locate natural and
manmade obstacles, and verify property boundaries.
Once a workable route is confirmed, the acquisition of
the ROW and regulatory permits begins.
12
17/04/2016

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
13

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
14
17/04/2016

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
15

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
16
17/04/2016

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
17
ROW.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
The acquisition of private and public ROW and associated

governmental permits is a major component of the
pipeline process. Oil and gas leases often have provisions
that allow the producer to install wells, flowlines,
production facilities, and processing and storage facilities
without having to acquire additional ROW or facility
properties. However, producers do not have the right to
cross public roads, highways, railroads, rivers,
jurisdictional creeks/streams, wetlands, or preexisting
easements or ROWs. Gathering and transmission
pipelines have to purchase the ROW, or easement, that is
required for the pipeline system. Typically, easements,
which grant the pipeline owner the right to operate and
maintain the pipeline and appurtenant facilities, are
purchased. In some instances, the ROW may be
purchased "in fee" where the easement is acquired as a
property.
18
17/04/2016
DS 24335 RASH 19960719.

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
19
PermitsandSpecialConsiderations.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Permits are required to install pipelines across public

highways, roads, streets, and any other public
conveyance. The permits must be acquired from the
federal, state, or local authority that has jurisdictional
authority. Special easements or permits must be acquired
from railroads and other pipelines as well.
There are special design requirements for pipe installed
across the highways, roads, streets, and railroads, which
are stipulated in ANSI B31.4, B31.8, and the DOT
regulations. Heavierwall pipe (required because of lower
design derating factors), casing, hydrostatic and
nondestructive testing and other special requirements
are stipulated in the applicable regulations, codes, and
industry standards.
20
10
17/04/2016
Permits and Special Considerations.

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Special installation requirements are common, as few

highways, public roads, or streets, if any, can be opencut
and ditched. Railroads will not allow conventional, open
cut ditch installation. The pipeline must be installed by
wet or dry boring methods, tunneling, or horizontal
directionaldrilling (HDD) methods. These methods are
described later.
21
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C

Environmental requirements have a major impact upon
the pipeline industry. Pipelines can not be constructed in
certain defined wetlands, marshes, swamps, rivers,
creeks, or streams where the pipeline installation and
operation could affect sensitive ecologies and
environments. In the U.S., the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (COE) has the primary jurisdictional authority
over these areas, and other federal agencies, such as the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have secondary
jurisdiction. All states now have environmental or similar
agencies that also have jurisdiction in many of these
areas. Internationally, many countries now have laws and
regulations that protect the natural resources.
Historically significant sites, archeological sites,
endangered species, and many other related issues
require investigation before finalizing the route selection.
Special permits must be acquired to work in and around
sensitive areas. In the U.S., permits from COE are
required for crossing of rivers, navigable streams/creeks,
22
wetlands, and other regulated waters.
11
17/04/2016

Consideracionesde
Diseo
The environmental and natural resource regulations and

requirements not only apply to regulated gathering,
transmission, and distribution pipelines but also apply to
flowlines and production facilities constructed within oil
and gas leases. The potential cost impacts of these issues
must be given serious consideration in the pipeline
design process.
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
23
Corrosion Prevention.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
Steel pipe and pipeline facilities must be protected from

the effects of external and internal corrosion. Nonferrous
piping materials, such as fiberglass, PVC, and
polypropylene, do not undergo the same corrosive
effects and require little attention. Industry codes and
standards and the DOT regulations require that pipelines,
appurtenances, and facilities be protected from the
effects of corrosion. NACE has standards prescribing the
corrosion protection required for pipelinesNACE
Standard MR0176, [40] RP200, [41] and RP572. [42]
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
40 NACEStandardMR0176,StandardSpecificationforMetallicMaterialsforSuckerRodPumpsforCorrosiveOilfieldEnvironments. 2000.Houston,Texas:NACE.
41 NACERP200,RecommendedPracticeforSteelCasedPipelinePractices,Sec.3and5.2003.Houston,Texas:NACE.
42 NACERP572,RecommendedPracticeforDesign,Installation,Operation,andMaintenanceofImpressedCurrentDeepGroundBeds,Sec.3and5.2003.Houston,Texas:NACE.
24
12
17/04/2016
Internal Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Internal corrosion may be caused by the presence of CO2,

water, H2S, chlorides (salt water), bacteria, completion
fluids, or other substances in the produced hydrocarbon.
When CO2 or H2S is mixed with oxygen and/or water,
acids are formed that attack and destroy the steel. When
CO2 or H2S is mixed with oxygen and/or saltwater,
extreme corrosion occurs. Certain types of bacteria often
found in producing formations can also attack and
destroy the steel. Any of the internal corrosives,
separately or in combination, can cause leaks and severe
blowouts.
25
Internal Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
The potential corrosives usually can be identified from a

chemical analysis of the produced hydrocarbons. In
instances where high concentrations of CO2, H2S, or other
highly corrosive chemicals are present, additional pipe
wall thickness may be added in the pipe design to allow
for the potential corrosive effects. This is not normally
recommended, as corrosion could be localized and the
rate difficult to predict. In most cases, the removal of
oxygen and water from the fluid is sufficient to combat
potential corrosion. Where this is not practical, corrosion
inhibition chemicals, internal coatings, and corrosion
resistant materials are used.
26
13
17/04/2016
Internal Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Internal corrosion also can be caused by erosion or wear.

Excessively high velocities in liquid and multiphase fluid
systems can erode or wear the internal pipe wall as well
as fittings and valves. The conditions that cause
mechanical erosion can be mitigated through proper pipe
sizing and design.
The corrosive effects of the hydrocarbon fluid may
change over time as the chemistry of the produced fluid
changes or as bacteria develop that were not present
earlier. Where unknown corrosives develop after
operations have commenced, chemical treatment may be
the best solution.
27
Internal Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Nayyar, Mohinder L. Piping Handbook, C. Piping Systems Corrosion and Erosion Allowances
Un valor nominal utilizado para tolerancias por corrosin es 1/16" (1,5 mm) para
caeras de acero al carbono y aceros de baja aleacin en servicios para hidrocarburos.
Tolerancias de corrosin mayores (tpicamente por encima de 1/4" 6 mm) para estos
materiales pueden ser requeridos para el caso de corrosin severa y/ erosin segn el
fludo de servicio involucrado.
Smith, Peter. Process Piping Design Handbook, volume one. Chapter 2 Piping Components
Material Specifications
Las tolerancias de corrosin tienen incrementos usuales de 1/16" (1,5 mm), 1/8" (3
mm), 1/4" (6 mm) siendo muy raro que sta exceda 1/4", debido a que un metal de
mayor resistencia a la corrosin sera especificado.
Papavinasam S. Corrosion Control in the Oil and Gas Industry, Gulf P. Publishing, 2014
Chapter 6 Modeling Internal corrosion The de WaardMilliams models
de Waard and Milliams desarrollaron el primer modelo y el ms frecuentemente
referenciado para predecir la corrosin dulce. Durante el inicio de los 1970s, las fallas en
lneas de transporte de gas natural hmedo conteniendo CO2 los motivaron a investigar
la corrosividad del cido carbnico. En base a sus resultados disearon un nomograma
que ha ganado amplia aceptacin como punto de inicio para predecir la tasa de
corrosin de aceros al carbono en ambientes dulces.
Duncan G., Stemler P. Enhanced recovery engineering including well design, completion and
production practices, World Oil 11/1995.
Ambientes Corrosivos: La severidad del ambiente corrosivo depende de la presin
parcial del CO2 en la fase gaseosa, ver tabla:
Presin Parcial de CO2
Severidad de la Corrosin
Menor de
7 psi 0,5 atm 0,4763 bar Mediano o no corrosivo
Mayor de
7 psi 0,5 atm 0,4763 bar Moderada
Mayor de
30 psi 2,0 atm 2,0413 bar Alta
28
14
17/04/2016
Internal Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
29
Cupones de Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
30
15
17/04/2016
External CorrosionUnderground Piping.

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
External corrosion affects buried pipe and aboveground

pipe. Buried pipe is subjected to cathodic actions and
galvanic actions. Aboveground pipe is subjected to
atmospheric
corrosion
and
galvanic
actions.
Cathodic actions occur when steel pipe is buried below
ground. Ferric and other materials, such as soils, have
small electrical potentials. In the natural process of
converting metals back to their elemental or native state,
electrolytic conduction takes place. Unprotected, the
steel pipe becomes an anode (positively charged) and
transfers material, by means of electrons, to the cathode
(negatively charged) material, which is the soil or
surrounding medium. The pipe metal literally flows away
by means of the electric current between the anode and
cathode. Water contained in the soils and other media
serves as the electrolyte to help promote the electron
transfer.
31
Revestimiento externo.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
32
16
17/04/2016
Revestimiento externo.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
33

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
To counteract cathodic actions, pipe is coated with

anticorrosive materials and cathodic protection systems
are placed on the pipeline. The coating must provide an
effective "insulation" against the environment but must
be tough enough to withstand the operating
temperatures, be resistant to the soil, and withstand
physical handling.
There are a number of coating systems that are
economical and commercially available, which include
extruded systems (polyethylene or polypropylene over
asphalt mastic or butyl adhesives), tape coats
(polyethylene, polyvinyl, or coal tar over butylmastic
adhesive), fusion bonded epoxy (thin film), and coaltar
epoxy. Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are the most
popular coating systems because they are excellent
insulators; are hydrocarbon, acid, and alkali resistant; are
unaffected by temperature; do not require a primer; and
can be applied over finished welds (field joint).
34
17
17/04/2016

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Tapecoating systems and coaltar enamel systems are

becoming less and less popular. Tape coating is difficult to
apply and is especially difficult to use on largediameter
pipe. A number of tapecoated systems have experienced
failures over relatively short spans of time because of
improper application. Coaltar epoxy is becoming less
desirable because of some health and environmental
concerns caused during application.
In addition to the anticorrosion pipecoating systems,
cathodic protection systems are added to the pipeline to
protect the pipe where breaks in the coating system
occur. The cathodic protection system employs either an
impressed current or sacrificial anode to protect the
underground pipe. The cathodic protection system
reverses the electrolytic conduction process and uses an
impressed electrical current or another metal object
(sacrificial anode) to make the pipe a cathode.
35
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C

In simplified terms, the impressed current reverses the
natural flow of electrons from the pipe to the
surrounding medium to prevent the loss of metal ions.
The sacrificial anode made of a higher potential metal,
such as magnesium, is in contact with the pipe and the
surrounding medium. The anode gives up its electrons
(metal)
in
place
of
the
steel
pipe.
Sacrificialanode systems are simpler and less expensive
than impressed current systems. Onshore pipelines
generally use magnesium, and offshore pipelines use zinc
or aluminum anodes. Impressed current systems are
much more complex and require external power sources
and AC/DC power inverters or rectifiers to provide the
current to the pipe. The design of cathodic protection
systems requires specialized training and can be very
complicated. Detailed soil surveys must be conducted to
determine the electrical potential and resistivity of the
soils or surrounding medium, pipetosoil potentials, and
a number of other criteria. System design should be done
36
by a cathodic protection expert.
18
17/04/2016
Schematic showing a differential corrosion cell

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
37
Sistema de proteccin catdica con corriente impresa

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
38
19
17/04/2016
Sistema de proteccin catdica con nodos de sacrificio

Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
39
Galvanic Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Another important facet of the anticorrosion system is

prevention of galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion is
caused by the interface of dissimilar metals with different
electrolytic potentials. The dissimilar metals will gain or
lose electrons from or to each other resulting in one of
the metals effectively flowing away and losing material.
Steel pipe that undergoes abrupt changes in the medium
will behave somewhat as dissimilar metals and cause
galvanic actions. Pipe transitioning from below ground to
above ground may experience galvaniclike corrosion.
Mating materials such as carbon steel with stainless steel
will cause the carbon steel to corrode.
Insulating flanges or joints can be used to counteract the
effects of galvanic actions. Efforts should be made to
avoid the interface of the dissimilar materials in the
system design.
40
20
17/04/2016
Atmospheric Corrosion.
Consideracionesde
Diseo
The effects of atmospheric corrosion are readily

apparent. Bare steel exposed to moisture, salt, chemicals
(pollution), heat, cold, or air (oxygen) will corrode rapidly.
Piping and equipment exposed daily to the elements
must be protected with anticorrosion coatings. Good
paint coating systems, such as epoxies, and regular
maintenance will normally provide adequate protection
to the aboveground facilities.
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Facilities exposed to severe service, such as offshore, may

require moreextensive protection systems. There are a
number of alternative coating systems that are discussed
in the offshore pipeline section.
41
Welding and Pipe Joining.

The methods used to connect the joints or pipe segments
are very important and are critical to the pipeline design.
ANSI/ASME Standards B31.3, [7] B31.4, [8] and B31.8, [9] as
well as the DOT regulations, specify welding and joining
methods for pipe. Each type of pipe material has joining or
coupling methods designed to ensure that the joint is as
strong as, or stronger than, pipe joint. Fiberglass, PVC, and
other types of plastic pipe may have bell and spigottype
joints that are mechanical, threaded, or glued.
Polypropylene and polyethylene pipe, which is used
frequently in verylowpressure hydrocarbon applications,
use a fusionwelded joint. However, the majority of the
hydrocarbon pipeline applications require steel pipe.
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
7 ANSI/ASMEStandardB31.3,StandardforChemicalPlantandPetroleumRefineryPiping.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
8 ANSI/ASMEStandardB31.4,StandardforLiquidTransportationSystemsforHydrocarbons,LiquidPetroleumGas,AnhydrousAmmonia,andAlcohols.2002.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
9 ANSI/ASMEStandardB31.8,StandardforGasTransmissionandDistributionPipingSystems.1999.NewYorkCity:ANSI/ASME.
42
21
17/04/2016

For the majority of steel pipeline applications, welding is
the preferred method of joining the pipe. API Standard
1104[43] and ASME Sec. IX of the boiler and pressure
vessel codes specify the requirements for the welding of
steel pipe. Manual and automatic welding processes are
used on pipelines both onshore and offshore. Shielded
metalarc welding (SMAW), or "stick" welding, is the
most common manual process used on carbonsteel
pipelines, but the development and use of highergrade
carbonsteel pipe (e.g., API 5L X65 and X70) have
required the development of welding processes and
metallurgy compatible with the highcarbon alloys.
Stainless steels and other alloys may require special
welding processes.
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
43 API Standard 1104, Standard Specification for Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities, nineteenth edition. 1999. Washington, DC: API.
43
Welding and Pipe Joining

Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
There are other acceptable methods for joining pipe.

Steel pipe may be threaded and coupled or may have
various
mechanical
joints.
Threadedsteelpipe
application is generally limited to small diameters, 4 in.
and less. Larger pipe is difficult to properly couple, and
threaded line pipe in large diameter is not readily
available. Fiberglass pipe used in the industry may be
threaded or have solventwelded joints. PVC may have
solventwelded joints or may have bellandspigot
mechanical joints. Industry codes and standards, as well
as DOT regulations, recognize the other joining methods
but limit the use of pipe other than steel.
The development of reliable and economical automatic
welding machines has had a significant impact on the
pipeline industry as well. The automatic welders may be
external or internal for largediameter pipe.
44
22
17/04/2016

Each weld joint must be designed and a welding procedure
specification (WPS) developed for the pipe. Each WPS
specifies the type of pipe to be welded (specification, grade,
etc.), the type and specification the of the pipe joint [e.g.,
specify bevel(s), angle, shoulder, and spacing/alignment],
the material thickness or range of thickness applicable, the
type and size of welding rods, the position and direction of
the weld, the voltage/amperage, pre/postheat, stress
relieving, etc. The WPS must be physically proved by actually
welding a test "nipple" and conducting destructive testing in
accordance with the API and/or ASME requirements. Once
the specification is proven, a procedure qualification record
(PQR) is recorded verifying the WPS. Welders must be
qualified to perform the welds in accordance with either API
Standard 1104[43] or ASME Sec. IX. [15] Each welder will
perform a test weld using the WPS for the pipe and will
qualify under the procedure. API Standard 1104, [43] ASME
Sec. IX, [15] and DOT specify and define welder qualifications.
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
43 API Standard 1104, Standard Specification for Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities, nineteenth edition. 1999. Washington, DC: API.
15 The 2004 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX: Welding and Brazing Qualifications. 2004. Fairfield, New Jersey: ASME.
45
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pipeline Construction Process.

ROW Clearing/Preparation.
Before initiation of construction activities, any
sedimentation, erosion control, construction fencing, and
other preparation is completed. All vegetation is cleared
and grubbed, topsoil is removed (if required), and the
working ROW is graded.
46
23
17/04/2016
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C

Pipe Stringing.
Once the ROW has been prepared, the pipe is loaded on
flatbed trucks. Before unloading, pipeline skids (typically
4in. 6in. 4ft hardwood timbers) are dropped along
the ROW to be placed under the pipe. The trucks are
driven down the ROW, and the pipe is unloaded, joint by
joint/end to end, by sidebooms or cranes.
47
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C

Ditching.
The ditch is excavated along the pipeline centerline using
ditching machines, excavators, backhoes, and other
excavation equipment. Pipelines are normally buried with
a minimum of 36 in. of cover (DOT regulatory
requirement). In consolidated rock, the minimum cover
varies between 18 and 24 in. The cover for Class 1
locations is 18 in.; the cover for Classes 2 to 4 (railroads,
highways,
and
public
roads)
is
24
in.
48
24
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typical details for pipelineburial
49
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typical details for minimum clearance between multiple

pipelinecrossings
50
17/04/2016
Welding.
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
The pipe strung along the ROW is welded in a progressive

manner. Sidebooms will work along the ROW lifting the
pipe while a crew aligns the pipe in preparation for the
"stringer bead" weld. Generally, a welder or welders
(depending upon the size of the pipe) will work with the
alignment crew, align the pipe, and apply the initial weld
"bead." A group of welders will follow immediately
behind the stringer welder(s) and apply the "hot pass"
bead or seal weld. Additional welders will follow to apply
the final passes of weld material.
51
Field Joint and Anticorrosion Coating and Inspection.

Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
When the welding is completed, field joint crews clean

the weld areas and the short, adjacent bare steel on
either side of the weld, and apply the field joint coating.
Any nondestructive testing of the welds, such as X ray,
will be completed before application of the field joint
coating. Following the completion of the field joint
coating, the pipe is inspected with "holiday" detection
equipment (lowvoltage DC equipment that shows where
the pipe coating and field joints have failures or
breaches), and anomalies and breaches in the coating are
repaired.
52
17/04/2016
Pipe Lowering.
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Upon completion of the field joint application and

coating inspection, the pipe is lowered and placed into
the ditch by sidebooms or other lowering equipment.
Backfill, Cleanup, and Restoration.
Following completion of the pipe lowering, the ditch is
backfilled, and the ROW is cleaned and dressed. The
ROW is finely dressed, grass and vegetation replanted,
and any special remediation measures or cleanup
requirements are completed.
53
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Highway, Road, Railroad, and River Crossings.

Highway, road crossings are seldom installed using
conventional, open trench methods. Typically, these
crossings are installed using a wet bore or dry bore
method. The boring is done by rigs that are similar to
very small drilling rigs, laid horizontally, and placed in
preexcavated boring level "pits." The boring rig drills
underneath the crossing area, and the pipe or casing is
installed. The wet method uses a boring rig and circulates
water or drilling fluid through a drill stem to open a small
pilot hole, then pulls a pipe or casingsized cutting head
back to the rig, cutting a hole large enough to place the
pipe or casing. The dry bore method is similar, but the
casing or carrier pipe is fitted with a cutting head and is
used to drill the hole and is left in place when the drill is
completed. The hole is drilled dry and does not use any
water or fluid to assist the drilling operation. Railroad
crossings are never open cut and are always bored.
Typically, railroads require that the borings be made with
the dry bore method.
54
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typical cased railroadcrossing ROW
55
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typical cased highway/roadcrossing ROW
56
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typical details for casing seal,insulator,andvent piping.
57
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typicaluncasedhighway/roadcrossingROW
58
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typicaluncasedsmallstream,canal,orditchcrossing
60
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typicalsetonreinforcedconcretepipelineweights
Varioustypesofdensityanchorsandconventionalanchor
61
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typicaldetailsforpipelinecoatingintransitionarea
65
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typicalnaturalgaspipelinewarningsign
66
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Construccin
Typicalpipelinespread
67
17/04/2016
Flexiblepipeline
Construccin
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
68
Pipeline Pigging
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pipeline pigs are devices that are placed inside the pipe
and traverse the pipeline. Pigs may be used in hydrostatic
testing and pipeline drying, internal cleaning, internal
coating, liquid management, batching, and inspection.
Typesofpigs.
69
17/04/2016
Pipeline Pigging
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
70
Pipeline Pigging
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
71
17/04/2016
TypicaloutputfromCFD
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
72
Pig Selection
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pig runs of between 50 to 100 miles are normal, but pig

runs exceeding 200 miles should be avoided as the pig
may wear and get stuck in the line. Cleaning pigs may be
constructed of steel body with polyurethane cups or discs
and foam pigs with polyurethane wrapping, solid
urethane disc, and steel body with metallic brushes.
Drying pigs are usually lowdensity foam or multicup
urethane. The intelligent pigs may be magnetic flux
leakage,
ultrasonic,
elastic/shear
wave,
transponder/transducer, or combinations thereof.
Internalcoating pigs are generally multicup urethane
type. Batching pigs are typically bidirectional, multidisk
rubber, which maintain efficiency up to 50 miles. Pigs
used for obstruction inspection are typically urethane,
multicup type fitted with an aluminum gauge plate or a
gel type.
73
17/04/2016
Pig Selection
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Spheres are generally sized to be approximately 2%

greater diameter than the pipe internal diameter. Cups
and discs are typically sized to be 1/16 to 1/8 in. larger in
diameter than the pipe ID. Foam pigs have to be
significantly oversized. Foam pigs 1 to 6 in. in diameter
should be oversized by 1/4 in.; foam pigs 8 to 16 in. in
diameter should be oversized 3/8 to 1/2 in.; foam pigs 18
to 24 in. in diameter should be oversized 1/2 to 1 in.; and
foam pigs 28 to 48 in. in diameter should be oversized 1
to 2 in.
74
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pigs are used during hydrostatic testing operations to

allow the pipeline to be filled with water, or other test
medium, without entrapping air. The pig is inserted
ahead of the fill point, and water is pumped behind the
pig to keep the pipe full of water and force air out ahead
of the pig. Pigs are then used to remove the test waters
and to dry the pipeline.
Operations may conduct pigging on a regular basis to
clean solids, scale, wax buildup (paraffin), and other
debris from the pipe wall to keep the pipeline flow
efficiency high. In addition to general cleaning, natural
gas pipelines use pigs to manage liquid accumulation and
keep the pipe free of liquids. Water and naturalgas
liquids can condense out of the gas stream as it cools and
contacts the pipe wall and pocket in low places, which
affects flow efficiency and can lead to enhanced
corrosion.
75
17/04/2016
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pigs are used in product pipelines to physically separate,

or "batch," the variety of hydrocarbons that are
transported through the line. Product pipelines may
simultaneously transport gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oils,
and other products, which are kept separated by
batching pigs.
Crudeoil pipelines are sometimes pigged to keep water
and solids from accumulating in low spots and creating
corrosion cells. This can be especially necessary when
flow velocities are less than 3 ft/sec. Multiphase
pipelines may have to be pigged frequently to limit liquid
holdup and minimize the slug volumes of liquid which can
be generated by the system.
Pigs may be used to apply internal pipe coatings, such as
epoxy coating materials, in operating pipelines. Pigs may
also be used with corrosion inhibitors to distribute and
coat the entire internal wetted perimeter.
76
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pigs are being used more frequently as inspection tools.

Gauging or sizing pigs are typically run following the
completion of new construction or line repair to
determine if there are any internal obstructions, bends,
or buckles in the pipe. Pigs can also be equipped with
cameras to allow viewing of the pipe internals. Electronic
intelligent, or smart, "pigs" that use magnetic and
ultrasonic systems have been developed and refined that
locate and measure internal and external corrosion
pitting, dents, buckles, and any other anomalies in the
pipe wall.
The accuracy of location and measurement of anomalies
by the intelligent pigs has continued to improve. Initially,
the electronics and power systems were so large that
intelligent pigs could be used only in lines 30 in. and
greater in size. The continued sophistication and
miniaturization of the electronic systems used in the
intelligent pigs has allowed the development of smaller
pigs that can be used in smalldiameter pipelines. Newly
enacted DOT pipelineintegrity regulations and rules
acknowledge the effectiveness of the intelligent pigs and
incorporate their use in the pipelineintegrity testing
process.
77
17/04/2016
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pig Launchers and Receivers

Pigging facilities and considerations should be
incorporated into the pipeline system design. Basic
pigging facilities require a device to launch the pig into
the pipeline and a receiver system to retrieve the pig as
shown. The launcher barrel is typically made from a short
segment of pipe that is one to two sizes larger than the
main pipeline and is fitted with a transition fitting
(eccentric reducer) and a special closure fitting on the
end. The barrel is isolated from the pipeline with fullport
gate or ball valves. A "kicker" line, a minimum of 25%
capacity of the main line, is tied from the main pipeline
to the barrel, approximately 1 1/2 to 2 pig lengths
upstream of the transition reducer, to provide the fluid
flow to "launch" the pig into the pipeline. The barrel is
fitted with blowdown valves, vent valves, and pressure
gauges on the top and drain valves on the bottom. The
length of the barrel is determined by the length and
number of pigs to be launched at any one time. Receivers
have many of the same features.
78
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C

A typical hingetype closure for pig launching and
receiving traps consists of a forged hub, a hinged blanking
head, splityoke clamps, operating bolts, and a self
energizing Oring gasket. Materials of construction are in
accordance with ASTM specifications and manufacture
complies with applicable rules of the ANSI code for
pressure piping and with the ASME boiler and pressure
vessel code. Most important is the pressure warning
safety device with yoke positioning plate. This safety
device provides visual and mechanical assurance that the
yokes are in the correct position over the head for
commencement of operations. Additionally, the devices
serve the purpose of alerting the operator to any residual
pressure in the pig launcher or receiver trap should he
inadvertently attempt to open the closure before all
pressure has been relieved. A pressure warning device is
located at each of the yoke splits with one of the
positioning lugs attached to each yoke half. Tightening
the holding screw on the nipple provides a seal and locks
the hinged positioning plate on the positioning lugs. 79
17/04/2016
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C

A typical hingetype closure for pig launching and
receiving traps consists of a forged hub, a hinged blanking
head, splityoke clamps, operating bolts, and a self
energizing Oring gasket. Materials of construction are in
accordance with ASTM specifications and manufacture
complies with applicable rules of the ANSI code for
pressure piping and with the ASME boiler and pressure
vessel code. Most important is the pressure warning
safety device with yoke positioning plate. This safety
device provides visual and mechanical assurance that the
yokes are in the correct position over the head for
commencement of operations. Additionally, the devices
serve the purpose of alerting the operator to any residual
pressure in the pig launcher or receiver trap should he
inadvertently attempt to open the closure before all
pressure has been relieved. A pressure warning device is
located at each of the yoke splits with one of the
positioning lugs attached to each yoke half. Tightening
the holding screw on the nipple provides a seal and locks
the hinged positioning plate on the positioning lugs. 80

PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Loosening the holding screw breaks the seal and provides

a means by which the operator can determine whether
the pig launcher or receiver trap has been completely
relieved of internal pressure. Continued loosening of the
hold screw will allow disengagement of the positioning
plate from the positioning lugs, permitting the yoke
halves to be spread and the closure to be opened. There
are several manufacturers of end closures, but most
often Tube Turns or Modco closures are used worldwide.
81
17/04/2016

PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Elbows and pipe bends installed in the pipeline should

have a minimum radius of three times the mainline pipe
diameter3D bends. Intelligent pigs may require greater
radius to diameter elbows and bends because of the
longer length of the pigs. Tees installed in the pipeline
with an outlet size 75% of the mainline ID should be
equipped with bars across the tee outlet to prevent the
pigs from attempting to turn into the tee and lodging in
the line. Hot taps greater than 6in. diameter added to
the pipeline should be barred. If possible, tees should not
be installed adjacent to one another. Check valves should
be full open, and the pigs or spheres should be sized such
that the pig or sphere is larger than the "bowl" cavity of
the check valve.
82
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
PIGs
Typicalspherelauncherandreceivertraps
83
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
PIGs
Schematicfortypicalhorizontaltrap
84
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
PIGs
Typicalspherelauncherandreceivertraps
85
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
PIGs
Schematicforpigtrapfacilities
86
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
PIGs
Codebreakforpigtraps
87
17/04/2016
Recommendeddimensions
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
88
Recommendeddimensions
PIGs
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
89
17/04/2016
SlugCatchers
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Slug Catchers
The receiving end of the pipeline should have surge
containment to accommodate the slugs of liquid carried
by the pigs. For liquid lines, additional storage capacity
(tankage) will provide surge containment. Gas and
multiphase lines need specially designed "slug" catcher
systems to handle the intermittent liquid slugs generated
by the pigging activities. When a normal gas flow is
pushing the pig through a gas pipeline, the velocity can
be quite large and the flow rate of liquids being pushed
ahead is given by
....................(9.38)
where
QL = liquidflow rate in front of the pig, B/D,
Qg = gasflow rate behind the pig, MMscf/D,
T = temperature, R,
P = line pressure, psia,
and
Z = compressibility factor, dimensionless.
90
Slug Catchers
SlugCatchers
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
In most systems, the instantaneous liquidflow rate and

"energy" surge ahead of the pig will exceed the
processing design capacity and capability of the receiving
facility. The slug catcher provides excess storage capacity
within the receiving facility and helps dissipate the excess
energy generated by the highvelocity liquid slug. The
basic slug catcher is essentially a liquidseparation system
where the incoming liquid enters a largerdiameter pipe
or a vessel, which provides additional volume for the
liquid surge and provides for separation of the vapor
from the liquid stream. The additional volume provided
by the slug catcher reduces the stream velocity and
dissipates the excess energy produced by the liquid slug.
91
17/04/2016
Slug Catchers
SlugCatchers
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Another typical slugcatcher design employs an inline

liquid header system attached to a series of horizontal
liquid accumulators which may be several hundred feet in
length. The liquidslug stream enters the header and
disperses into the accumulators, while the gas continues
through the system and exits at the vaporoutlet
collection header. The slug catcher may incorporate
vortex breakers or other impingement devices to slow
the liquid and mist extractors at the vapor outlet to
capture entrained liquids. The liquid is transferred from
the accumulators to the facility processing or storage.
92
Slug Catchers
SlugCatchers
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
The volume of the slug catcher is expressed as

....................(9.39)
where
(Vol)SC = volume of slug catcher, bbl,
Vol = volume of liquid holdup, bbl,
and
Qd = design liquid dump rate from the slug catcher, B/D.
....................(9.40)
where
TR = time during which slug is processed, in days.
The volume of the slug catcher should be designed with a
minimum 25% safety factor.
93
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Sistemasde
Caeras
Typicalslugcatcherfortwophaseflowfrontelevation
94
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Sistemasde
Caeras
95
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Components
8. Fabrication
9. Testing
Sistemasde
Caeras
Typicalflowsforslugcatcher
96
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
SlugCatchers
Typicalslugcatcher
97
17/04/2016
Testing
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Testing
Each pipeline system must be tested and inspected to
ensure that the system can be operated safely. DOT
regulations specify testing and inspection requirements
as well as ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3, B31.4, and B31.8
and API Standard 1104, [43] 571, [46] and 574. [47]
98
Testing
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Hydrostatic Testing
The DOT regulations, Part 192, Subpart J, paragraph
192.501 to 192.517; Part 193, Subpart D, paragraph
193.2319 and 193.2323; and Part 195, Subpart E
prescribe the pressuretesting and strengthtesting
requirements for naturalgas, LNG, and hazardousliquids
pipelines, respectively. The ANSI/ASME and API standards
also prescribe testing requirements. Pneumatic testing is
allowed for certain lowpressure pipeline systems, but
the majority of pipelines are tested with water.
99
17/04/2016
Testing
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Hydrostatic Testing
To conducting the hydrostatic testing, a profile of the test
section should be developed showing the maximum and
minimum elevations, the maximum allowable working
pressure (MAWP) determined at the lowest elevation
point, the location of the fill and pressure pump,
minimum pressure required at the pressure pump
determined by the maximum pressure at the lowest
elevation,
and
watersource
quality
and
discharge/disposal point. The profile of the test segment
provides a graphical representation of the test segment,
which helps the testing engineer determine the location
of air bleed vents and the fill rate and pig velocity
required to prevent air entrapment, and verify that the
test will not overpressure or underpressure the pipe in
the segment. The elevation differential can become a
major consideration. When radical changes in elevation
occur over short distances, it may be necessary to
subdivide the original segment into shorter test
segments.
100
Testing
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Hydrostatic Testing
Each 100 ft of elevation difference represents
approximately 43.3 psi of pressure differential, which can
result in high points being underpressured and low points
being overpressured during the test. The test profile is
also used to document the location of the fill pump, the
test pump, the deadweight gauge, and the
pressure/temperature recording equipment.
101
17/04/2016
Testing
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Hydrostatic Testing
The typical testing equipment that is needed to conduct
the hydrostatic test is a temporary fill manifold complete
with valves (pressure rated at a minimum of 1.5 times the
maximum test pressure), dewatering manifold complete
with valves (also pressure rated at a minimum of 1.5
times the maximum test pressure), foam or urethane
pigs, lowpressure/highvolume fill pump with filtration
equipment, highpressure positivedisplacement pump,
certified deadweight gauge(s), charttype pressure
recorder, charttype temperature recorder for the water,
charttype temperature recorder for ambient air,
pressure gauges rated at 50 to 75% of the maximum test
pressure, compressed air or nitrogen source for
dewatering, and discharge water filtration equipment.
Temporary waterstorage or holding tanks may be
needed to supply reserve test water or serve as holding
or settlement devices for dewatering.
102
Nondestructive Testing.
Testing
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Nondestructive testing and inspection of the welds is

required by the DOT regulations Part 192, Subpart E,
paragraph 192.243[22] for naturalgas pipelines; Part 193,
Subpart D, paragraph 193.2321[23] for LNG lines; and Part
195, Subpart D, paragraph 195.234[25] for hazardous
liquid lines. ANSI/ASME Standards B31.3, [7] B31.4, [8] and
B31.8[9] also prescribe nondestructive requirements.
Inspection.
Each of the regulations and industry codes requires visual
inspection of welds and construction process.
103
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Testing
Pipelineintegritytestingelevationvs.stationnumber
104
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Testing
Planificacion dePrueba
105
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Testing
Temperatureisothermsforburiedpipelineonsummer
106
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Testing
Temperatureisothermsforburiedpipelineonwinter
107
17/04/2016
Instrumentation and Control

I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Compressor stations, pump stations, and related facilities

may require emergency isolation equipment to protect
the pipeline. Emergencyshutdown (ESD) systems consist
of automatic shutoff isolation valves located at the main
inlet and outlet to the stations/facilities and coordinated
pressurerelief systems between the isolation valves. The
ESD system protects both the pipeline and facility by
stopping the flow into and out of the facility and limits
the feed source in the event of fire, explosion, or other
emergency.
Basic pipeline instrumentation includes strategically
located pressure gauges and pressuremonitoring
instruments, temperature gauges and monitoring
instruments, and pressure control/limitation and relief
equipment.
108
Typesofcompressors
I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
109
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
I&C
Compressorcoveragechart
110
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
I&C
Stationpipingschematic
111
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
I&C
ClassificationofPumps
112
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
I&C
Specificspeedandperformance
113
17/04/2016
Instrumentation and Control

I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
Pipeline control systems may consist of simple devices

such as automatic pressurecontrol valves to the
sophisticated
total
supervisorycontrolanddata
acquisition (SCADA) control system. The SCADA system
can monitor and control, on a realtime basis, an entire
pipeline system. The SCADA system can open and close
valves, start and stop pumps/compressors, monitor and
control flow, sample the product, monitor and regulate
pressures and temperatures, and perform many other
functions. SCADA systems are typically neither needed
nor practical for small, gathering pipeline systems.
114
I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
115
17/04/2016
SSDH 0433/2007. 20070426

I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
116
SSDH 0433/2007. 20070426

I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
117
17/04/2016
SSDH 0433/2007. 20070426

I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
118
Centro Nacional de Medicin y Control de Hidrocarburos.

I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
17 Mayo 2005 Ley de Hidrocarburos N 3058, articulo 18

YPFB constituir, organizara, instalara y operara el Centro
Nacional de Medicin y Control de Hidrocarburos.
27 Junio 2005 Decreto Supremo N 28224, art. 4
Creacin del CNMCH y asignacin de recursos del
Ministerio de Hacienda.
26 Octubre 2007 Resolucin del Directorio N 51/2007
Dependencia: Vicepresidencia de Administracin,
Contratos y Fiscalizacin VPACF
27 Junio 2011 Resolucin del Directorio N 50/2011
El CNMCH es declarado el ENTEL OFICIAL DE LA
MEDICION DE HIDROCABUROS para YPFB en Bolivia.
119
17/04/2016
I&C
1. Introduccin
2. SistemasdeCaeras
4. Construccin
5. PIGs
6. SlugCatchers
7. Testing
8. I&C
120
(Pipeline)
BibliografaBsica
PipelineDesignandConstruction MMohitpour
GULFSPAPAVINASAMCorrosion ControlinO&G
PPSAAnIntroductiontoPipelinePigging
CSZWED SeleccindelaEstrategiaparaDisearSlug
Catcher
NTNUTKaram SlugCatchersinNaturalGasProduction
GPetrie Airborne Topographic LaserScanners
DS24335RASH19960719
SSDH0433/2007.20070426
17/04/2016
FlujoenCaeras
RenBecerraMatas
FlujoenCaeras
Conocer los criterios a considerar en el diseo

por flujo en caeras.
17/04/2016
Piping and Pipeline Systems PressureDrop Formulas

CadadePresin
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
6. CadadePresinLquidos
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
13. Flujo Multifsico
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
15. Aproximacin Simplificada
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
18. CoeficientesdeFlujo
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
21. LongitudEquivalente
22. Dimensionamiento
The simplest way to convey a fluid, in a contained system

from Point A to Point B, is by means of a conduit or pipe.
The minimum basic parameters that are required to
design the piping system include, but are not limited to,
the following.
The characteristics and physical properties of the fluid.
The desired massflow rate (or volume) of the fluid to be
transported.
The pressure, temperature, and elevation at Point A.
The pressure, temperature, and elevation at Point B.
The distance between Point A and Point B (or length the
fluid must travel) and equivalent length (pressure losses)
introduced by valves and fittings.
Piping and Pipeline Systems PressureDrop Formulas

CadadePresin
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
These basic parameters are needed to design a piping

system. Assuming steadystate flow, there are a number
of equations, which are based upon the general energy
equation, that can be employed to design the piping
system. The variables associated with the fluid (i.e.,
liquid, gas, or multiphase) affect the flow. This leads to
the derivation and development of equations that are
applicable to a particular fluid. Although piping systems
and pipeline design can get complex, the vast majority of
the design problems encountered by the engineer can be
solved by the standard flow equations.
17/04/2016
Fluidflowsystem
CadadePresin
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
5
Bernoulli
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Bernoulli Equation
The basic equation developed to represent steadystate
fluid flow is the Bernoulli equation which assumes that
total mechanical energy is conserved for steady,
incompressible, inviscid, isothermal flow with no heat
transfer or work done. These restrictive conditions can
actually be representative of many physical systems.
The equation is stated as
....................(9.1)
where
Z = elevation head, ft,
P = pressure, psi,
= density, lbm/ft3,
V = velocity, ft/sec,
g= gravitational constant, ft/sec2,
and
HL = head loss, ft.
6
17/04/2016
SketchfourBernoulliequation
Bernoulli
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
7
Bernoulli
Bernoulli
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Cambio de
Energa
Interna del
fluido
V2
du d
2gc
Cambio de
Energa
Cintica
del fluido
Cambio de
Energa
Potencial
del fluido
Trabajo
realizado
sobre el
fluido
Calor
cedido
al fluido
Trabajo
de eje
realizad
o por el
fluido
= 0
g

dz d Pv dQ dws 0
gc
V2
Tds vdP d
2gc
V2
dP d
2g c
g

dz dQ dws 0
gc
g

dz dw f 0
gc
Tds = -dQ + dwf
Pf =dwf = Cada de presin por friccin
V2 g
z Pf 0
P
2 gc gc
P1
P2
z2
L
z1
N.R
8
17/04/2016
Darcys equation further expresses head loss as

Darcy
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
....................(9.2)
and
....................(9.3)
where
HL = head loss, ft,
f = Moody friction factor, dimensionless,
L = pipe length, ft,
D = pipe diameter, ft,
V = velocity, ft/sec,
g = gravitational constant ft/sec2,
P = pressure drop, psi,
= density, lbm/ft3,
and
d = pipe inside diameter, in.
9
ReynoldsNumberandMoodyFrictionFactor
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
TheReynoldsnumberisadimensionlessparameterthat
isusefulincharacterizingthedegreeofturbulenceinthe
flowregimeandisneededtodeterminetheMoody
frictionfactor.It is expressed as
....................(9.4)
where
=density,lbm/ft3,
D =pipeinternal diameter,ft,
V =flow velocity,ft/sec,
and
=viscosity,lbm/ftsec.
10
17/04/2016
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The Reynolds number for liquids can be expressed as

....................(9.5)
where
= viscosity, cp,
d = pipe inside diameter, in.,
SG = specific gravity of liquid relative to water (water = 1),
Ql = liquidflow rate, B/D,
and
V = velocity, ft/sec.
The Reynolds number for gases can be expressed as
....................(9.6)
where
= viscosity, cp,
S = specific gravity of gas at standard conditions relative
to air (molecular weight divided by 29),
and
Qg = gasflow rate, MMscf/D.
11
Reynolds.
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Re
Fuerzas de Arrastre VD
Fuerzas Vis cos as
V = Velocidad promedio del fluido

= Densidad del fluido
D = Dimetro interno del ducto
= Viscosidad del fluido
Re 710,39
Psc q sc G
Tsc D
Psc = Presin en condiciones estndar, psia

Tsc = Temperatura en condiciones estndar, oR
qsc = Caudal en condiciones estndar, Mscfd
G = Gravedad especfica del gas
D = Dimetro interior, in
= Viscosidad dinmica, cp
Re C
GQ agua
D
C = 1, 48943
G = Gravedad especfica del lquido
Q = Caudal volumtrico, bpd
agua = Densidad del agua, lb/ft3
D = Dimetro, in
= Viscosidad dinmica, cp
Re 20,123
q sc G
D
Si Tsc= 520 oR y Psc=14,73 psia
12
17/04/2016
Numero de Reynolds y Rgimen de Flujo

Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
En flujo monofsico se tienen cuatro regmenes de flujo,

el flujo laminar o viscoso, el flujo inestable o critico, el
flujo transitorio y el flujo turbulento
13
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The Moody friction factor, f, expressed in the previous

equations, is a function of the Reynolds number and the
roughness of the internal surface of the pipe. The Moody
friction factor is impacted by the characteristic of the
flow in the pipe. For laminar flow, where Re is < 2,000,
there is little mixing of the flowing fluid, and the flow
velocity is parabolic; the Moody friction factor is
expressed as f = 64/Re. For turbulent flow, where Re >
4,000, there is complete mixing of the flow, and the flow
velocity has a uniform profile; f depends on Re and the
relative roughness (/D). The relative roughness is the
ratio of absolute roughness, , a measure of surface
imperfections to the pipe internal diameter, D. Table 9.1
lists the absolute roughness for several types of pipe
materials.
14
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Reynolds&Moody
Frictionfactorchart
15
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Reynolds&Moody
Absolute Roughness
16
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Reynolds&Moody
17
Lasiguientefigurarepresentaeldiagramadelfactorde
friccindeMoody yFanning
Rugosidad delatubera
17/04/2016
Rugosidad
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
La friccin en las paredes del ducto debido al flujo es

afectada por la rugosidad de la tubera. La rugosidad no
es fcil de medir de forma directa y por lo general se
toma un promedio de la altura de las protuberancias de
una muestra que presenta la misma cada de presin que
el tubo, esta rugosidad puede cambiar con el uso y su
exposicin a los fluidos.
18
Factor de Friccin
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
El factor de friccin mas comunmente utilizado es el de Moody (tambin

llamado Blasius o DarcyWeisbach) y es igual a cuatro veces el factor de
Fanning
f Moody
4 f
fanning
El factor de friccin (f) (factor de friccin de Fanning) se define como la

relacin entre la tensin en la interface liquidosolido de un sistema y la
energa cintica del fluido por unidad de volumen
La perdida de trabajo debido
En trminos del factor de
a la friccin, se describe con
friccin de Moody (f), la
la ayudad e la ecuacin de
ecuacin de Fanning se expresa
Fanning
como sigue:
LV 2
Pf 2 f
gc D
LV 2
Pf f m
2 gc D
Donde,
Donde,
f es el factor de friccin de Fanning,

L= Longitud de la tubera,(ft)
= Densidad del fluido, (lbm/ft3)
V= Velocidad de flujo, (ft/s)
D= Dimetro interno del tubo, (ft)
gc=32,17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
f es el factor de friccin de Fanning,

L= Longitud de la tubera,(ft)
= Densidad del fluido, (lbm/ft3)
V= Velocidad de flujo, (ft/s)
D= Dimetro interno del tubo, (ft)
gc=32,17 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
19
17/04/2016
FactordeFriccinyTipodeFlujo
Reynolds&Moody
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Elfactor _ _^(0,5)esconocidocomoelfactorde
trasmisinydependerdeltipodeecuacinutilizadaen
elcalculodelfactordefriccin
20
Viscosidad
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
If the viscosity of the liquid is unknown, Figure can be

used for the viscosity of crude oil, Figure for effective
viscosity of crudeoil/water mixtures, and Figure for the
viscosity of natural gas. In using some of these figures,
the relationship between viscosity in centistokes and
viscosity
in
centipoise
must
be
used
....................(9.7)
where
=kinematic viscosity, centistokes,
= absolute viscosity, cp,
and
SG = specific gravity.
21
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Viscosidad
Standardviscosity/temperaturechartsfor
liquidpetroleumproducts
22
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Viscosidad
Effectiveviscosityofanoil/watermixture
23
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Viscosidad
Hydrocarbongasviscosityvs.temperature
24
17/04/2016
Pressure Drop for Liquid Flow

CadadePresin
Lquidos
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
General Equation. Eq. 9.3 can be expressed in terms of

pipe inside diameter (ID) as stated next.
....................(9.8)
where
L = length of pipe, ft,
Ql = liquid flow rate, B/D,
SG = specific gravity of liquid relative to water,
and
P = pressure drop, psi (total pressure drop).
26
HazenWilliamsEquation.
HazenWilliams
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
TheHazenWilliamsequation,whichisapplicableonlyfor
waterinturbulentflowat60F,expressesheadlossas
....................(9.9)
where
HL =headlossbecauseoffriction,ft,
L =pipelength,ft,
C =frictionfactorconstant,dimensionless(Table9.2),
d =pipeinside diameter,in.,
Ql =liquidflowrate,B/D,
and
gpm =liquidflowrate,gal/min.
Table 9.2
Pressuredropcanbecalculatedfrom
....................(9.10)
27
17/04/2016
Cfactors
HazenWilliams
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
28
HazenWilliamsEquation.
Donde:
Bernoulli
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
P P Pz
Q 0,148 D 2, 63C 1 2
LGo
0, 54
Q = Caudal volumtrico (bpd)

P1=Presin en 1(Psia)
P2=Presin en 2 (Psia)
L=Longitud del tubo (millas)
D=Dimetro del tubo (in)
C = Constante de diseo de Hazen-Williams
Go = Gravedad Especfica del lquido
Ecuacionesdeconservacindeenergamecnicaaplicadaaun
ductoinclinado(EcuacindeBernoulli)
V g
V g
P1 1 z1 Pf12 P2 2 z 2
2gc gc
2gc gc
2
P2
P1
z2
L
z1
Despreciandovariacionesdeenergacintica
P2 P1
g
( z1 z2 ) Pf12 Pz Pf12
gc
Pf 5,914819 10 6 f m
Pf f m
L( ft ) (lb / ft 3 )GQ (bpd )

D(in)5
Pz aguaG ( z1 z2 ) / 144
LV 2
2gc D
N.R
Z=Elevacin (ft)
P1=Presin en 1(lbf/ft2)
P2=Presin en 2 (lbf/ft2)
1=Densidad en 1(lb/ft3)
2=Densidad en 2 (lb/ft3)
V1=Velocidad en 1(ft/s)
V2=Velocidad en 2 (ft/s)
g=Aceleracin de
Gravedad=32,2 (ft/s2)
gc=Constante=32,2
L=Longitud del tubo (ft)
D=Dimetro del tubo (ft)
fm=Factor de friccin
29
17/04/2016
Caractersticas de Lneas de Gas
CadadePresin
Gas
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Por lo general las lneas de transporte de gas operan a mayores

presiones que las lneas de lquidos
El gas es impulsado a travs de las lneas mediante compresores y
con lneas de trazado mas directas hasta el consumidor
La mayora de los pozos de gas fluyen naturalmente con suficiente
presin para vencer las perdidas de energa a lo largo de la lnea
para llegar a la planta de procesamiento
Los contratos de compra de gas natural desde una planta de
procesamiento por un operador de ductos de transporte limitan la
cantidad de agua, la cantidad de cidos, nivel de nitrgeno, presin
de entrega, la temperatura de roci del gas natural, el poder
calorfico y otros parmetros que garanticen una buena operacin
del ducto.
La literatura presenta varias ecuaciones de flujo, asumiendo una
funcin para el factor de friccin, as evitar un proceso iterativo en
la solucin. Estas ecuaciones difieren solamente en la funcin
asumida para el factor de friccin.
Ecuacin de Weymouth Modificada
Ecuacin de Panhandle A
Ecuacin de Panhandle B Modificada
31
CadadePresin
Gas
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Pressure Drop for Gas Flow

General Equation. The general equation for calculating
gas flow is stated as
....................(9.11)
where
w = rate of flow, lbm/sec,
g = acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2,
A = crosssectional area of pipe, ft2,
V1 = specific volume of gas at upstream conditions,
ft3/lbm,
f = friction factor, dimensionless,
L = length, ft,
D = diameter of the pipe, ft,
P1 = upstream pressure, psia,
and
P2 = downstream pressure, psia.
Assumptions: no work performed, steadystate flow, and
f = constant as a function of the length.
32
17/04/2016
Ecuaciones de Flujo para Transporte de Gases por Ducto

CadadePresin
Gas
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
La ecuacin de flujo de gases

se obtiene a partir de la
ecuacin de conservacin de
energa mecnica, como
muestra
la
siguiente
ecuacin:
Si se asume un ducto horizontal, en

rgimen permanente, flujo isotrmico,
flujo horizontal y despreciando la
energa cintica, la ecuacin mostrada
anteriormente se resume de la
siguiente manera:
dP dPf 0
V2 g
dPd dzdPf 0
2gc gc
La perdida por friccin para una

longitud Dl de la tubera esta dado por:
V 2
Donde,
dPf fm
dL
= Cada de presin por friccin
2gcD
La densidad del gas y la velocidad
A diferencia de los lquidos,
promedio del gas en el ducto son
los gases tienen naturaleza
evaluados con la siguiente ecuacin:
compresible, esto significa
que se tendr variaciones en
Q
z T Psc 4
la
densidad
y
otras pM
V QSC
2
A
z
sc Tsc P D
zRT
propiedades por efecto de la
temperatura y presin.
33
Ecuaciones de Flujo para Transporte de Gases por Ducto

