6/27/2016

Signals, Spectra, &

Processing
ENGR. ALEXANDER S. CARRASCAL

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Digital signal processing is concerned with the representation of signals by a

sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals.

Subfields of signal processing:

digital signal processing

analog signal processing

The goal of DSP is usually to:

measure,

filter and/or

compress

continuous real-world analog signals.

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Digital Signal Processing

DSP Subfields:

audio and speech signal processing,

sonar and radar signal processing,

sensor array processing,

spectral estimation,

statistical signal processing,

digital image processing,

signal processing for communications, control of systems,

biomedical signal processing,

seismic data processing, etc.

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

Digital Signal Processing

The first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form,
by sampling it using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which turns the
analog signal into a stream of numbers.

Oftentimes, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which
requires a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

DSP is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range.

But the use of computational power to digital signal processing allows for
many advantages over analog processing.

This is true n many applications, such as error detection and correction in

transmission as well as data compression.

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

6/27/2016

Digital Signal Processing

DSP algorithms have long been run on:

standard computers,

specialized processors called digital signal processors (DSPs),

purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs).

Today there are additional technologies used for digital signal processing
including:

more powerful general purpose microprocessors,

field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),

digital signal controllers (mostly for industrial apps such as motor control), and

stream processors, among others.

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

Digital Signal Processing

We are living in an age of information technology.

Most of this technology is based on the:

theory of digital signal processing (DSP) and

implementation of the theory by devices embedded in what are known as digital

signal processors (DSPs).

The theory of digital signal processing and its applications is supported by

other disciplines such as:

computer science and engineering, and

advances in technologies such as the design and manufacturing of VLSI chips.

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Some Applications of DSP

Space

Medical

Diagnostic imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.)

Electrocardiogram analysis
Medical image storage/retrieval

Image and sound compression for multimedia

presentation
Movie special effects
Video conference calling

Radar
Sonar
Ordinance guidance
Secure communication

Industrial

Oil and mineral prospecting

Process monitoring and control
Nondestructive testing
CAD and design tools

Scientific

Telephone

Military

Commercial

Space photograph enhancement

Data compression
Intelligent sensory analysis by remote space probers

Earthquake recording and analysis

Data acquisition
Spectral analysis
Simulation and modeling

Voice and data compression

Echo reduction
Signal multiplexing
Filtering

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

Some Applications of DSP

Digital signal processing is used in several areas, including the following:

Speech recognition,
speech synthesis,
speaker verification,
speech enhancement,
text-to-speech translation, and
speech-to-text dictation.

Biomedical Systems

X-ray machines,
MRI, PET scanning,
Bone scanning, CT scanning,
ultrasound imaging,
fetal monitoring,
patient monitoring,
ECG and EEG mapping
hearing aids
cardiac pacemakers.

Image Processing

Speech Processing

Consumer Electronics

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image enhancement,
image restoration,
image understanding,
computer vision,
radar and sonar processing,
geophysical and seismic data
remote sensing, and
weather monitoring
HDTV,
digital cameras,
digital phones,
answering machines,
fax and modems,
music synthesizers, processing,
laser printers
copying machines
Scanners
Surround-sound entertainment systems including CD
and DVD players
recording and mixing of music signals to produce
CD and DVDs.

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Some Applications of DSP

Digital signal processing is used in several areas, including the following:

Military Electronics

GPS and navigation,

radar and sonar image processing,

detection and tracking of targets,

missile guidance,

secure communications,

jamming and countermeasures,

remote control of surveillance aircraft,

electronic warfare

Aerospace and Automotive Electronics

control of aircraft and automotive engines,

monitoring and control of flying performance

of aircraft,

navigation and communications,

control of brakes in aircrafts,

control of suspension,

riding comfort of cars,

vibration analysis & antiskid control of cars,

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Digital Signal Processing

Digital signal processing is used in several areas, including the following:

Telecommunications

Wireless or mobile phones

Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) or Internet telephony

Industrial Applications

Numerical control,

robotics,

control of engines and motors,

manufacturing automation,

security access, and

video conferencing.

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Allied Areas of DSP

DSP is interdisciplinary, relying on the technical work in many adjacent fields.

To specialize in DSP, these are the allied areas you will also need to study:

Communication theory

Numerical analysis

Probability and statistics

Analog signal processing

Decision theory

Digital electronics

Analog electronics

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

12

Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing

Signals

A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any
other independent variable or variables.

The term signal is generally applied to something that conveys information. Signals
generally convey information about the state or behavior of a physical system,
and often, signals are synthesized for the purpose of communicating information
between humans or between humans and machines.

--Proakis & Manolakis: Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications

--Oppenheim: Discrete-Time signal Processing, 2e

Systems

A system is a physical device (hardware) that performs an operation on a signal. It

is convenient to broaden the definition of a system to include not just physical
devices, but also software realizations of operations on a signal.
--Oppenheim: Discrete-Time signal Processing, 2e

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Signals, Systems, and Signal Processing

Signal Processing

Signal processing is concerned with the representation, transformation, and

manipulation of the signals and the information they contain.

Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of signals

as a sequence of numbers and the algorithmic operations carried out on the
signals to extract specific information contained in them.

DSP is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques used to

manipulate signals after they have been converted into a digital form.

-- Oppenheim: Discrete-Time signal Processing, 2e

---Steven W. Smith: The Scientist & Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Analog Electronics
Passive networks (resistors, capacitors,
inductances, crystals, SAW filters),

non-linear elements (diodes, . . . ),

(roughly) linear operational amplifiers

Advantages:

passive networks are highly linear over a

very large dynamic range and large
bandwidths

analog signal-processing circuits require

little or no power

analog circuits cause little additional

interference

----Polytechnic University of the Philippines---------Electronics Engineering Department------

6/27/2016

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Sequences and Systems

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