CDMA Basic Principles

ZTE University

Content

Multiple Access Technology

Spread Spectrum Definition, Feature and
Category
Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

Multiple Access Technology

Multiple Access Technology: Multiple independent users
simultaneously use the transmission medium without any mutual
influence.

Since the invention of telephone and radio,

system operators have tried to transmit the
maximum of traffic over each circuit.

Transmission

The types of transmission medium are as follows:

Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Optical cable
Air interface (radio signal).
Advantages :
Increases the system capacity to provide services
for more users.
Reduces the system cost because of the lessening
transmission mediums as required.
Decreases the users charge.

Medium

Each pair of users enjoy a

dedicated and private
circuit through the
transmission medium,
unaware that the other
users exist.

Channels
Channel: An individually-assigned and dedicated pathway
transmitting one users information over the transmission medium.

The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into

individual channels according to the various technologies used.
FDMA
FDMA
Each user uses a different frequency.
Each channel uses a frequency.
TDMA

Each user uses a different time slot.

One channel is a specified time slot of a
specified frequency.

CDMA

Each channel is a unique code sequence.

Each user uses the same frequency but a
different code sequence.

Power

TDMA
Power

CDMA
Power

CDMA
CDMA
frequency
point and
channel

CDMA
Forward channel 1.23 MHz

CDMA
Reverse channel 1.23 MHz

Code division channel

45 MHz

Frequency

Content

Multiple Access Technology

Spread Spectrum Definition, Feature and
Category
Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

Spread Spectrum Definition

Spread
spectrum

Spread spectrum technology: At the transmitting

end, it adopts the spread spectrum code to
modulate the bandwidth occupied by signals
greatly larger than the bandwidth required by the
transmitted data; At the receiving end, it adopts the
same spread spectrum code to demodulate the
bandwidth to recover the transmitted data.

The Principle of CDMA Spread Spectrum

Transmitting end

Receiving end

Modulated data flow

(Baseband signal + spread spectrum sequence)
Demodulated data
Input data
(Baseband)
(Baseband)

Spread spectrum
sequence

1.
2.

3.

Spread spectrum
sequence

The data flow at the transmitting end is combined with one spread
spectrum sequence.
At the receiving end, if only the timing and spread spectrum
sequences are appropriate, the composite signals can be
compressed and be demodulated to the original data.
After the spread spectrum compression, the demodulated original
data flow still keeps intact.

Different Users Use Various Spread Spectrum

Codes

Spread Spectrum Principle Basis

The principle basis: Shanon formula

C=B*log2(1+S/N)
C: Signal capacity (unit: b/s)
B: Hz Signal band width (unit: Hz)
S: Signal average power (unit: W)
N: Noise average power (unit: W)
Conclusion

If Signal Noise Ratio (S/N) decreases, and to hold channel

capacity unchangeably (means to keep the same ratio to
transmit signal reliably, it can be implemented by increasing
signal bandwidth B.
So, the desired transmission quality can be obtained by
increasing the bandwidth of the transmission system in the
environment of lower S/N ratio.

Spread Spectrum Feature and Category

Features

Categories

1.

Good concealment and privacy

2.

Multi-uses simultaneously occupy the same band

to realize the multiple access.

3.

Anti-fading and anti-multipath interference

4.

Strong anti-interference capacity

1.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

The CDMA adopts the DSSS, which combines the
signals needed to transmit with the PN code (spreadspectrum code), the rate of which is greatly larger
than the information rate. In this way, the spectrum
width of the modulation signal is much larger than
that of the original information.
Frequency hopping (FH)

2.
3.
4.

Time hopping (TH)

Linear frequency modulation

Content

Multiple Access Technology

Spread Spectrum Definition, Feature and
Category
Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

CDMA Spreading Code Selection

The spreading code usage is the key

technology of the spread spectrum communication.

Spreading code rate: 1.2288 Mcps

Spreading code: The forward is the Walsh code and

short PN code; the reverse is the long PN code.

Walsh Code Definition

The Walsh code definition

The Walsh Function is a non-sine wave orthogonal function

system and is defined by using a Hadamard matrix H
according to the recursive relation. The Walsh Function only
gains the +1 and -1 (or 0 and 1) values, which is suitable to
express and process the digital signal.
The Walsh Function has a perfect correlation. In the Walsh
Function, the inner product of two arbitrary correlation
functions is 0, which indicates they are orthogonal.