CadadePresin
Gas
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Sustituyendo la densidad y la velocidad del gas en la anterior

ecuacin, integrando Dp de P1 a P2 en un tramo de L1=0 a L2=L se
obtiene la siguiente ecuacin para tuberas planas.
T
Qsc 5,6353821 sc
Psc
P12 P22 D 5
GZTf L
m
Donde:
Qsc= Caudal volumtrico, Mscfd
Z=Factor de compresibilidad a P y T
promedio
P1=Presin en 1(psia)
P2=Presin en 2 (psia)
G=Gravedad especfica del gas
Tsc=Temperatura estndar (oR)
Psc=Presin estandar (psia)
T=Temperatura promedio de flujo
(oR)
L=Longitud del tubo (ft)
D=Dimetro interno del tubo (in)
fm=Factor de friccin de Darcy
0,5
P1
P2
D
z1
z2
N.R
T P 2 P22 D 5
Qsc 5,6353821 sc 1
Psc GZTL
0, 5
1
0, 5
f
m
Factor de
Transmisin
34
17/04/2016
Simplified Equation.
CadadePresin
Gas
For practical pipeline purposes, Eq. 9.11 can be simplified

to
....................(9.12)
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
where
P2 = downstream pressure, psia,
S = specific gravity of gas,
Qg = gas flow rate, MMscf/D,
Z = compressibility factor for gas, dimensionless,
T = flowing temperature, R,
d = pipe ID, in.,
and
L = length, ft.
35
CadadePresin
Gas
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Presin Promedio
Tomando
ecuacin
variacin
funcin
resulta:
Temperatura Promedio
en cuenta
la
de Weymouth, la
de presin en
de la longitud
Px P12 x P12 P22
0,5
El anlisis de flujo isotrmico

se lo realiza considerando la
temperatura promedio de las
temperaturas de entrada y
salida
Lx
L
Utilizando la anterior ecuacin,

la presin promedio para el
fluido gaseoso se calcula con la
siguiente ecuacin:
P
2 P13 P23
3 P12 P22
P1
D
z1
P2
Lx
z2
L
P1
N.R
T
T
T1 T2
2
T1 T2
T
ln 1
T2
El valor Z de la ecuacin de
flujo gaseoso se lo calcula
con la presin y temperatura
promedio
P2
L
36
17/04/2016
CadadePresin
Gas
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The compressibility factor, Z, for natural gas can be found

in Figure .
Three simplified derivative equations can be used to
calculate gas flow in pipelines. The Weymouth equation,
the Panhandle equation, and the Spitzglass equation are
all effective, but the accuracy and applicability of each
equation falls within certain ranges of flow and pipe
diameter. The equations are stated next.
37
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Weymouth
Compressibilityoflowmolecularweightnaturalgases
38
17/04/2016
Weymouth Equation.
Weymouth
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
This equation is used for highReynoldsnumber flows

where the Moody friction factor is merely a function of
relative roughness.
....................(9.13)
where
Qg = gasflow rate, MMscf/D,
L = length, ft,
T1 = temperature of gas at inlet, R,
and
Z = compressibility factor for gas, dimensionless.
39
Weymouth Modificada.
Weymouth
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
La ecuacin es bastante utilizada en el diseo de sistemas

de transmisin porque generalmente maximiza
dimetros de tuberas para un dado caudal de flujo y
cada de presin.
fm
0,032
D1 / 3
T
Qsc 31,5027 sc
Psc
P12 P22 D 16 / 3
GZ T L
0,5
40
17/04/2016
Panhandle
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Panhandle Equation.
This equation is used for moderateReynoldsnumber
flows where the Moody friction factor is independent of
relative roughness and is a function of Reynolds number
to a negative power.
....................(9.14)
where
E = efficiency factor (new pipe: 1.0; good operating
conditions: 0.95; average operating conditions: 0.85),
d = pipe ID, in.,
Lm = length, miles,
T1 = temperature of gas at inlet, R,
and
Z = compressibility factor for gas, dimensionless.
41
Panhandle A
Panhandle
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Esta ecuacin es mas utilizada en lneas con dimetros

grandes y a caudales elevados.
fm
T
Qsc 32,6491 sc
Psc
0,0768
Re 0,1461
1, 07881
P12 P22
ZT L
0 , 5394
1

G
0 , 46060
D 2, 42695
g0,07881
42
17/04/2016
Ecuacin AGA
Panhandle
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Esta ecuacin es conservadora y puede ser utilizada para

una amplia gama de dimetros.
3,7 D
1 / f f 4 log10

T ( P 2 P22 ) D 5
Qsc 38.77 sc 1
Psc f f GZ T Lm
0,5
= Rugosidad Absoluta
Qsc
= scf
Lm
= millas
43
Panhandle B
Panhandle
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Esta ecuacin es mas utilizada en lneas con dimetros

grandes a elevados nmeros de Reynolds.
fm
1, 02
T
Qsc 109,364 sc
Psc
0,00359
Re 0,03922
P12 P22
ZT L
0 , 51
1

G
0 , 490
D 2,530
g0,020
44
17/04/2016
Spitzglass Equation.
Spitzglass
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
....................(9.15)
where
Qg =gasflowrate,MMscf/D,
hW =pressureloss,inchesofwater,
and
d =pipeID,in.
Assumptions:
f =(1+3.6/d+0.03d)(1/100),
T =520R,
P1 =15psia,
Z =1.0,
and
P =<10%ofP1.
45
Application of the Formulas.
Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
As previously discussed, there are certain conditions under which the various
formulas are more applicable. A general guideline for application of the
formulas is given next.
Simplified Gas Formula. This formula is recommended for most generaluse
flow applications.
Weymouth Equation. The Weymouth equation is recommended for smaller
diameter pipe (generally, 12 in. and less). It is also recommended for shorter
lengths of segments ( < 20 miles) within production batteries and for branch
gathering lines, medium to highpressure (+/100 psig to > 1,000 psig)
applications, and a high Reynolds number.
Panhandle Equation. This equation is recommended for largerdiameter pipe
(12in. diameter and greater). It is also recommended for long runs of pipe (
> 20 miles) such as crosscountry transmission pipelines and for moderate
Reynolds numbers.
Spitzglass Equation. The Spitzglass equation is recommended for low
pressure vent lines < 12 in. in diameter (P < 10% of P1).
The petroleum engineer will find that the general gas equation and the
Weymouth equation are very useful. The Weymouth equation is ideal for
designing branch laterals and trunk lines in field gasgathering systems. 46
17/04/2016
Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
47
Ecuaciones de Flujo en Terreno Montaoso Correccin de Flujo
Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
La ecuacin de flujo de gases , expresada con la presin corregida y

considerando la ecuacin de Weymouth, se expresa de la siguiente manera:
T P 2 e s Po2 D16 / 3
Qsc 31,5027 sc i
GZ T L
Psc
0,5
Una correccin mas rigurosa para ductos inclinados se realiza utilizando

la ecuacin para flujo inclinado asumiendo una temperatura y factor de
compresibilidad promedio.
Pi 2 e s Po2
2,5272 10 5 GZ T f m L e s 1 2
Qsc
sD 5
0, 5
(e s 1)
T P 2 e s Po2 D 5
L
Le
Qsc 5,6353821 sc i
s
Psc GZ T f m Le
Este abordaje considera el efecto de la diferencia de elevacin entre la
entrada y salida del ducto, z, mediante una columna esttica de gas de
altura equivalente a la diferencia de elevacin. Esto significa corregir la
presin de salida Po por es/2, de forma similar al clculo de la presin
de fondo esttica en un pozo. As tendremos la presin de salida
corregida ser,
Po e s / 2 Po
0,0375Gz
ZT
z0 para flujo ascendente ; z0 para flujo descendente
48
17/04/2016
Ecuaciones de Flujo en Terreno Montaoso Correccin de Flujo

Una correccin mas rigurosa para ductos inclinados se realiza utilizando la
ecuacin para flujo inclinado asumiendo temperatura y factor de
compresibilidad promedio, la ecuacin es expresada de la siguiente manera:
Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Pi 2 e s Po2
e s Po2
6 , 7393 10 4 f m LQ sc2 Z 2T
zD 5
2 ,5272 10 5 G Z T f m L e s 1 2
Q sc
sD 5
Si despejamos Qsc en la ecuacin anterior tenemos:
T
Qsc 5,6353821 sc
Psc
Pi 2 e s Po2 D 5
GZ T f m Le
0,5
Para un caso general donde el trazado del ducto no es uniforme y presenta

variaciones de elevacin, este puede ser dividido en varias secciones y la
longitud efectiva ser de la siguiente manera:
Le
e s1 e s2 1
e s1 s2 e s3 1
e
(e s1 1)
L1
L2
L3 ....
s1
s2
s3
e sn 1
Ln
sn
s m 1
Donde:
Sn representa la seccin n de la lnea
49
Velocidades de Erosin Lmite
Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Beggs (1984) propuso una ecuacin emprica que aborda este problema de
forma emprica:
Verosin Ve
0,5
donde,
Ve=Velocidad de erosin (ft/s)
= Densidad del fluido, (lb/ft3)
C = Constante de erosin (75 a 150)
Normalmente se considera una velocidad limite, como referencia puede
tomarse 20 m/s.
50
17/04/2016
Velocidades de Erosin Lmite

Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
La normativa Boliviana establece los siguientes parmetros:
51
Cada de Presin por Longitud

Aplicaciones
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Este parmetro es una referencia importante para la toma

de decisiones en el diseo a costo eficiente de una tubera.
Por estudios realizados por TransCanada y sugeridos por
AGA (American Gas Asociation) las cadas de presin
ptimas oscilan entre 15 a 25 kPa /km (3,5 a 5,85 Psia/milla).
Cada de presin superiores o iguales a 25 kPa/km provocan
una sobrecarga al compresor y este opera con un elevado
factor de carga y mayor consumo de combustible por mayor
cantidad de irreversibilidades.
52
17/04/2016
Multiphase Flow
Flujo Multifsico
Horizontal
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Flow Regimes. Fluid from the wellbore to the first piece

of production equipment (separator) is generally two
phase liquid/gas flow.
The characteristics of horizontal, multiphase flow regimes
are shown. They can be described as follows:
53
Twophaseflowpatternsinhorizontalflow
Flujo Multifsico
Horizontal
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
Bubble:Occursatverylowgas/liquidratios
8. CadadePresinGas
wherethegasformsbubblesthatrisetothetop
9. Weymouth
ofthepipe.
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Stratified:Asthegas/liquidratiosincrease,plugs
Horizontal
becomelongeruntilthegasandliquidflowin
14. FlujoMultifsico
separatelayers.
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
Slug:Asthegas/liquidratioscontinueto
increase,thewaveheightsoftheliquidincrease
untilthecrestscontactthetopofthepipe,
19. SeleccindePIGs
creatingliquidslugs.
20. Slug Catchers
Plug:Occursathighergas/liquidratioswherethegas
bubblesformmoderatesizedplugs.
Wavy:Asthegas/liquidratiosincreasefurther,the
energyoftheflowinggasstreamcauseswavesinthe
flowingliquid.
Spray:Atextremelyhighgas/liquidratios,theliquid
isdispersedintotheflowinggasstream.
54
17/04/2016
Flujo Multifsico
Horizontal
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Horizontal multiphaseflow map (after Griffith).[1]

Figure [1] shows the various flow regimes that could be
expected in horizontal flow as a function of the
superficial velocities of gas and liquid flow. Superficial
velocity is the velocity that would exist if the other phase
was not present.
1 Griffith, P. 1984. Multiphase Flow in Pipes. J Pet Technol 36 (3): 361367. SPE12895PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12895PA.
55
Flujo Multifsico
Vertical
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Twophaseflowpatternsinverticalflow
Themultiphaseflowinverticalandinclinedpipebehaves
somewhatdifferentlyfrommultiphaseflowinhorizontal
pipe.Thecharacteristicsoftheverticalflowregimesare
shownandaredescribednext.
56
17/04/2016
Flujo Multifsico
Vertical
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Bubble. Where the gas/liquid ratios are small, the gas is

present in the liquid in small, variablediameter, randomly
distributed bubbles. The liquid moves at a fairly uniform
velocity while the bubbles move up through the liquid at
differing velocities, which are dictated by the size of the
bubbles. Except for the total compositefluid density, the
bubbles have little effect on the pressure gradient.
Slug Flow. As the gas/liquid ratios continue to increase, the
wave heights of the liquid increase until the crests contact
the top of the pipe, creating liquid slugs.
Transition Flow. The fluid changes from a continuous liquid
phase to a continuous gas phase. The liquid slugs virtually
disappear and are entrained in the gas phase. The effects of
the liquid are still significant, but the effects of the gas phase
are
predominant.
Annular Mist Flow. The gas phase is continuous, and the bulk
of the liquid is entrained within the gas. The liquid wets the
pipe wall, but the effects of the liquid are minimal as the gas
phase becomes the controlling factor Figure [2] shows the
various flow regimes that could be expected in vertical flow
as a function of the superficial velocities of gas and liquid
57
flow.
Verticalmultiphaseflow map (after Yaitel et al.).[2]

Flujo Multifsico
Vertical
2. Taitel, Y., Bornea, D., and Dukler, A.E. 1980. Modelling flow pattern transitions for steady upward gasliquid flow
in vertical tubes. AIChE J. 26 (3): 345354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690260304.
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
58
10
17/04/2016
TwoPhase Pressure Drop.

Flujo Multifsico
Vertical
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The calculation of pressure drop in twophase flow is very

complex and is based on empirical relationships to take
into account the phase changes that occur because of
pressure and temperature changes along the flow, the
relative velocities of the phases, and complex effects of
elevation changes. Table 9.3 lists several commercial
programs that are available to model pressure drop.
Because all are based to some extent on empirical
relations, they are limited in accuracy to the data sets
from which the relations were designed. It is not unusual
for measured pressure drops in the field to differ by
20% from those calculated by any of these models.
59
ModeladoHidrulico
Flujo Multifsico
Vertical
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
60
11
17/04/2016
Aproximacin
Simplificada
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Simplified Friction PressureDrop Approximation for

Two Phase Flow.
Provides an approximate solution for friction pressure
drop in twophaseflow problems that meet the
assumptions stated.
....................(9.16)
where
P = friction pressure drop, psi,
L = length, ft,
W = rate of flow of mixture, lbm/hr,
M = density of the mixture, lbm/ft3,
and
d = pipe ID, in.
61
Aproximacin
Simplificada
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Simplified Friction PressureDrop Approximation for

Two Phase Flow.
The formula for rate of mixture flow is
....................(9.17)
where
QL = liquid flow rate, B/D,
S = specific gravity of gas at standard conditions, lbm/ft3 (air = 1),
and
SG = specific gravity of liquid, relative to water, lbm/ft3.
The density of the mixture is given by
....................(9.18)
where
P = operating pressure, psia,
R = gas/liquid ratio, ft3/bbl,
T = operating temperature, R,
SG = specific gravity of liquid, relative to water, lbm/ft3,
S = specific gravity of gas at standard conditions, lbm/ft3 (air = 1),
and
Z = gas compressibility factor, dimensionless.
The formula is applicable if the following conditions are met:
P is less than 10% of the inlet pressure.
Bubble or melevation ist exists.
There are no changes.
There is no irreversible energy transfer between phases.
62
12
17/04/2016
CadadePresin
porElevacin
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Pressure Drop Because of Changes in Elevation.

There are several notable characteristics associated with pressure
drop because of elevation changes in twophase flow. The flow
characteristics associated with the elevation changes include:
In downhill lines, flow becomes stratified as liquid flows faster than
gas.
The depth of the liquid layer adjusts to the static pressure head and
is equal to the friction pressure drop.
There is no pressure recovery in the downhill line.
In low gas/liquid flow, the flow in uphill segments can be liquid
"full" at low flow rates. Thus, at low flow rates, the total pressure
drop is the sum of the pressure drops for all of the uphill runs.
With increased gas flow, the total pressure drop may decrease as
liquid is removed from uphill segments.
The pressure drop at low flow rates associated with an uphill
elevation change may be approximated with Eq. 9.19.
....................(9.19)
where
PZ = pressure drop because of elevation increase in the segment,
psi,
SG = specific gravity of the liquid in the segment, relative to water,
and
Z = increase in elevation for segment, ft.
The total pressure drop can then be approximated by the sum of
the pressure drops for each uphill segment.
63
Pressure Drop Caused by Valves and Fittings

One of the most important parameters affecting pressure
drop in piping systems is pressure loss in the fittings and
valves, which is incorporated in the system. For piping
systems within production facilities, the pressure drop
through fittings and valves can be much greater than that
through the straight run of pipe itself. In long pipeline
systems, the pressure drop through fittings and valves
can often be ignored.
Resistance Coefficients
The head loss in valves and fittings can be calculated with
resistance coefficients as
....................(9.20)
where
HL = head loss, ft,
Kr = resistance coefficient, dimensionless,
D = pipe ID, ft,
and
V = velocity, ft/sec.
64
13
17/04/2016
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The total head loss is the sum of all Kr V2/2g.

