CS100

ASIAN
ARCHITECTURE
AR198-6 / AR1

SUBMITTED TO:
Arch. Gloria Historillo
SUBMITTED BY:
RIVERA, Eliezer C.
TOLENTINO, Lemuel Adriel C.
TUD, Maria Zaneta C.
VIBANDOR, Mark Angelo G.
VIERNES, Kathrina Bianca A.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Golden Age: 15th - 16th century

GREEK ARCHITECTS: Designed the first buildings
Encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to
the present day
Similar to structures in Late Roman, Byzantine, and Persian

MUHAMMAD
570 C.E.

Born in Mecca
Comes from a noble family, and known for his honesty and upright character

610 C.E.

- Visited by angel Gabriel and was told to call his people to worship the one God; but
he was persecuted along with his followers

622 C.E.

Muhammad and his followers migrated to the nearby town of Yathrib which is
later known as Medina; marks the Hijrah/Hegira

630 C.E.

Establish Islam as their official religion

QURAN
Literally means "the recitation"
Called the Book of Heaven
Divided into 114 chapters called surahs, arranged from longest to shortest

MAIN CONCEPTS OF ISLAM

Submission
Greatness
Oneness

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM (Practices)

SHAHADA. Say it throughout the day.
SALAH. Pray 5 times daily, facing Mecca.
ZAKAT. Muslims are required to give 2.5% of their income to
the poor.
HAJJ. Pilgrimage to Mecca. Must make this pilgrimage once.
SAWM. Fasting.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

HYPOSTYLE HALL

COLUMNS

HORSESHOE ARCH
- Allowed architects to
achieve greater height
in the arches and it gave
an opportunity for
greater visual pattern
and rhythm in the
design.

TRANSVERSE ARCH
- Allowed architects to use
slimmer pillars instead of
thick columns in arcades;
also cover large spaces
and led to the
development of the
pointed arch.

POINTED ARCH
- This leads to thinner
pillars, higher ceilings,
the support of larger
domes and overall
gave the building a
lighter, more open
feel.

MULTIFOIL ARCH
- Arches within arches
- Like the horseshoe
arch, they also provide
opportunity for greater
visual pattern and
rhythm; but became a
pattern motif instead.

MATERIALS
MUD

Most frequent building material

Can simply be plastered on walls without shaping
Can be formed into large blocks

WOOD
Subordinate role, being used for scaffolding,
building forms, pulley weights, temporary
supports, and often for reinforcement of vault.

RUBBLE
Most frequent material after mud
Used primarily in foundation walls
Laid with loose pebbles
CUT STONE
Used in column bases, shafts, capitals, door sills,
frames, jambs, wall niches, and cornices
Crudely worked with iron tools

SPECIAL FEATURES
SAHN
- Islamic courtyard; originally
used for dwellings
- Common element in
religious buildings and
residences

DOME

- An Islamic representation of the vault of heaven

- House of God
- Often includes a crescent moon at the tip

MINARETS
- One of the earliest
characteristics of Islamic
architecture
- A point where the call to
prayer, or adhan, is made
- Consists of 3 parts: base,
shaft, and gallery

ELEMENTS

GEOMETRIC AND INTERLACE

- Signifies infinity, unity and
diversity
- Usually used for ceilings,
floors, and domes

FLORAL MOTIFS
- Symbolizes the transcendent,
indivisible, and infinite nature
of God
- