SIGNALING QUIZZESS

PART A.
1 The release of nitric oxide by vascular endothelial cells causing
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells is an example of which type
of signaling?
A autocrine
B endocrine
C juxacrine
D paracrine
Receptor-ligand binding analysis can provide information on the following
except:
A dissociation constant, Kd of receptor-ligand interaction.
B fraction of receptors occupied by ligand.
C signal transduction mechanism.
D total number of receptors per cell.
3 Which type of protein activates GTPase switch proteins, such as Ras?
A G protein effectors.
B GTPase activating protein (GAP).
C Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF).
D Guanylyl cyclase.
4 How is protein kinase A (PKA) regulated?
A PKA is activated by covalent binding of cyclic AMP.
B PKA is allosterically activated by cyclic AMP.
C PKA is allosterically inhibited by cyclic AMP.
D PKA is competitively inhibited by cyclic AMP.
5 Which of the following is not involved in signal transduction by the adrenergic receptor pathway?
A ATP
B Cyclic AMP
C Cyclic GMP
D GTP
6 Binding of epinephrine to different G-protein coupled receptors can
have the following effects except:
A Activation of adenylate cyclase.
B Activation of phosphodiesterase.
C Activation of phospholipase C.
D Inhibition of adenylate cyclase.
7 Activated phospholipase C can convert phosphatidylinositol 4,5bisphosphate to:
A diacylglycerol + inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

B
C
D

lysophosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate + arachidonic acid.

phosphatidic acid + inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate + phosphate

8 Calmodulin is a(n):
A allosteric inhibitor of calcium-dependent enzymes.
B calcium-dependent enzyme.
C cell surface calcium receptor.
D regulatory subunit of calcium-dependent enzymes.
9 Most transduction systems involving trimeric G proteins have in
common all of the following except:
A nuclear receptors.
B receptors that activate a G protein.
C receptors with multiple transmembrane segments.
D self-inactivation.
10 Which statement is false concerning signal transduction of light by
rhodopsin in photoreceptor cells?
A Activated rhodopsin can be desensitized by phosphorylation and
binding to arrestin.
B Excitation of cells increases cGMP concentration and depolarizes the
plasma membrane.
C G-protein signaling activates a phosphodiesterase.
D Light absorption converts 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal.
11 How does cholera toxin change signal transduction of the cAMP
pathway?
A It binds to adenylate cyclase making it always active.
B It desensitizes the -adrenergic receptor
C It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase.
D It modifies Gs protein making it always active.
12 Which pathway is not activated by signaling through a receptor
tyrosine kinase?
A IP3/DAG pathway
B JAK-STAT pathway
C PI-3 kinase pathway
D Ras-MAP kinase pathway
13 Which protein kinase is activated in the phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3)
kinase pathway?
A Protein kinase A
B Protein kinase B
C Protein kinase C
D Protein kinase G
14 Which is not a response to insulin signal transduction?
A Activation of transcription factors

B Exocytosis of GLUT4 transporters to plasma membrane

C Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3
D Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase
15 Which of the following statements concerning cyclins is false?
A Cyclins are activated and degraded during the cell cycle.
B Cyclins are regulatory subunits for enzymes that catalyze the
phosphorylation of proteins.
C Cyclins can become linked to ubiquitin.
D Cyclins catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins.
16 Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are
useful for cellular signal transduction because
A) they are species specific.
B) they always lead to the same cellular response.
C) they amplify the original signal manyfold.
D) they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
E) the number of molecules used is small and fixed.
17. Binding of a signal molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to
a change in the distribution of anions and/or cations on opposite sides of
the membrane?
A) receptor tyrosine kinase
B) G-protein-linked receptor
C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer
D) ligand-gated ion channel
E) intracellular receptor
18. The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is always characterized by
A) dimerization and phosphorylation.
B) IP3 binding.
C) a phosphorylation cascade.
D) GTP hydrolysis.
E) channel protein conformational change.
19. Which of the following provides the best evidence that cell-signaling
pathways evolved early in the history of life?
A) They are seen in "primitive" cells such as yeast.
B) Yeast cells signal each other for mating.
C) Signal transduction molecules found in distantly related organisms
are similar.
D) Signals can be sent long distances by cells.
E) Most signals are received by cell surface receptors.
20. Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a
second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?
A) Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added
to a cell-free extract.
B) Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.

C) Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was

administered to intact cells.
D) Glycogen breakdown was observed when epinephrine and glycogen
phosphorylase were combined.
E) Epinephrine was known to have different effects on different types
of cells.
21. Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following
except
A) regulation of transcription by extracellular signal molecules.
B) enzyme activation.
C) activation of G-protein-linked receptors.
D) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
E) activation of protein kinase molecules.
22. Amplification of a chemical signal occurs when
A) a receptor in the plasma membrane activates several G-protein
molecules while a signal molecule is bound to it.
B) a cAMP molecule activates one protein kinase molecule before
being converted to AMP.
C) phosphorylase and phosphatase activities are balanced.
D) receptor tyrosine kinases dimerize upon ligand binding.
E) Both A and D occur.
23. Lipid-soluble signal molecules, such as testosterone, cross the
membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
A) only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
B) intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
C) most cells lack the Y chromosome required.
D) only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the
testosterone.
E) only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the
phosphorylation cascade leading to activated transcription factor.
24. Signal transduction pathways benefit cells for all of the following
reasons except
A) they help cells respond to signal molecules that are too large or too
polar to cross the plasma membrane.
B) they enable different cells to respond appropriately to the same
signal.
C) they help cells use up phosphate generated by ATP breakdown.
D) they can amplify a signal.
E) variations in the signal transduction pathways can enhance
response specificity.
25. Consider this pathway: epinephrine G-protein-linked receptor G
protein adenylyl cyclase cAMP. Identify the second messenger.
A) cAMP
B) G protein

C) GTP
D) adenylyl cyclase
E) G-protein-linked receptor
26. Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects by
influencing what structures in the cell membrane?
A) tyrosine-kinases receptors
B) ligand-gated ion channel receptors
C) growth factors
D) G proteins
E) cholesterol
27. Which of the following signal systems use(s) G-protein-linked
receptors?
A) yeast mating factors
B) epinephrine
C) neurotransmitters
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C
28. Most signal molecules
A) bind to specific sites on receptor proteins in a membrane.
B) are water-soluble.
C) are able to pass through the plasma membrane by active transport.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
29. When cells respond to an extracellular signal, they most often convert the
information from one form to another. This process is called:
A. signal transformation.
B. signal transduction.
C. signal interference.
D. signal amplification.

30. When the hormone insulin is released into the bloodstream, what form of
cell-to-cell signaling is being used?
A. Endocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Neuronal
D. Contact-dependent

31.

Many of the extracellular signal molecules that regulate inflammation are

released locally at the site of infection. What form of cell-to-cell signaling
is being used?
A. Endocrine
B. Paracrine
C. Neuronal
D. Contact-dependent

32.

What does a target cell require to respond to an extracellular signal

molecule?
A. Access to the signal molecule
B. The presence of an appropriate receptor for the signal molecule
C. Appropriate intracellular signaling pathways
D. All of the above

PART B
Question 1: The pathway plays a central role in principal cell fate
decisions, regulating the processes of cell
proliferation, differentiation and ________.
A. Signal transduction
B. Apoptosis-inducing factor
C. Transcription factor
D. Apoptosis

Question 2: JAKs, which have ________ activity, bind to some cell

surface cytokine receptors.
A. Bruton's tyrosine kinase
B. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
C. Eph receptor
D. Tyrosine kinase

Question 3: It is particularly important in ________ - production

of blood cells.
A. Adaptive immune system
B. Haematopoiesis
C. Immune system
D. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Question 4: With increased kinase activity, they

form phosphorylate tyrosineresidues on the receptor and create sites for
interaction with proteins that containphosphotyrosine-binding ________.
A. Grb2
B. SH2 domain
C. Janus kinase 2
D. Abl gene
Question 5: STATs may also be tyrosine-phosphorylated directly
by receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the ________ as well as by nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, such as c-src.
A. ErbB
B. RET proto-oncogene
C. CD117
D. Epidermal growth factor receptor
Question 6: Activated STAT dimers accumulate in the ________ and
activate transcription of their target genes.
A. Cell nucleus
B. Mitochondrion
C. Endomembrane system
D. Cell (biology)
Question 7: The JAK-STAT signaling pathway takes part in the
regulation of cellular responses to ________ and growth factors.

A. Chemokine
B. Interleukin
D. CD154
E. Cytokine

PART C
Describe and make diagram about the JAK-STAT pathway.

Y Y

Pada mulanya Janus Kinase (JAK) dalam bentuk inaktif berasosiasi dengan
reseptor sitokin baik tipe I maupun tipe 2 pada domain sitoplasma.
Selanjutnya sitokin kn berikatan dengan reseptor sitokin menyebabkan JAK
menjadi aktif, JAK akif akan menyebabkan fosforilasi pada gugus y dari
kompleks ikatan antara reseptor sitokin dengan molekul sitokin kemudian dapat
diikat oleh protein STAT(Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription)
Peristiwa berikutnya terjadi fosforilasi STAT dan dimerisasi STAT:
STAT terdisosiasi dari reseptor dan akan mengikat bagian yang lain sehingga
terjadi dimerisasi.
STAT dalam bentuk dimer ini kemudian masuk ke dalam nukleus dan akan
menempati bagian promoter yang selanjutnya akan memicu transkripsi gen.