The resistance coefficients Kr for individual valves and
fittings are found in tabular form in a number of industry
publications. Most manufacturers publish tabular data for
all sizes and configurations of their products. One of the
best sources of data is the Crane Flow of Fluids, technical
paper No. 410.[3] The Natural Gas Processors Suppliers
Assn. (NGPSA) Engineering Data Book[4] and Ingersoll
Rands Cameron Hydraulic Data Book[5] are also good
sources of references for the information. Some
examples of resistance coefficients are listed in Tables 9.4
and 9.5
3 CraneFlowofFluids,TechnicalPaperNo.410.1976.NewYorkCity:CraneManufacturingCo.
4 EngineeringDataBook,ninthedition.1972.Tulsa,Oklahoma:NaturalGasProcessorsSuppliersAssociation.
5 C.R.Westway andA.W.Loomised.1979.CameronHydraulicDataBook,sixteenthedition.WoodcliffLake,NewJersey:IngersollRand.fckLR
65
CoeficientesdeResistencia
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
66
14
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
ResistenciaRepresentativa
67
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
68
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
69
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
70
17/04/2016
Cada de presin en accesorios

CadadePresin
porAccesorios
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Los codos, conexiones en T, vlvulas, orificios y otras

restricciones causan cadas de presin adicionales a los
de la tubera. Cuando se analizan sistemas de presin
donde la presin es un factor sensible, es necesario
considerar el efecto de los accesorios en la presin.
Cuando los accesorios tienen el mismo dimetro nominal
de la tubera, para el anlisis de cadas de presin se
puede considerar este efecto en trminos de longitud
equivalente.
71
Cada de presin en accesorios
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Efecto de los Codos y Vlvulas en la Cada de Presin
AP f F 6 KV
2g
AP f
KW 2
F 13
d 4
AP f F 12 KQ4
d
AP f F 11 KV 2
F11 = Factor que depende de las unidades usadas 5x10^-4

F12 = Factor que depende de las unidades usadas 810
F13 = Factor que depende de las unidades usadas 8,1x10^8
Efecto de Orificios en la Cada de Presin
P F 12
Q 2
C2 d
4
0
P F 13
Donde, Unidades mtricas Unidades inglesas

C = Coeficiente de flujo
d0 = Dimetro de orificio
Longitud Equivalente de Accesorios
Leq
d
F14 f
1.08x10^-4
1.08x10^-5
0.28x10^-6
W2
C2 d 04
adim.
mm
Adim.
pulg
Donde,
Leq = Longitud equivalente de todos los accesorios, m (pie en unidades inglesas) .
K = Suma de los coeficientes de resistencia de todos los accesorios, adimensionales.
El coeficiente de resistencia , K, de codos, conexiones en T, vlvulas, contracciones y
expansiones pueden ser obtenidas de diferentes figuras, como una funcin del dimetro
nominal de tubera.
72
17/04/2016
CadadePresin
porAccesorios
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Longitud Equivalente de Accesorios

d
Leq
K
F14 f
Donde,
Leq = Longitud equivalente de todos los accesorios, m (pie en
unidades inglesas) .
K = Suma de los coeficientes de resistencia de todos los accesorios,
adimensionales.
El coeficiente de resistencia , K, de codos, conexiones en T,
vlvulas, contracciones y expansiones pueden ser obtenidas de
diferentes figuras, como una funcin del dimetro nominal de tubera.
Factor K para Orificios, Boquillas y Venturis
K
r
C2
d1

d0
0.98
d
1 0
d1
Donde,
r = Factor de recuperacin de presin (Se obtiene de la figura 10),
adimensional.
El coeficiente de resistencia , K, de codos, conexiones en T,
vlvulas, contracciones y expansiones pueden ser obtenidas de
diferentes figuras, como una funcin del dimetro nominal de tubera.
73
Coeficientesde
Flujo
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Flow Coefficients
The flow coefficient for liquids, CV, is determined
experimentally for each valve or fitting as the flow of water,
in gal/min at 60F for a pressure drop of 1 psi through the
fitting. The relationship between flow and resistance
coefficients can be expressed as
....................(9.21)
In any fitting or valve with a known CV, the pressure drop can
be calculated for different conditions of flow and liquid
properties with Eq. 9.22.
....................(9.22)
where
QL = liquidflow rate, B/D,
and
SG = liquid specific gravity relative to water.
Again, the CV is published for most valves and fittings and
can be found in multiple sources,[3][4][5] as well as the
manufacturers technical data.
3 Crane Flow of Fluids, Technical Paper No. 410. 1976. New York City: Crane Manufacturing Co.
4 Engineering Data Book, ninth edition. 1972. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association.
5 C.R. Westway and A.W. Loomis ed. 1979. Cameron Hydraulic Data Book, sixteenth edition. Woodcliff Lake,
74
New Jersey: IngersollRand.fckLR
17/04/2016
SeleccindePIGs
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Pig Selection
Pig runs of between 50 to 100 miles are normal, but pig
runs exceeding 200 miles should be avoided as the pig
may wear and get stuck in the line. Cleaning pigs may be
constructed of steel body with polyurethane cups or discs
and foam pigs with polyurethane wrapping, solid
urethane disc, and steel body with metallic brushes.
Drying pigs are usually lowdensity foam or multicup
urethane. The intelligent pigs may be magnetic flux
leakage,
ultrasonic,
elastic/shear
wave,
transponder/transducer, or combinations thereof.
Internalcoating pigs are generally multicup urethane
type. Batching pigs are typically bidirectional, multidisk
rubber, which maintain efficiency up to 50 miles. Pigs
used for obstruction inspection are typically urethane,
multicup type fitted with an aluminum gauge plate or a
gel type.
75
SeleccindePIGs
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Pig Selection
Spheres are generally sized to be approximately 2%
greater diameter than the pipe internal diameter. Cups
and discs are typically sized to be 1/16 to 1/8 in. larger in
diameter than the pipe ID. Foam pigs have to be
significantly oversized. Foam pigs 1 to 6 in. in diameter
should be oversized by 1/4 in.; foam pigs 8 to 16 in. in
diameter should be oversized 3/8 to 1/2 in.; foam pigs 18
to 24 in. in diameter should be oversized 1/2 to 1 in.; and
foam pigs 28 to 48 in. in diameter should be oversized 1
to 2 in.
76
17/04/2016
Slug Catchers
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Slug Catchers
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Slug Catchers
The receiving end of the pipeline should have surge
containment to accommodate the slugs of liquid carried
by the pigs. For liquid lines, additional storage capacity
(tankage) will provide surge containment. Gas and
multiphase lines need specially designed "slug" catcher
systems to handle the intermittent liquid slugs generated
by the pigging activities. When a normal gas flow is
pushing the pig through a gas pipeline, the velocity can
be quite large and the flow rate of liquids being pushed
ahead is given by
....................(9.38)
where
QL = liquidflow rate in front of the pig, B/D,
Qg = gasflow rate behind the pig, MMscf/D,
T = temperature, R,
P = line pressure, psia,
and
Z = compressibility factor, dimensionless.
77
Slug Catchers
In most systems, the instantaneous liquidflow rate and
"energy" surge ahead of the pig will exceed the
processing design capacity and capability of the receiving
facility. The slug catcher provides excess storage capacity
within the receiving facility and helps dissipate the excess
energy generated by the highvelocity liquid slug. The
basic slug catcher is essentially a liquidseparation system
where the incoming liquid enters a largerdiameter pipe
or a vessel, which provides additional volume for the
liquid surge and provides for separation of the vapor
from the liquid stream. The additional volume provided
by the slug catcher reduces the stream velocity and
dissipates the excess energy produced by the liquid slug.
Another typical slugcatcher design employs an inline
liquid header system attached to a series of horizontal
liquid accumulators which may be several hundred feet in
length. The liquidslug stream enters the header and
disperses into the accumulators, while the gas continues
through the system and exits at the vaporoutlet
collection header. The slug catcher may incorporate
vortex breakers or other impingement devices to slow
the liquid and mist extractors at the vapor outlet to
capture entrained liquids. The liquid is transferred from
the accumulators to the facility processing or storage.
78
17/04/2016
Slug Catchers
Slug Catchers
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The volume of the slug catcher is expressed as

....................(9.39)
where
(Vol)SC = volume of slug catcher, bbl,
Vol = volume of liquid holdup, bbl,
and
Qd = design liquid dump rate from the slug catcher, B/D.
....................(9.40)
where TR = time during which slug is processed, in days.
The volume of the slug catcher should be designed with a
minimum 25% safety factor.
79
Slug Catchers
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
80
17/04/2016
Longitud
Equivalente
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Equivalent Lengths
The head loss associated with valves and fittings can also be calculated by
considering equivalent "lengths" of pipe segments for each valve and fitting. In
other words, the calculated head loss caused by fluid passing through a gate valve
is expressed as an additional length of pipe that is added to the actual length of
pipe in calculating pressure drop.
All of the equivalent lengths caused by the valves and fittings within a pipe
segment would be added together to compute the pressure drop for the pipe
segment. The equivalent length, Le, can be determined from the resistance
coefficient, Kr, and the flow coefficient, CV, using the formulas given next.
....................(9.23)
....................(9.24)
and
....................(9.25)
where
Kr = resistance coefficient, dimensionless,
D = diameter of the pipe, ft,
d = pipe ID, in.,
and
CV = flow coefficient for liquids, dimensionless.
Table 9.6 shows equivalent lengths of pipe for a variety of valves and fittings for a
number of standard pipe sizes.
81
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Longitud
Equivalente
LongitudEquivalente
82
17/04/2016
Dimensionamiento
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Velocity Considerations
In choosing a line diameter, consideration also has to be
given to maximum and minimum velocities. The line
should be sized such that the maximum velocity of the
fluid does not cause erosion, excess noise, or water
hammer. The line should be sized such that the minimum
velocity of the fluid prevents surging and keeps the line
swept clear of entrained solids and liquids.
API RP14E[10] provides typical surge factors that should be
considered in designing production piping systems. These
are reproduced in Table 9.16.
10 API RP14E, Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Systems.
1991. Washington, DC: API.
83
Dimensionamiento
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
LiquidLine Sizing
The liquid velocity can be expressed as
....................(9.30)
where
QL = fluidflow rate, B/D
and
d = pipe ID, in.
In piping systems where solids might be present or where
water could settle out and create corrosion zones in low
spots, a minimum velocity of 3 ft/sec is normally used. A
maximum velocity of 15 ft/sec is often used to minimize
the possibility of erosion by solids and water hammer
caused by quickly closing a valve.
84
17/04/2016
MultiphaseLine Sizing
Dimensionamiento
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
The minimum fluid velocity in multiphase systems must

be relatively high to keep the liquids moving and prevent
or minimize slugging. The recommended minimum
velocity is 10 to 15 ft/sec. The maximum recommended
velocity is 60 ft/sec to inhibit noise and 50 ft/sec for CO2
corrosion inhibition.
In twophase flow, it is possible that liquid droplets in the
flow stream will impact on the wall of the pipe causing
erosion of the products of corrosion. This is called
erosion/corrosion. Erosion of the pipe wall itself could
occur if solid particles, particularly sand, are entrained in
the flow stream. The following guidelines from API
RP14E[10] should be used to protect against
erosion/corrosion.
10 API RP14E, Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Systems.
1991. Washington, DC: API.
85
MultiphaseLineSizing
Dimensionamiento
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Calculate the erosional velocity of the mixture with Eq.

9.32.
....................(9.32)
where C = empirical constant. M is the average density of
the mixture at flowing conditions. It can be calculated
from
....................(9.33)
where
SG = specific gravity of the liquid (relative to water),
and
S = specific gravity of the gas relative to air.
86
17/04/2016
GasLine Sizing
The pressure drop in gas lines is typically low in gasproducing
facilities because the piping segment lengths are short. The
pressure drop has a more significant impact upon longer segments
such as gasgathering pipelines, transmission pipelines, or relief or
vent piping.
The velocity in gas lines should be less than 60 to 80 ft/sec to
minimize noise and allow for corrosion inhibition. A lower velocity
of 50 ft/sec should be used in the presence of known corrosives
such as CO2. The minimum gas velocity should be between 10 and
15 ft/sec, which minimizes liquid fallout.
Gas velocity is expressed in Eq. 9.31 as
Dimensionamiento
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
....................(9.31)
where
Vg = gas velocity, ft/sec,
T = gas flowing temperature, R,
P = flowing pressure, psia,
Z = compressibility factor, dimensionless,
and
d = pipe ID in.
87
Dimensionamiento
1. CadadePresin
2. Bernoulli
3. Darcy
4. Reynolds&Moody
5. Viscosidad
7. HazenWilliams
8. CadadePresinGas
9. Weymouth
10. Panhandle
11. Spitzglass
12. Aplicaciones
Horizontal
14. FlujoMultifsico
Vertical
16. CadadePresinpor
Elevacin
17. CadadePresinpor
Accesorios
19. SeleccindePIGs
20. Slug Catchers
Industry experience to date indicates that for solidsfree fluids, values of

C = 100 for continuous service and C = 125 for intermittent service are
conservative. For solidsfree fluids where corrosion is not anticipated or
when corrosion is controlled by inhibition or by employing corrosion
resistant alloys, values of C = 150 to 200 may be used for continuous
service; values up to 250 have been used successfully for intermittent
service. If solids production is anticipated, fluid velocities should be
significantly reduced. Different values of C may be used where specific
application studies have shown them to be appropriate.
Where solids and/or corrosive contaminants are present or where c
values higher than 100 for continuous service are used, periodic surveys
to assess pipe wall thickness should be considered. The design of any
piping system where solids are anticipated should consider the
installation of sand probes, cushion flow tees, and a minimum of 3 ft of
straight piping downstream of choke outlets.
Once a design velocity is chosen, to determine the pipe size, Eq. 9.34
can be used.
....................(9.34)
where
d = pipe ID, in.,
Z = compressibility factor, dimensionless,
R = gas/liquid ratio, ft3/bbl,
P = flowing pressure, psia,
T = gas/liquid flowing temperature, R,
V = maximum allowable velocity, ft/sec,
and
QL = liquidflow rate, B/D.
88
17/04/2016
FlujoenCaeras
BibliografaBsica
DonaldWSchroederJr TutorialonPipeFlowEquations
PauloM.Coelho CarlosPinho EquationsforSteadyStateFlow
DCRennels PipeFlow
1878FanningJT WaterSupplyEngineering
1939ColebrookCF TurbulentFlowinPipes
1944Moody LF Friction Factors
2009Adiutori EF WhytheFluidFactorshouldbeAbandoned
2014Fucheng Teng,PedroMedinaandMarkHeigold
SolvingthePipeFlowCalculation
Crane Corp FlujoDeFluidos
17/04/2016
Caeras,AccesoriosyVlvulas
RenBecerraMatas
Caeras,AccesoriosyVlvulas
Identificar las caractersticas de fabricacin y

montaje de las caeras, accesorios, vlvulas y
dispositivos de flujo para caeras.
17/04/2016
Intro
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Llamase caera a un conjunto de conductos cerrados destinados

al transporte de fluidos, y sus accesorios.
Las caeras actan como conductos a presin es decir, sin
superficie libre, con el fluido mojando toda su rea transversal,
a excepcin de los desages o alcantarillado.
El uso de caeras surge del hecho que el punto de
almacenamiento o generacin de los fluidos se encuentra
distante de los puntos usuarios.
Se usan en la industria, desde el vaco absoluto hasta presiones
de 4000 kg/cm2(400MPa) y desde cero absoluto hasta
temperaturas tan elevadas como la de fusin de los metales.
Las caeras son los equipos industriales ms utilizados. Su
costo puede llegar al 50% o 70% de los equipos de una planta
de proceso y del 15% a 20% del total de la instalacin.
Obviamente dependiente de la naturaleza de la instalacin.
3
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Se emplean en la actualidad gran variedad de materiales para la

fabricacin de caeras. Las normas ASTM, por ejemplo,
especifica ms de 150 diferentes tipos.
La eleccin del material adecuado para una determinada
aplicacin es siempre un problema complejo, cuya solucin
depende principalmente de la presin y temperatura de
trabajo, del fluido conducido (aspectos de corrosin y
contaminacin), el costo, grado de seguridad requerida,
sobrecargas externas, y en algunos casos, la resistencia al
escurrimiento o prdida de carga.
17/04/2016
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
17/04/2016
CastingversusForging
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
In addition to specifying the correct material for a pipe or

fitting, it is important to understand the way in which the item
was manufactured. In general, metals that are cast are more
brittle, and therefore more susceptible to fracture, than are
forged metals.
However, there are varying degrees of strength among cast
metals as well. Hence, cast iron is weaker than cast steel. This is
why cast iron reducing bushings are not permitted for use in
fuel gas piping, but cast steel bushings are.
Given a choice, the forged materials will be the better selection
due to their ability to withstand abuse. Overtightening a cast
threaded fitting will often result in a stress fracture. Castings are
not easily welded. Castings may have surface imperfections due
to improper cleaning of the mold.
Forging workhardens the metal and imparts greater durability.
Forged metals withstand higher stresses. Forged steel fittings
are easily welded. The term wrought, as in wrought iron or
wrought copper indicates a forging process. However,
engineering is the science of making choices, or compromises,
and those choices are often based as much on economics as
technical merit. Castings often represent the least expensive
installed cost.
7
Cast Iron Pipe
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Commercially manufactured cast iron contains between 2 and