Walsh Code
Walsh code -------Walsh function,
orthogonal, used in the forward
spread spectrum in the CDMA system
0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0 1

H n Hn

0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0

H2n

___

Hn Hn

Unique characteristic:
Mutually orthogonal
For example:
The correlation of the 23rd Walsh code and the 59th Walsh code
#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

WALSH CODES
#
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Orthogonal and Correlated Features

Code #23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
(Code #23) 1001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001
Code #59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

#23
#23

#59

#23

#23

(#23)

PARALLEL

ORTHOGONAL

ANTI-PARALLEL

XOR: all 0s

XOR: half 0s, half 1s

XOR: all 1s

Correlation: 100%
(100% match)

Correlation: 0%
(50% match, 50% no-match)

Correlation: 100%
(100% no-match)

Walsh Code Application in CDMA

In CDMA

The 64-order Walsh function is

used for the forward spread
spectrum, distinguishing the forward
code division channels in the sector
and orthogonally modulating in the
reverse channels.

PN Code in CDMA
Pseudo Noise (PN code): A signal similar to noise, seems
random but is actually the deterministic and periodic binary
sequence.

The definition of the m sequence

The m sequence is an important binary PN.

The m sequence is short for the longest linear

feedback shift-register sequence.

The detailed definition is as follows

If the n-level liner shift register outputs the sequence

period as P=2^n 1, this sequence is called the m
sequence. The m sequence generator consists of the
shift register, feedback tap and modulo-2 adder.

The PN code
in the CDMA
system

The Short PN Sequence

The short PN sequence I and

Q are 32,768 chips long.

The short PN sequence is a

two dimensional binary vector
including the I and Q
sequences. The I and Q are
32,768 chips long.

32,768 chips long

26 2/3 ms.
(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

I
Q

Each short PN sequence is

completely correlated with
itself, that is, completely
correlated with the short PN
sequence with the time offset
as 0.
The short PN sequence with
the 0 offset is orthogonal with
any itself short PN sequence
with the non-0 offset.
Take the 64 chips offset as an
offset sequence, such as
PN_OFFSET_INDEX. The PN
codes 0~511 are available.

Feature:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I
Q
I
Q

100% correlation: All bits are equal to 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset
I
Q
I
Q
Orthogonal:1 (Quantity:16,384) + 0 (Quantity:1,684)

Long PN Sequence
Long code register

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)
AND
Public long code mask
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

P E RMU T E D

S UM

ESN

STATIC)
User long code sequence

(@1.2288 MCPS)

Modulo-2 add

Each mobile station uses a unique user long code sequence generated by a
32-bit ESN and a mask, and the contents of the 42-bit long code register
which was synchronized with the CDMA system during the mobile station
initialization.

The rate is 1.2288 Mcps and the period is 41 d 10 h 12 m 19.4 s.

During calling, the user long PN codes generated by different mobile stations
are not strictly orthogonal, but they are reliably demodulated to distinguish the
users in the reverse link because these long PN codes are greatly different.

PN Code Application in CDMA

In the CDMA system, there are two types of PN

code sequences:

Long PN code

2^42 1 (n = 42)

Short PN code

2^15

(n = 15)

Various usages

Forward channel

The long PN code is used for scrambling and the

short PN code is used for orthogonal spread
spectrum (identifying a base station).

Reverse channel

The long PN code is used for spread spectrum

(identifying a user) and the short PN code is used
for orthogonal modulation.

Feature and Function Summary of Spread-spectrum

Codes
Each type of spread-spectrum sequence has
different function respectively on the forward and
reverse links. However, these sequences are used
to generate the users code division channel on
the both links.

Cell

64 chips long

64
codes

32,768 chips long

26-2/3 ms.
(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)
I
Q
AND
=
SUM
Modulo-2 Addition

Type

Walsh code

Short PN
code

Long PN
code

Quantity Length

64

64
chips
1/19,20
0 sec.
32,768
chips
26-2/3
ms
75x in 2
sec.
242
chips
~41
days

Feature

Forward
link
function

Reverse link
function

Mutually
orthogona
l

Identify
the
channel

Orthogonal
modulation

Orthogon
al except
the 0
offset

Distinguis
h the
sector

Quaternary
spread
spectrum (0
offset)

Closely
Data
orthogona scramblin
g
l

Distinguish
the user

Summary

Summary

Spread-spectrum Theory
PN Code and Application
WALSH Code and
Application