FORMULA

EQUATION

UNITS

DEFINITION

Light/Waves

Wavespeed

V elocity/W avespeed = f requency wavelength

V = f

Wavespeed/Velocity
=m/s
Frequency=Hz
Wavelength=Meter(m)

Distanceawavetravelsperunittime

Snell'sLaw
Speed

Refractiveindex = speedoflightinvacuum
speedoflightinmedium
cv
n = cm

Refractiveindex=
Speedoflight=m/s
(inair3x108)

Refractiveindex(wavespeed).Directly
proportionaltospeedinvacuumoverspeedin
medium.Dimensionlessnumberthatdescribes
howlightpropagatesthroughthatmedium.

Snell'slaw
Angle

Refractiveindex =
sini
n = sinr

Refractiveindex=
Angles=

Refractiveindex(angles).Directlyproportional
toangleofincidenceoverangleofrefraction

Criticalangle

1
Refractiveindex = criticalangle

1
n = sinc

Refractiveindex=
Criticalangle=

Angleofincidencebeyondwhichraysoflight
passingthroughadensermediumtothe
surfaceofalessdensemediumarenolonger
refractedbuttotallyreflected

Energy

Workdone
(energy
transferred)

W orkdone = force distance

Wd = f d

Workdone=joules(j)
Force=N
distance=Meter(m)

Theproductoftheforceandthedistanceover
whichtheforceisapplied.

Kineticenergy

K ineticevery = 12 mass velocity2

K E = 12 mv2

Kineticenergy=joules(j)
Mass=kg
Velocity=m/s

Theenergypossessedbyabodyduetoit's
motion

Gravitational
potentialenergy

Gravitationalpotentialenergy = mass gravity height GPE=joules(j)

Mass=Kg
GP E = mgh
Gravitationalfield
strength=N/Kg(Earth=10)
height=Meters(m)

angleofincidence(inair)
angleofrefraction(inmedium)

Energyabodypossessedbecauseofa
changedposition,stateorshape

Energy
Time

Power

P ower =
P = Et

Power=watts
Energy=Joules(j)
Time=t

Rateofdoingwork.
Itistheamountofenergyconsumedperunit
time.
ScalarQuantity

Efficiency

Efficiency =

Efficiency=%
Energy=Joules(j)
Power=Watts

Usefulworkperquantityofenergy

Thermal

Specificlatent
heat

Specificlatentheat =
Q
c = mT

Specificlatentheat=j/kg
Heatenergy=joules(j)
Mass=Kg
Temperature=

Theenergyrequiredtochange1kgofa
materialby1
MaterialswithhighSHCtakealongtimeto
heatandcool.MaterialswithlowSHCheatup
andcoolfaster.

Latentheatof
fusion/
vaporization

Energy = mass specificlatentheat

E = mL
(Energytransfer)

Energy=joules(j)
Mass=Kg
Specificlatentheat=j/kg

Fusion=amountofenergyneededtochange1
kgoficeto1kgofwater
Vaporisation=Amountofenergyneededto
change1kgofwaterto1kgofwatervapour

Thermal
Capacity

T hermalcapacity = mass specificheatcapacity

T hermalcapacity = m SHC

Thermalcapacity=j/
mass=Kg
SHC=j/kg

Howmuchenergyisstoredperof
temperature

KineticTheory

Density

Density = VMass
olume
M
D= V

Density=g/cm
mass=g
Volumecm3

Degreeofconsistencymeasuredbythequantityof
massperunitvolume.

Pressure

P ressure =
f
P =a

Pressure=N/cm
Area=cm
Forceexerted=N

Forceexertedperunitarea

Hydrostatic
pressure

P ressure = density height gravitationalforce

p = gh

Pressure=Pa
Density=g/cm3

Thepressureexertedbyacolumnofliquidof
heighth

usefulpower/energy
totalpower/energy

forceexerted
area

100

Heatenergy
masstemperaturechange

equation

height=m

Boyle'slaw

P ressure1 V olume1 = P ressure2 volume2

P 1V 1 = P 2V 2

Pressure=PaorN/cm
Volume=cm3'

Pressurewithconstanttemperature

Volumeconstant

Pressure1
Temperature1
P1
P2
T1 = T2

Pressure=PaorN/cm
Temperature

Pressurewithconstantvolume

Motion/Forces

Speed,distance
andtime

Distance = Speed time

D = St

Distance=m
speed=m/s
time=s

Distance=amountofspacebetweentwo
places
Speed=Distancetravelledperunittime
Time=distanceoverspeedALLSCALAR

Acceleration

Acceleration = finalvelocityinitialvelocity

time
vu
A= t

Acceleration=m/s
Velocity=m/s
time(s)

Avectorquantity.Therateofwhichanobject
changesvelocity

Weight

weight = mass gravity

w = mg

weight=N
Mass=Kg
Gravitationalfield
strength=N/Kg(Earth=10)

Forceexertedonabodybygravity

Force

F orce = Mass acceleration

F = ma

Force=N
Mass=Kg
Acceleration=m/s

Vectorquantity.Somethingthatcausesa
changeinthemotionofanobject

Moments

M oment = F orce distance

M = fd

Moment=Ncm
Force=N
distance=cm

Forceaboutapivot
Totalclockwisemoment=Totalanticlockwise
moment

Hooke'sLaw

F orceapplied = P roportionalityConstant extension

F = kx

Force=N
Extension=cm
k=N/cm

Momentum

M omentum = Mass V elocity

p = mv

Momentum=kgm/s
mass=kg

Thequantityofmotionofamovingbody,
measuredasaproductofitsmassand

Pressure2
= Temperature2

conservationofmomentum = m1 = m2
(p1 = p2)

velocity=m/s

velocity.Avectorquantity.Momentumbefore
isequaltomomentumafter

Tension

T ension = mass gravity mass acceleration

T = mg ma(objectmovingdownwards)
T ension = mass gravity + mass acceleration
T = mg + ma(objectmovingupwards)

Tension=N
Mass=Kg
Acceleration=m/s

Thetensionforceistheforcethatis
transmittedthroughastring,rope,cableor
wirewhenitispulledtightbyforcesacting
fromoppositeends.

Magnetism

Transformer
equation

Primaryvoltage
SecondaryV oltage

Voltage=Volts
Current=Amps
N=Numberofturns

Atransformerisadevicethatchangesan
alternatingvoltagefromonevaluetoanother
valueeitherbystepuporstepdown.

Vp
Vs

Np
Ns

Primarynumberofturns
= Secondarynumberofturns
=

Is
= Ip

Secondarycurrent
Primarycurrent

Electronics/
Circuits

Voltage

Energy
V oltage = Charge

V Qw

Voltage=volts
Energy=Joules(j)
Charge=Coulombs

Energyprovidedtoeachunitofcharge

Current

current = Charge
Time
Q
I= t

Current=Amps
Charge=Coulombs
Time=s

ChargeFlowpersecond

Resistance

Resistance = Current
R VI

Resistance=
Voltage=Volts
Current=Amps

Anumber,theratioofvoltagetocurrent.
Measurestheoppositionofcurrent

Power

P ower = Vcurrent
oltage
I
P=V

Power=Watts
Current=Amps
Voltage=Volts

Therateofdoingwork

Radioactivity

Alphadecay

Betadecay

a+4
z+2
X za X + 24

a
o
z1
X za X + 1

A=massnumber
Z=protonnumber

NOTEIsotopeisanelementthathasthe
samenumberofprotonsbutdifferentnumber
ofneutrons

V oltage

PRACTICAL
GENERAL

Sharppencilandruler

answers

Labelaxiswithunitseg.time/

yourresults(quote

results)

Answerallparts.Ifyoucantgeta

Usethesamesigfigasthe
instruments

Ifcalculatingusesamesigfigasdata

Usebiggestrangeavailable

Ifwrappingtomeasurea
circumference,wrapmanytimesand

CONCLUSION

Includeunitsforallnumerical

resultmakeitup

GRAPHS

Makesureyourpointsfillhalf

Donthavetostartat0,0

experimentalerror

unlessitsaysso

ofeachother

Sensiblescale1,2or5units
LineOfBestFitusuallystraight
linewithsameamountabove

Explainmethodandshowworking

asbelow

Resultscanbe
within10%

persquare

Needstomatch

thegraphbothways

dividelengthbyamountofwraps.
Graphs

PLANNING

Useresultstojustify
yourconclusions

Quotescientific
theory

Repeat3timestake

Forgradientdrawatriangle

anaveragethenplot

biggerthanhalftheline

agraph

Alwaysgivevaluestoeach
step
LISTthevaluesyouwilluse
Usethebiggestrange
available
Alwaysrepeattheexperiment
3timesandtakeanaverage.
Youarelookingtohavea
directrelationship(onlyone
lineonthegraph)
Writeoutthegraph(
against.)indetailand
drawasketch.Independent
variableonthebottom(the
oneyouchange)

Transformer
1. TheprimarycoilisconnectedtoanACsupply
2. Analternatingcurrentpassesthroughaprimarycoilwrappedaroundasoftironcore
3. Thechangingcurrentproducesachangingmagneticfield
4. Thisinducesanalternatingvoltageinthesecondarycoil
5. Thisinducesanalternatingcurrent(AC)inthecircuitconnectedtothesecondarycoil

LOGICGATES
MEASURINGSHCINALAB
RESISTANCEINAWIRE
POTENTIALDIVIDER
VARIABLERESISTORS
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MAGNETISMANDELECTROMAGNETISMcircuitbreaker,bells,relay,doorlock,transformer,deflectiontube,Dcmotor,Acgenerator,thegrid,induction
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