6.67 percent carbon.
These metals are exceptionally strong in compression, but are
very brittle. They have very low ductility and malleability, and
cannot be drawn, rolled, or worked at room temperature. A
sharp blow with a sledge hammer can crack a cast iron pipe.
Cast irons melt readily however, and can be cast into
complicated shapes and machined. This property suits them for
some valve bodies.
A distinction is drawn between cast iron and ductile iron.
While ductile irons are also cast, the terms distinguish the
metallographic structures of the materials. Cast iron describes a
metallographic structure in which the carbon exists in the form
of graphite flakes. The graphite is essentially carbon, chemically
uncombined with any other elements. This structure is known
as gray cast iron or simply cast iron. The larger the graphite
flakes are, the weaker the metal is. The flakes form stress
concentrations at the microscopic level.
8
17/04/2016
Applications
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Cast iron was probably the first metal used for piping. The first
recorded use of it was for a fountain in Langensalza, Germany
circa 1562. A water distribution system was installed in France
in 1664 for the palace of Versailles, and is allegedly still in use.
Because it is so brittle, it is not often used for pressure piping
applications, although ASME B31.3 contains Basic Allowable
Stress data for gray cast iron pipe. Cast iron pipe is now used
primarily for drain, waste, and vent (DWV) applications, which is
also known as soil pipe.
Once used for water distribution piping, cast iron is now
relegated to drain, waste, and vent service, due to the improved
metallurgy provided by other materials, especially ductile iron.
Cast iron water mains are still in service throughout the world
however, in aging infrastructure.
Applicable Specifications
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
ASTM A74 Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and
Fittings
ASTM A674 Standard Practice for Polyethylene Encasement for
Ductile Iron Pipe for Water or Other Liquids.
ASTM A888 Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil
Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent
Piping Applications
ASTM C1277 Standard Specification for Shielded Couplings
Joining Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
ASTM C564 Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for
Joining Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings
10
17/04/2016
Ductile Iron Pipe
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Ductile iron (DI) pipe was developed in 1948, and soon replaced
cast iron pipe in pressure applications. The metallographic
structure of ductile iron is such that the graphite exists in the
form of nodules. These compact nodules do not interrupt the
metallurgical matrix like the graphite flakes in cast iron. The
result is a material that is stronger and tougher than cast iron.
Applications
Like cast iron, ductile iron is used for sewage service. But it finds
additional use in liquid service; especially for water, and
especially potable water.
Applicable Specifications
ASTM A716 Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe
ASTM A746 Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
11
Carbon Steel
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Carbon steel piping is the type that is most often used in

industrial applications. It has the advantage of wide availability,
high strength, and myriad connection systems and fittings.
Many grades of carbon steel pipe are available. These grades
vary due to metallurgy and manufacture of the pipe itself. To
the pipefitter, there is essentially no difference between the
various grades. He will ply his trade in the same manner
irrespective of the ASTM number. In critical applications, a
welder may choose a different electrode or current, depending
on the grade of steel used. And once the material is specified,
the piping engineer or designer will also pay no particular
attention to the grade of steel used.
Applications
Carbon steel piping is used for many liquid and gas services,
both above and below ground. It is also widely used for steam
systems. It is inappropriate for corrosive services but is used for
caustic services. It may be used for potable water if appropriate
12
linings are applied to prevent iron dissolution.
17/04/2016
Applicable Standards
ASTMA53Pipe,Steel,BlackandHotDipped,ZincCoated,Welded,andSeamless
ASTMA106SeamlessCarbonSteelPipeforHighTemperatureService
ASTMA134Pipe,Steel,ElectricFusion(Arc)Welded(SizesNPS16andOver)
ASTMA135ElectricResistanceWeldedSteelPipe
ASTMA139ElectricFusion(Arc)WeldedSteelPipe(NPS4andOver)
ASTMA182ForgedorRolledAlloySteelPipeFlanges,ForgedFittings,andValvesandPartsforHigh
TemperatureService
ASTMA211SpiralWeldedPipe StandardWithdrawnin1993
ASTMA252WeldedandSeamlessSteelPipePiles
ASTMA333SeamlessandWeldedSteelPipeforLowTemperatureService
ASTMA335SeamlessFerritic AlloySteelPipeforHighTemperatureService
ASTMA369CarbonandFerritic AlloySteelForgedandBoredPipeforHighTemperature Service
ASTMA381StandardSpecificationforMetalArcWeldedSteelPipeforUseWithHighPressure
Transmission Systems
ASTMA426CentrifugallyCastFerritic AlloySteelPipeforHighTemperatureService
ASTMA523PlainEndSeamlessandElectricResistanceWeldedSteelPipeforHighPressure PipeType
CableCircuits
ASTMA524SeamlessCarbonSteelPipeforAtmosphericandLowerTemperatures
ASTMA530GeneralRequirementsforSpecializedCarbonandAlloySteelPipe
ASTMA691CarbonandAlloySteelPipe,ElectricFusionWeldedforHigh PressureServiceatHigh
Temperatures
ASTMA694CarbonandAlloySteelForgingsforPipeFlanges,Fittings,Valves,andPartsforHighPressure
TransmissionService
ASTMA714HighStrengthLowAlloyWeldedandSeamlessSteelPipe
ASTMA733WeldedandSeamlessCarbonSteelandAusteniticStainlessSteelPipeNipples
ASTMA865ThreadedCouplings,Steel,BlackorZincCoated(Galvanized)WeldedorSeamless,forUsein
SteelPipeJoints
ASTMA984SteelLinePipe,Black,PlainEnd,ElectricResistanceWelded
ASTMA1005SteelLinePipe,Black,PlainEnd,LongitudinalandHelicalSeam,Double SubmergedArc
Welded
13
ASTMA1006SteelLinePipe,Black,PlainEnd,LaserBeamWelded
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Aceros al Carbono
Representan los 2/3 de todos los materiales usados en caeras.
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Los lmites de temperatura son 30 C a +400 C por sobre la cual

no se usa por la precipitacin de carburos en grafito que
provoca una rpida disminucin de la resistencia mecnica.
Algunos aceros al carbono se revisten con una capa de ZINC de
0,1 mm aproximadamente, por inmersin a una temperatura de
500 C, llamado galvanizado, que provee mayor resistencia a la
corrosin.
14
17/04/2016
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Aceros al Carbono
Tambin, por sobre los 450 C se producen en los aceros al
carbono deformaciones lentas por fluencia (creep) que son ms
acentuadas cuanto mayor es la temperatura y la variacin de
signos de las tensiones a que est sometido. En general, cuanto
mayor es el porcentaje de carbono, mayor es la dureza y
mayores los lmites de fluencia y ruptura, pero menor ser su
soldabilidad y menor su capacidad de doblarse.
Los aceros tienen pequeos porcentajes de Mn (hasta 0,9%)
que produce un incremento en los lmites de fluencia y ruptura
y de Si (hasta 0,1%) que aumenta la resistencia a la oxidacin en
altas temperaturas y resistencia al impacto a baja temperatura.
Los aceros al carbono con Silicio son tambin llamados
"calmados" (Killed Steel) para distinguirlos de los
"efervescentes" (rimed Steel) que no tienen Silicio. Los aceros al
Carbono con Si tienen una estructura ms fina y uniforme y son
de mejor calidad que los "efervescentes", por lo que se
recomienda su uso en altas temperaturas, an siendo
ocasionales ( 480 C).
Para aceros al Carbono a bajas temperaturas (hasta 50 C) ANSI
B.31 permite su uso, exigiendo que se realicen ensayos de
impacto (Charpy) para cada pieza.
15
Tipos de aceros al Carbono con o sin costura para conduccin.
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
ASTM A106 Caos de acero al Carbono sin costura, de 1/8" a

24" de alta calidad para temperaturas elevadas.
Los caos grado C son fabricados slo por encargo. Los grados A
y B son usados para temperaturas sobre 400 C por largos
perodos de tiempo.
ASTM A 53 Caos de acero al Carbono con o sin costura de
calidad media 1/8" a 24 para uso general, negro o
galvanizado.
La especificacin distingue 4 grados; para curvado en fro debe
usarse el Gr. A. Aunque los lmites de temperatura son similares
que para el A106 no deben usarse por encima de los 400 C. El
ASTM A53 es el ms usado por ser de menor precio que el
A109.
API 5L Especificacin del "American Petroleum Institute" de
calidad media. Dimetro 1/8" a 36" negros, con o sin costura.
Los grados y requisitos de composicin qumica son similares al
ASTM A53.
16
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Aceros al Carbono con costura (Welded Pipes) :
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
ASTM A134 Para caos fabricados con soldadura de arco

protegido para dimetros sobre 16" y espesores hasta 3/4" con
soldadura longitudinal o en espiral.
protegido para dimetros de hasta 30".
protegido para dimetros de hasta 30".
ASTM A211 Para caos con soldadura en espiral. En dimetros
de 4" a 48.
17
Tubos de acero al Carbono.
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
ASTM A83 Para tubos sin costura para calderas en dimetros

de 1/2" a 6".
ASTM A178 Especificacin para tubos fabricados por
soldadura de resistencia elctrica, para calderas de media y
baja presin, en dimetros de 1/2" a 6".
ASTM A179 Para tubos sin costura, trefilados en fro para
intercambiadores de calor en dimetros de 1/2" a 2".
ASTM A214 Para tubos con costura, soldados por arco
protegido, para intercambiadores de calor en dimetros de
1/2" a 2".
ASTM A192 Para tubos sin costura, para calderas de alta
presin, de acero al Carbono calmado (con Si) en dimetros de
1/2" a 7".
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Caos de aceros aleados e inoxidables.
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Podemos clasificar los aceros de baja aleacin en:
Aceros de baja aleacin (low alloy steel), cuando tienen hasta

5% de elementos adicionales.
Aceros de media aleacin (imtermediate alloy steel), cuando
tienen de 5% a 10% de elementos adicionales.
Aceros de alta aleacin (high alloy steel), ms de 10% de
elementos adicionales.
De todos estos materiales, los de mayor utilizacin son los de
baja aleacin, compuestos ferrticos (magnticos) con agregado
de cromo, molibdeno, y a veces, niquel.
Desde el punto de vista econmico, no es conveniente usar
aceros aleados para prolongar la vida de las caeras, ya que las
instalaciones industriales tienen una duracin limitada y su
costo es varias veces mayor que los del acero al Carbono.
19
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Los casos en que se justifica usar aceros aleados o inoxidables

son los siguientes :
a) Altas temperaturas.
b) Bajas temperaturas (inferiores a 30 C) donde los aceros al
Carbono se tornan quebradizos.
c) Alta corrosin. En servicios corrosivos aun dentro de los
recomendados para acero al Carbono, el comportamiento de
los inoxidables es mejor para resistencia a la erosin o severa
corrosin.
d) Servicios de fluidos letales. Para caso de fluidos de alta
peligrosidad y por razones de seguridad.
e) Para evitar contaminacin : Industria de la alimentacin o
farmacutica, donde los xidos o residuos de las caeras de
20
acero al Carbono pueden deteriorar la calidad de los productos.
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Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Deben hacerse consideraciones de proceso y costo de

mantenimiento, comparando cunto cuesta la reposicin
reparacin de una caera de acero al Carbono en comparacin
con el elevado costo inicial de una de acero inoxidable.
Los aceros inoxidables no slo tienen mejor comportamiento
frente a los problemas de corrosin y erosin sino que adems
poseen mayores tensiones de fluencia y rotura. El costo del
montaje y soldadura de las aleaciones tambin es mucho mayor
que en el acero al Carbono.
La resistencia a la oxidacin es proporcional (aprox) al
contenido de Cr; siendo ste superior al 1% no se produce
grafitizacin en la soldadura.
La temperatura mxima de trabajo puede llegar en algunos
casos a 650 C.
El agregado de Ni contribuye a combatir la tendencia de los
aceros al Carbono a volverse quebradizos a bajas temperaturas.
Por esa razn es usado en servicios criognicos.
El Mo es el elemento ms eficiente para mejorar el
comportamiento a altas temperaturas, aumentando mucho al
21
resistencia a la fluencia.
Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
La especificacin ms importante para caos de baja aleacin

es la ASTM A 335 para alta temperatura y la A333 para baja
temperatura.
El agregado de Ni provee a las aleaciones que trabajan debajo
de 30 C buena ductilidad y resistencia al impacto.
Los aceros inoxidables son aquellos que contienen Cr por sobre
11% y que en exposicin prolongada a la intemperie no se
oxidan. Los ms usados son compuestos austenticos, no
magnticos, de alta aleacin (stainless steel) con 16% a 26% de
Cr, 9 a 12% de Ni adems de otros elementos. Son mucho ms
costosos que los de baja aleacin y por eso menos usados.
Tienen gran resistencia a la rotura, especialmente a altas
temperaturas y elevada resistencia a la mayora de los fluidos
industriales. Es resistente a los compuestos sulfurosos y a la
prdida de ductilidad debida al hidrgeno libre (hydrogen
embrittlement). Es un buen inhibidor de la grafitizacin a altas
temperaturas.
22
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Materiales
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Son inertes en relacin a la mayora de los compuestos

orgnicos, pero estn sujetos a severa corrosin alveolar
(pitting) cuando estn en contacto con agua de mar y
numerosos compuestos clorados. La soldadura en los aceros
inoxidables es ms costosa y complicada que en los aceros al
Carbono ya que deben hacerse con proteccin especial de gas
inerte (argn), con electrodos de tungsteno y material de
aporte afn con las partes a soldar.
Los aceros inoxidables pueden trabajar desde 270 C hasta 800
C en servicio continuo; algunos pueden trabajar hasta 1100 C. El
agregado de Ti o Cb (aceros inoxidables estabilizados) tiene por
finalidad evitar la precipitacin de carbono entre temperatura
de 450 C a 850 C en ambientes corrosivos, fenmeno que
ocurre en los no estabilizados.
23
12
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Materiales
24
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Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Manufacture of Carbon Steel Pipe

Seamless Pipe
Seamless pipe is produced by heating a round billet or square
bloom of steel, and then piercing it with a bulletshaped
piercer, over which the steel is stretched. This is followed by
another piercer that opens the hole even more and further
elongates the hollow cylinder. A series of straightening rollers,
sizing rollers, and heating, cooling, and inspection processes
results in a seamless pipe that may now be cut to length and
end finished. The final product is hydrostatically tested,
inspected, coated if required, and stenciled with the
specification.
Because it is a homogeneous substance with no weld stresses,
seamless pipe is the strongest variety. For example, the
maximum allowable stresses are higher for ASTM Type A53
Type S (Seamless) than for any of the other varieties of A53.
The piercing of a round billet is a process that incredibly was
first performed in 1845, but proved too technically challenging
to produce long lengths of pipe until about 1895.
25
The Basic Manufacture Of Seamless Pipe
Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
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Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas

Electric Resistance Weld (ERW) Pipe
ERW pipe is made from coils that are cupped longitudinally by
forming rolls and a fin pass section of rolls that brings the ends
of the coil together to form a cylinder. These ends are passed
through a high frequency welder which heats the steel to
2600F and squeezes the ends together to form a fusion weld.
The weld is heat treated to remove welding stresses and the
pipe is cooled, sized to the proper OD, straightened, and cut to
length.
There is an optional process that can also be employed to size
the pipe while at the same time increasing the transverse yield
strength. Incredibly, this process involves hydraulically
expanding the pipe. The ends are sealed, and water is forced
into the pipe at a pressure high enough to plastically deform
the steel to the desired OD and wall thickness . This obviously
results in a hydrotest of the weld as well, but each length of
pipe is also subjected to a separate hydrotest and is then
straightened. The welds are ultrasonically tested, the ends are
prepared, and the pipe is visually inspected, coated, and
stenciled.
27
The Manufacture Of Electric Resistance Welded Pipe
Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
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Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
29
Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
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17/04/2016
Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas

Double Submerged Arc Weld (DSAW) Pipe
DSAW pipe starts with a plate that is edge milled to ensure that
the edges to be joined will be parallel. The edges are then
crimped upward and a ram forms the plate into a Ushape. Next
the U is placed in an Oing press, which completes the
cylinder and prepares it for tack welding. The pipe is welded on
the inside, then again on the outside.
An inspection of the weld follows, and then the pipe is placed
into a mechanical expander that plastically deforms the wall in
short longitudinal increments to achieve the appropriate
diameter. Additional hydrostatic and NDT is next followed by
end beveling and an Xray inspection of each end of the pipe
weld. The finished pipe is visually inspected, coated, and
stenciled.
31
Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas

Furnace Weld, Butt Weld or Continuous Weld (CW) Pipe
These all refer to the same process, and in fact, the term
Furnace Butt Weld is also synonymous. Steel strip coil (called
a skelp) is uncoiled and fed into a roller leveler ends of the
coil are cut square and welded to the trailing end of the
preceding coil. The continuous strip enters a furnace where it is
heated to approximately 2450F (1343C).
The edge of the strip is raised to approximately 2600F (1427C)
by an oxygen lance (nozzle) as it exits the furnace. Forming rolls
gradually bend the strip into a circle where a set of rollers welds
the seam using the heat contained in the strip and the pressure
exerted by the welding rollers. The pipe OD is reduced, and the
wall thickness is achieved in a stretching mill. A saw cuts the
pipe to length, and the pipe enters a sizing mill that reduces the
pipe to the final OD. The pipe is straightened, end finished,
hydrotested, coated, stenciled, and inspected.
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Fabricacin
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas

SpiralWelded Pipe
ASTM A211 was a specification for spiralwelded pipe. This specification
was withdrawn in 1993. Spiralwelded pipe is currently manufactured to
meet the specifications of ASTM A139 or AWWA C200. It is used
primarily by utilities for water distribution service.
Spiralwelded pipe is produced from coils of steel that are unwound and
flattened. The flattened strip is formed by angled rollers into a cylinder
of the desired diameter. Interior and exterior submerged arc welds seal
the spiral seam. At the end of the coil, a new coil is butt welded to the
trailing edge of the pipe, forming a cross seam. The pipe is cut to length
and the ends are beveled if required.
Available joints for this type of pipe include butt weld, lap weld, and
rubber gasketed joints. The lap weld and rubber gasketed joints require
a bell to be formed on one end of the pipe. This is created by the
manufacturer with a hydraulic expander.
After forming the ends, the pipes are hydrostatically tested and then
lined with cement. The pipe is next heated to eliminate moisture, and
the exterior is blasted to prepare it for the application of an exterior
coating.The coating consists of a primer or adhesive, followed by a
dielectric tape, and finally a polyethylene wrap.
Sizes of spiralwelded pipe are available from 24 to 144 in, and wall
thicknesses up to 1 in.
33
Definiciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Caos y Tubos
La denominacin de "cao (pipe) identifica a estos materiales
por dos caractersticas fundamentales :
1) Sus dimetros nominales en pulgadas NO coinciden con los
exteriores hasta 12 inclusive. De 14" en adelante el dimetro
nominal coincide con el dimetro exterior.
2) Sus espesores son clasificados en series (schedules) que se
obtienen por una frmula de aproximacin emprica :
Donde:
P = presin interna en psi
S = tensin admisible del material en psi
En cambio los "tubos" (tubes) se caracterizan por :
3) Sus dimetros nominales COINCIDEN con los dimetros
exteriores.
4) Sus espesores se definen por un nmero de calibre o gage
BWG (Birmingham Wire Gage).
34
17/04/2016
Para identificar un cao, basta pedir, por ejemplo 2" Sch. 40

significa un cao de 2,375" de dimetro exterior y 0,154" de
espesor.
Definiciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Para identificar un tubo, basta pedir, por ejemplo 2" BWG 12

significa un tubo de 2" de dimetro exterior y 0,109" de
espesor.
Cuando la conduccin constituye en si misma un elemento
estructural se debern utilizar caos, por su resistencia como
tal. Del mismo modo, los dimetros de fabricacin de los caos
son mucho ms amplias que la de los tubos que rara vez pasan
las 6", siendo su uso ms difundido hasta 2". Por otra parte, los
requerimientos de fabricacin de los tubos son ms exigentes
que los de los caos.
As, rara vez se usan caos para un intercambiador de calor,
donde el sellado se efecta por mandrilado. El calibrado de los
tubos y un menor espesor uniforme garantiza un mejor
intercambio trmico sin que aumente rpidamente el
ensuciamiento del equipo.
35
Medios de Unin
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Los diversos medios de unin sirven no slo para vincular

secciones de caos entre si, sino tambin para conectarlos con
diversos accesorios, vlvulas y equipos.
Los principales medios de unin son los siguientes :
Conexiones roscadas (Screwed joints)

Conexiones soldadas (Welded joints)
Conexiones bridadas (Flanged joints)
Conexiones de enchufe (Socket Welded joints).
36
17/04/2016
Uniones Roscadas
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Son unos de los medios ms antiguos de conexin. Son de bajo

costo y fcil ejecucin, pero su uso est limitado a 4" (max) en
general y se usan en instalaciones secundarias de baja presin,
(condensado, aire, agua), domiciliarias (agua, gas) debido al peligro
de prdidas y la baja resistencia mecnica de las mismas.
La norma ANSI B 31 exige que las roscas de los caos sean cnicas y
recomienda que se efecten soldaduras de sello para caeras que
conduzcan fluidos inflamables, txicos y en otros donde se debe
tener absoluta seguridad que no se produzcan filtraciones o
prdidas.
Son las nicas usadas para caos galvanizados. Se usan tambin en
acero al Carbono, baja aleacin, hierro fundido, plsticos, vidrio y
porcelana, siempre limitadas a 4".
Para acero inoxidable y metales no ferrosos es muy raro el uso de
roscas, debido a que son comunes los espesores finos en dichos
materiales.
Los tramos rectos son unidos por medio de cuplas o uniones
roscadas. Las roscas cnicas aseguran mejor sellado pero para
asegurarlo se coloca una banda de tefln.
Antiguamente se usaban otros materiales, litargirio glicerina,
fibras vegetales, etc., pero en su mayor parte dificultaban el
desarme de las piezas y an contaminaban el fluido.
En los caos es recomendable no usar espesores menores que Sch.
80 por el debilitamiento de la pared que significa la rosca.
37
Uniones Roscadas
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
38
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Uniones
39
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Uniones Soldadas
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Las ms utilizadas son las soldaduras de arco protegido, que

pueden ser :
A tope (butt weld)
De enchufe (socket weld)
VENTAJAS :
Buena resistencia mecnica (casi siempre equivalente a la del
cao)
Estanqueidad perfecta y permanente
Buena apariencia
Facilidad en la aplicacin de aislacin y pintura
Ninguna necesidad de mantenimiento.
DESVENTAJAS :
Dificultad en desmontaje de las caeras
Mano de obra especializada
40
SoldaduraaTope
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Es la ms usada en la unin de caos de 2" o mayores en aceros

de cualquier clase. Se aplica a toda la gama de presiones y
temperaturas. Los caos y dems accesorios para soldadura a
tope, deben tener sus extremos preparados con biseles que
dependen del espesor del cao.
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17/04/2016
Soldadura de Enchufe (socket weld)
Uniones
Son empleados para dimetros de hasta 1 1/2" en caos de

acero y hasta 4" para los no ferrosos y plsticos.
Los extremos del cao se encajan en una cavidad del accesorio
o acoplamiento y se realiza una soldadura de filete.
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
42
Bridas (Flanges)
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Estn compuestas por dos bridas, una junta, pernos con o sin
cabeza roscados y tuercas. Son fcilmente desmontables.
Existen los siguientes tipos :

De cuello soldable (Welding Neck)
Deslizantes (Slip on)
Roscadas (Screwed)
De enchufe (Socket Weld)
Lap Joint
Ciegas.
43
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Temperatura y Presin
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
El efecto de la temperatura sobre bridas (flanges) y vlvula

determina algunas veces las puntas de mnima resistencia de
una caera al disminuir la tensin admisible del material. La
presin origina tensiones en todos los elementos componentes
de la caera. En el caso de los elementos de unin, bridas,
vlvulas, cuplas etc., la combinacin de los dos factores de
presin y temperatura inciden en el clculo de
dimensionamiento de estos elementos.
Esta relacin est tabulada en las PRESSURE TEMPERATURE
RATINGS, agrupadas para cada clase de presin (150#, 300#,
600#, etc.) y para cada tipo de accesorio (vlvulas, bridas,
cuplas, etc.).
Es de hacer notar que la relacin primaria (Primary Rating)
definida como mxima temperatura admisible para presiones
"non shock", est resaltada en las tablas, se usa para altas
temperaturas. La relacin para trabajo en fro (Cold Working
Pressure Rating CWP) es aquella referida a las temperaturas de
20 F a 100 F y se aplica para hidrulica y refrigeracin.
La eleccin de juntas y pernos deber estar acorde con la
presin y temperatura de servicio.
44
Dimensional Standards Covering End Connections
Uniones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Generally, a piping component has the same connection at both

ends. However, it is possible to have a mixture, especially with
valves; for example, flanged by threaded, flanged by socket
weld, or threaded by socket weld. This is acceptable as long as
both end connections satisfy the design conditions of the fluid
being transported in the piping system.
As mentioned previously, numerous other national standards
cover the dimensional standards for piping components,
however, differences in the dimensions and tolerances, in a vast
majority of cases, could make the components incompatible.
45
17/04/2016
Especificaciones de Caeras
Especificaciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Las especificaciones constituyen un documento legal de

validez, en muchos casos contractual, en donde se detallan
los requerimientos tcnicos necesarios para efectuar una
etapa o conjunto de etapas en el diseo, construccin,
mantenimiento etc. de una instalacin industrial.
46
Especificaciones generales
Especificaciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Se emiten para regular todos los temas relativos a la

especialidad, y contienen datos y prescripciones vlidas para
todos los servicios que se tengan.
Se utilizan para contratar ingeniera, cuando se emiten antes del
inicio de un proyecto, por parte de una empresa que va a
realizar una inversin destinada a una instalacin industrial, y
tambin durante el desarrollo de una ingeniera bsica, de
modo que pueda regular ms tarde las diferentes etapas del
proyecto.
Contienen por lo menos las siguientes informaciones :
Cdigos y normas que deben ser obedecidos.
Abreviaturas y siglas empleada.
Sistema adoptado para identificacin de lneas.
Prescripciones diversas sobre le proyecto, clculo, trazado,
fabricacin, montaje y pruebas de las caeras que se
aplican en cada caso.
Contienen adems una descripcin de los parmetros
principales de los servicios bsicos, temperaturas, presiones
etc., y los requerimientos de cada fluido en relacin a los
materiales a usar, en lneas generales.
47
17/04/2016
Especificacionesdemateriales
Especificaciones
Son las normas especficas escritas especialmente para cada

clase de servicios y para cada proyecto o instalacin.
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Cada captulo de la especificacin acostumbra abarcar un

nmero de servicios semejantes en una cierta gama de
presiones y temperaturas, para las cuales puedan ser
recomendadas las mismas especificaciones tipo y modelo de
caos, vlvulas y accesorios.
Para ello se hace coincidir la gama de variaciones de cada
especificacin con la de cada clase de presin nominal (Rating)
de vlvulas, bridas y accesorios. As por ejemplo tendremos una
especificacin que incluye las variaciones de presin
temperatura para la nominal de 150# , otra para 300# .
Una misma especificacin puede incluir uno o ms servicios con
el mismo o diferente fluido, ya que para diferentes servicios se
pueden adoptar los mismos caos, vlvula y accesorios. As
tendremos una especificacin para hidrocarburos lquidos, otra
para hidrocarburos gaseosos, otra para vapor vivo, otra para
condensado, aire comprimido, etc.
48
Especificaciones de materiales
Especificaciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
En todas las especificaciones deben constar obligatoriamente la

siguiente informacin :
Sigla de identificacin de la especificacin
Clase de fluido al cual se la destina
Gama de variacin de presin y temperatura
Tolerancia de corrosin adoptada
Son
complementadas
adems
con
las
siguientes
especificaciones particulares de cada grupo de servicios
Soldadura
Aislacin trmica
Pintura y tratamiento de superficies
Filtros (materiales e instalacin)
Sistemas de calentamiento (tracing)
Clculos de dimetro, espesores, flexibilidad.
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Especificaciones de materiales
Especificaciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Caos : Material, proceso de fabricacin, espesores

recomendados para los distintos dimetros, y sistema de unin
adoptado.
Bridas (flanges) y accesorios brindados; especificacin del
material, clase de presin nominal y tipo de caras.
Accesorios para soldar y roscados : Material, proceso de
fabricacin, clase de presin nominal, espesor.
Pernos (boltsstud bolts) : tipo y especificacin del material.
Juntas; tipo, espesor, material.
Vlvulas : Tipos empleados para bloqueo (esclusa (gate va.)
esfrica, etc.) para regulacin (globo, aguja, diafragma), para
retencin, etc., con indicacin completa.
50
Listas de Lneas
Especificaciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Como complemento de los planos de caeras, se emiten

planillas con las caractersticas de cada lnea, que si bien no
forman parte de los mismos proveen todos los datos necesarios
para identificarlas.
Estas hojas de datos o listas de lneas contienen las siguientes
columnas :
a) Nmero de lnea
b) Clase o tipo de fluido circulante
c) Dimetro nominal
d) Sigla abreviada de la especificacin de materiales
e) Extremos de la lnea, es decir desde donde viene y hacia
donde va
f) Caudal, velocidad y prdida de carga
g) Temperatura y presin de operacin
h) Temperatura y presin de diseo
i) Presin de prueba
j) Aislacin trmica si fuera requerido y tipo
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Listas de Materiales
Especificaciones
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Se incluyen algunas veces en los mismos planos o en

documento aparte y en este ltimo caso pueden incluir los
materiales de varios planos.
Es recomendable que contengan todas las caractersticas de los
materiales, incluyendo:
a) Nmero de tem
b) Dimetro nominal
c) Tipo de accesorio
d) Caractersticas (roscado, soldable etc.)
e) Rating (Relacin nominal presin temperatura)
f) Cantidad
g) Material
Donde generalmente se incluyen, es en los planos de
fabricacin e isomtricos para mantenimiento.
52
Piping Components
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
The term piping component is interchangeable with piping

fitting. A piping fitting is considered a component of a piping
system.
A piping system comprises a variety of these components, and
they serve one or more function. For example, a reducing tee
changes the direction of the flow and the size of the pipe. Each
particular component is manufactured to a specific dimensional
standard, with fixed tolerances, based on its size, pressure
rating, the method of manufacture, and the choice of end
connections. The table in the next section lists the piping
components most commonly used with their purposes and the
appropriate dimensional standards.
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DimensionalStandardsOfPipe
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Themostcommonreferencedimensionalstandardsforpipe
areasfollows:
54
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
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Wall Thicknesses of Carbon Steel Pipe
Componentes
Carbon steel piping is described by the nominal diameter and

the weight or schedule. The weight or schedule is merely a
description of the wall thickness.
As with the DI pressure classes, the carbon steel pipe schedules
have evolved over the years into what amounts to a menu of
diameters and wall thicknesses that have little to do with either
the actual diameters or the wall thicknesses. Everything about
these schedules must be considered nominal. And the
engineer who must perform field measurements of existing
installations would be welladvised to either memorize the
outside diameters of some of the more common pipes, or to
carry with him a copy of the schedules. See Appendix 1 for
carbon steel pipe data.
The wall thicknesses known as Standard, Extra Strong (XS), and
Double Extra Strong (XXS) are from an older system of
describing wall thickness known as Iron Pipe Size (IPS). This
system has carried over into the relatively newer system, called
the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), and many (but not all) of the old
IPS sizes are duplicated within the NPS schedules:
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
56
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Standard is identical to Schedule 40 up to and including 10 in.

Starting at 12 in, the wall thickness of Standard pipe remains at
0.375 in.
Extra Strong is identical to Schedule 80 up to and including 8 in.

Starting at 8 in, the wall thickness of XS pipe remains at 0.500
in.
Double Extra Strong has no related schedule . It is thicker than

Schedule 160 up to 6 in diameter, and starting at 8 in diameter
it is thinner than Schedule 160.
EltamaodelastuberasselasidentificaporsuNPS(Nominal
PipeSize):
Hasta12pulgadas:Dimetro Nominal<Dimetro Externo
Desde14pulgadas:Dimetro Nominal=Dimetro Externo
57
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
58
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
Wall Thicknesses of Stainless Steel Pipe
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Piping Components
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
A piping component is a fitting that does one or more of the

following:
Transports the fluidpipe.
Changes the direction of the flowelbows, tee.
Changes the size of the pipereducers, reducing tees,
reducing couplings.
Joins together pipeflanges, couplings.
Dismantles pipeflanges, unions.
Isolates the flow. Spectacle blinds, Spades and Spacers
Reinforces branch connectionsweldolets, threadolets,
sockolets.
60
DimensionalStandardsOfPipe
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Themostcommonlyusedpipingcomponentsandthe
dimensionalstandards areasfollows:
61
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
Pressure Temperature Ratings
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Codos
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Utilizados para realizar cambios de direccin de una tubera

normalmente en 45 grados y 90 grados
Welding Fittings. Normalizados por ASME B16.9
63
Codos
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Utilizados para realizar cambios de direccin de una tubera

normalmente en 45 grados y 90 grados
Threaded Fittings. Normalizados por ASME B16.11
Socket Welding Fittings. Normalizados por ASME B16.11
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Tees
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Se los utiliza para realizar derivaciones de solo una porcin del

flujo del fluido en una direccin de 90 grados
65
Tees
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Se los utiliza para realizar derivaciones de solo una porcin del

flujo del fluido en una direccin de 90 grados
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Reducciones
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Realizan la unin entre dos tuberas de diferente dimetro; se

pueden obtener en dos formas: concntrica, excntrica
67
Reducciones
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Realizan la unin entre dos tuberas de diferente dimetro; se

pueden obtener en dos formas: concntrica, excntrica
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Swage
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Se usa para reducir el dimetro de una tubera cuando existen

grandes reducciones; un swage realiza el cambio de dimetro
en una forma mas abrupta que una reduccin: Se encuentran
regularmente en forma concntrica y excntrica; existen swages
tipo vnturi que permiten el flujo menos abrupto.
69
Olet Branch Connection
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Los ramales en las caeras suponen un debilitamiento en la caera

principal por extraccin de parte de su seccin. Cuando los
espesores de pared estn calculados con cierta precisin y no hay
excedentes de pared disponible se refuerza la unin con una
montura (saddle) o con un anillo que se hace con el mismo cao u
otra chapa de caractersticas similares.
La seccin necesaria se calcula por medio de la NORMA ANSI PAR.
304.3 en el caso de ANSI B31.3 o sus similares en otras normas
aplicables.
Este tipo de derivaciones se usa cuando la diferencia de dimetros
entre la lnea principal y el ramal es tan grande que su relacin est
fuera de los accesorios (te) de fabricacin standard o en dimetros
grandes.
Cuando los ramales son de pequeo dimetro se utilizan los
llamados Weldolet (soldado), Elbolet (en un codo), Latrolet (en
ngulo), Sweepolet (en montura), Sockolet (ramal socked) y
Thredolet (roscada), todas ellas conexiones de pared reforzada para
las derivaciones desde una caera principal.
Su uso evita la utilizacin de placas de refuerzo de pequeo
dimetro que trae como consecuencia una enorme cantidad de
soldadura en reas reducidas y por tanto concentracin de
tensiones residuales en la zona del ramal.
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Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Weldolet
Sockolet
Threadolets
Elbolet. Se los utiliza para derivaciones tangentes a codos
Latrolet. Se los utiliza para interconectar ramales de 45 grados
Sweepolet. Se los utiliza para interconectar ramales de 90
grados en tuberas que estn sujetas a grandes esfuerzos
mecnicos
71
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
72
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes

Installation Procedure
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Welding Neck (WN)Flange
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
The welding neck flange (or more commonly weld neck

flange) is illustrated in Figure 7.4. Weld neck flanges are
attached to the adjoining pipe with a circumferential butt weld.
Because the ID of heavy schedule pipe may be smaller than the
bore of a weld neck flange, it is important to ensure that the
bore of the flange matches the ID of the adjoining pipe. If a
shoulder is present inside the flange due to the bore being
smaller than the pipe, turbulence could result from high
velocities. If the velocities were very high, erosion could result,
but this does not seem to be a common problem.
74
SlipOn (SO)Flanges
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
ThesliponflangeisshowninFigure7.5.Thisflangeis
essentiallyaringthatisplacedoverthepipeend,withthe
flangefaceextendingfromtheendofthepipebyenough
distancetoapplyaweldbeadontheinsidediameter.TheODs
arealsoweldedonthebacksideoftheflange.
Sliponflangeshavealowermaterialcostthanweldneck
flanges,andaremoreeasilyaligned.Forthisreasontheyfind
favoramongsomeengineersandcontractors,buttheyarenot
asstrongasweldneckflanges.Duetotheirlowerstrength,they
areonlyavailableinsizesupto2.inin1500lb.Theyarenot
availablein2500lb.Mostspecificationslimittheuseofslipon
flangesto300lb.
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SocketWeld(SW)Flanges
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
ShowninFigure7.6,socketweldflangescontainashoulderon
theinsideoftheflangethatactsasaguidetosetthedepthat
whichthepipeisweldedtotheflange.Theyarefabricatedby
insertingthepipeendintotheflangeuntilitbottomsout
againsttheshoulder,andthenretractingthepipe1/8inbefore
weldingitinplace.Thispracticewasoriginallyemployedto
reducecrackingduetothermalstressesinstainlesssteel
superheaters,butovertheyearshasbecomestandardpractice
fortheinstallationofallsocketweld flanges.
76
LapJoint(LJ)orVanStoneFlanges
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Lapjointflangesuseastubendthatisweldedtothepipe.A
ringflangefitslooselyaroundthestubend,permittingeasy
flangealignmentandjointdisassembly.Thisobviatestheneed
toprovidecarefulalignmentoftheboltholes.Alapjointflange
isshowninFigure7.7.LapjointandVanStoneare
interchangeableterms.
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Threaded or Screwed Flanges
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Theseflangesaresuitableonlyforlowpressuresystemsin
whichtherearenothermalcyclesthatcouldcausethethreads
toloosen.SeeFigure7.9.
Theflangeissuppliedwithataperedinternalthreadthatthe
pipescrewsinto.Threadedflangesfindapplicationsinareasin
whichhotwork(welding,burning,andgrinding)is undesirable.
78
Blind Flanges
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Blindflangesareusedwheneveralinemustbecappedoffata
flange.Itisgoodpracticetoinstallblindflangesattheendsof
headersoratlocationswherefuturetieinsareanticipated.
Blindflangesarealsousedextensivelyformanways,inwhich
caseadavitisrec ommended foreaseinhandlingtheunbolted
manway cover.
79
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
Flanges
Pressure Temperature
Ratings
80
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
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Flange Facings
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
The interface between a pair of flanges is certainly the most

critical aspect of the flange, since this is what seals the fluid
inside the system. Many configurations are available, but the
most common for industrial services utilizes a gasket that
compresses between the flange facing surfaces.
Flange faces may be of the following types:
Raised Face
The raised face flange has a ring on the face that
compresses the gasket. An advantage to this style is that
the lines need not be sprung to remove a gasket, valve, or
fitting.
Ring Type Joint (RTJ)
This style is used in the oilfield with metallic ringtype
gaskets as shown in Figure 7.3.
82
Flange Face Finish
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
TheASMEB16.5coderequiresthattheflangeface(raisedface
andflatface)hasaspecificroughnesstoensurethatthis
surfacebecompatiblewiththegasketandprovideahigh
qualityseal.
Aserratedfinish,eitherconcentricorspiral,isrequiredwith30
to55groovesperinchandaresultantroughnessbetween125
and500microinches.Thisallowsforvariousgradesofsurface
finishtobemadeavailablebyflangemanufacturesforthe
gasketcontactsurfaceofmetalflanges.
ThepictureshowsaserratedfinishonaRaisedFace.
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Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
StockFinish
Themostwidelyusedofanyflangesurfacefinish,because
practically,issuitableforallordinaryserviceconditions.
Undercompression,thesoftfacefromagasketwillembed
intothisfinish,whichhelpscreateaseal,andahighlevelof
frictionisgeneratedbetweenthematingsurfaces.
Thefinishfortheseflangesisgeneratedbya1.6 mmradius
roundnosedtoolatafeedrateof0.8 mmperrevolutionup
to12 inch.Forsizes14 inchandlarger,thefinishismadewith
3.2 mmroundnosedtoolatafeedof1.2 mmperrevolution.
SpiralSerrated
Thisisalsoacontinuousorphonographicspiralgroove,butit
differsfromthestockfinishinthatthegroovetypicallyis
generatedusinga90degtoolwhichcreatesa"V"geometry
with45 angledserration.
ConcentricSerrated
Asthenamesuggests,thisfinishiscomprisedofconcentric
grooves.A90 toolisusedandtheserrationsarespaced
evenlyacrosstheface.
SmoothFinish
Thisfinishshowsnovisuallyapparenttoolmarkings.These
finishesaretypicallyutilizedforgasketswithmetalfacings
suchasdoublejacketed,flatsteelandcorrugatedmetal.The
smoothsurfacesmatetocreateasealanddependonthe
flatnessoftheopposingfacestoeffectaseal.Thisistypically
achievedbyhavingthegasketcontactsurfaceformedbya
continuous(sometimescalledphonographic)spiralgroove
generatedbya0.8mmradiusroundnosedtoolatafeedrate
of0.3mmperrevolutionwithadepthof0.05mm.Thiswill
resultinaroughnessbetweenRa3.2and6.3micrometers
(125 250microinch).
84
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Smooth finish flanges are more common for low pressure

and/or large diameter pipelines and primarily intended for use
with solid metal or spiral wound gaskets.
Smooth finishes are usually found on machinery or flanged
joints other than pipe flanges. When working with a smooth
finish, it is important to consider using a thinner gasket to
lessen the effects of creep and cold flow. It should be noted,
however, that both a thinner gasket and the smooth finish, in
and of themselves, require a higher compressive force (i.e. bolt
torque) to achieve the seal.
85
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You
may
have
probably
seen
this
comment:
Machining of gasket faces of flanges to a smooth finish of
Componentes
Ra = 3.2 6.3 micrometer (= 125 250 microinches AARH)
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
AARH stands for Arithmetic Average Roughness Height. It is

used to measure the roughness (rather smoothness) of
surfaces. 125 AARH means 125 micro inches will be the average
height of the ups and downs of the surface.
63 AARH is specified for Ring Type Joints.

125250 AARH (it is called smooth finish) is specified for Spiral
Wound Gaskets.
250500 AARH (it is called stock finish) is specified for soft
gaskets such as NON Asbestos, Graphite sheets, Elastomers etc.
If we use smooth finish for soft gaskets enough "biting effect"
will not occur and hence the joint may develop leak.
Sometimes AARH is referred also as Ra which stands for
Roughness Average and means the same.
86
Gaskets
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
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Gaskets
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Full face gaskets (Figure 7.1) extend to the outer diameter of

the flange hub. In addition to the hole for the pipe bore, the
bolt holes are also cut into the gasket. These are used primarily
for cast iron flanges so that there is no moment exerted around
the gasket (as would happen with a ring gasket) that could snap
the brittle flange. Ring gaskets (Figure 7.2) are used with raised
face flanges, and are designed so that the ID of the gasket
matches the bore of the pipe and the OD of the gasket fits into
the circle described by the inner edges of the bolts. This locates
the gasket radially in the flange interface and also permits
easier replacement of the gasket.
Another type of gasket is the ringtype (Figure 7.3), not to be
confused with the ring gasket above. Ringtype gaskets are
made for ringtype joints, most commonly used in oil fields with
API 6A flanges. These gaskets have oval or octagonal cross
sectional profiles.
88
Gaskets
Componentes
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Gaskets must be selected based on compatibility with the fluid,

operating temperature and pressure, and performance
(compressibility) of the material. Generally, the higher the force
that may be applied to the gasket, the longer the gasket will last
in service.
Note that asbestos is a common gasket material because it
performs well at high temperatures and is compressible. The
use of asbestos is to be avoided, since it is a carcinogen.
Removal of old asbestos gaskets requires asbestos containment
procedures.
Table 7.10 lists a variety of gasket materials and their suitable
applications.
89
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
Gaskets
90
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
Gaskets
91
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Componentes
Bolting
93
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Clasificacin Basada en Movimiento
94
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Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
VALVULASESFERICAS
VALVULASESCLUSAS
VALVULASGLOBO
VALVULASRETENCION
VALVULASMARIPOSA
OTRASVALVULAS
95
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
VALVULASESCLUSAS
CARACTERISTICAS
VALVULADEBLOQUEOON/
OFF.
VALVULADEMOVIMIENTO
TRASVERSAL.
BIDIRECCIONAL.
CUASOLIDAOFLEXIBLE.
96
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Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
VALVULASGLOBO
CARACTERISTICAS
VALVULAPARACONTROLDE
CAUDAL.
MOVIMIENTOAXIAL.
APERTURAYCIERRE
GRADUAL
ALTACAIDADEPRESION
RELATIVA.
UNIDIRECCIONAL
97
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
VALVULASRETENCION
CARACTERISTICAS
VALVULAUNIDIRECCIONAL.
MOVIMIENTOS
AUTOMATICOS.
RESISTENCIAALSENTIDO
CONTRARIODELFLUJO.
98
17/04/2016
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
VALVULASMARIPOSA
CARACTERISTICAS
VERSATIL.
COMPACTA.
LIVIANA.
BAJOCOSTO.
BAJAPERDIDADECARGA.
99
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
VALVULASESFERICAS
CARACTERISTICAS
VALVULASDECIERREON/
OFF.
GIRODEAPERTURAYCIERRE
90.
BIDIRECCIONAL.
BAJACAIDADEPRESION.
MINIMIZARIESGODEFUGA.
100
17/04/2016
Vlvulas
VALVULASESFERICAS
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
PASOTOTAL
PASOREDUCIDO
101
Vlvulas
VALVULASESFERICAS
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
FLOTANTES
GUIADAS(TRUNNION)
Laesferaseencuentralibreentrelos
asientos.
Laesferaestsostenidaenunejefijo
verticalelculgiralaesfera.
Lapresindelalneahacecerrarlaesfera
contraelasiento.
Menortorquedeoperacin.
Configuracinutilizadaparaseries
mayores.
Configuracinutilizadaparaseries
menores.
102
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Informacion Necesaria Para Elegir Una Valvula
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
MATERIALCUERPOYTAPA.
FLUIDO
MATERIALESFERAY
VASTAGO.
PRESION
MATERIALDEASIENTOS.
TEMPERATURA
MATERIALDEORING
MATERIALDEJUNTAS
103
Pressure ratings: methods
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Specifications:
Class ratings
WOG (water, oil and gas) ratings
ASME Class ratings
Very similar to class ratings for flanges; often the same
WOG (water, oil and gas) ratings
Valves working pressure typically up to 100 F (same
definition as cold working pressure [CWP] for class ratings)
104
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ASME Class Ratings
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Example: ASME Class 150 is defined as a dimensionless number

indirectly related to the pressureretaining ability as the function of
temperature of the component.
The class defines the maximum allowable working pressure at a
specific temperature for a specific material.
Classes primarily derived from ASME B16.34
Often shown as spreadsheet table with:
Pressure classes on top
Temperature on side
Single table for each specific material group
Common steel class ratings: 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, 2500 & 4500
(also Class 800 only for small forged valves for API602 standard)
Class number formerly referred to the rated pressure at 750F
105
except for Class 150
WOG (water, oil and gas) Ratings
Vlvulas
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Usually defined by only two points

Pressure at 100F
Pressure at the highest allowable temperature of the materials
used (often a PTFE seat or seal)
Often portrayed on graph or chart, appearing as a straight line
rating
WOG ratings common for:
Ball valves
Other softseated valves
106
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Eleccin De Materiales De O`rings S/ Temperatura Y Presin
107
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
renebecerramatias@yahoo.com
Vlvulas
Caractersticas De Materiales No Metlicos
108
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Eleccin De Materiales De Asientos S/ Temperatura Y Presin
109
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
110
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
The PressureTemperature Rating Of Soft Seated Ball Valve
111
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
The PressureTemperature Rating Of Soft Seated Ball Valve
112
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Asientos, Modelos Y Caractersticas
113
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Rango De PresinTemperatura De Asientos
114
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Polymers Seats
115
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Polymers Seats
116
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Vlvulas
Metallic Seats
117
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Bibliografa
1. Introduccin
2. Materiales
3. Fabricacin
4. Definiciones
5. Uniones
6. Especificaciones
7. Componentes
8. Vlvulas
9. Bibliografa
BibliografaBsica
ASMEB1.2011983PipeThreads
ASMEB16.052013PipeFlangedandForgedFittings
ASMEB16.092012ButtWeldingFittings
ASMEB16.112011ForgedFittingsSocketWeldandThreaded
ASMEB36.10M2004WeldedandSeamlessWroughtSteelPipe
ASMEB36.19M2004StainlessSteelPipe
Piping Systems Manual BrianSilowash
Process Piping The CompleteGuide CharlesBecht
Piping Systems &PipelineASMEB31 Phillip Ellenberger
Tubulacoes Industriais Teoricos PedroCdaSilvaTelles
BibliografaComercial
B&FBonney &Forge Branch Connections
TNGCO
KSB Vlvulas
PETROMETALICRaccords Forges Forged Fittings
SAIDI Forged SteelValves
TENARIS Conexiones
VMA Intro ToValve History

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17/04/2016

Piping Handbook Mohinder LNayyar

Services Piping institutional

Paragraph 300.1.3lists the exclusions:

Most proprietary equipment

Vent piping for waste gases

ASMEB31Code for Pressure Piping

ESTA PRESENTACION DEBE CONSIDERARSE COMO

Chapter XCarbon Dioxide

Chapter XISlurry Pipeline

Chapter XCarbon Dioxide

Chapter XISlurry Pipeline

Conocer los parmetros y caractersticas a

Una vez que el petroleo y el gas son localizados y el pozo

Pipe Selection and Wall Thickness.

The type of pipe and wall thickness must be determined

Pipe Selection and Wall Thickness.

PVC, fiberglass, polypropylene, and other materials may

Pipe fittings, flanges, and valves must meet the

Route Selection and Survey.

Route selection is very important to successful pipeline

Route Selection and Survey.

Constructability is an essential consideration when

Route Selection and Survey.

Route Selection and Survey.

Route Selection and Survey.

Route Selection and Survey.

Route Selection and Survey.

The acquisition of private and public ROW and associated

DS 24335 RASH 19960719.

Permits are required to install pipelines across public

Permits and Special Considerations.

Special installation requirements are common, as few

Permits and Special Considerations.

Permits and Special Considerations.

The environmental and natural resource regulations and

Steel pipe and pipeline facilities must be protected from

Internal corrosion may be caused by the presence of CO2,

The potential corrosives usually can be identified from a

Internal corrosion also can be caused by erosion or wear.

External CorrosionUnderground Piping.

External corrosion affects buried pipe and aboveground

External CorrosionUnderground Piping.

To counteract cathodic actions, pipe is coated with

External CorrosionUnderground Piping.

Tapecoating systems and coaltar enamel systems are

External CorrosionUnderground Piping.

Schematic showing a differential corrosion cell

Sistema de proteccin catdica con corriente impresa

Sistema de proteccin catdica con nodos de sacrificio

Another important facet of the anticorrosion system is

The effects of atmospheric corrosion are readily

Facilities exposed to severe service, such as offshore, may

Welding and Pipe Joining.

Welding and Pipe Joining.

Welding and Pipe Joining

There are other acceptable methods for joining pipe.

Welding and Pipe Joining.

Pipeline Construction Process.

Pipeline Construction Process.

Pipeline Construction Process.

Typical details for pipelineburial

Typical details for minimum clearance between multiple

The pipe strung along the ROW is welded in a progressive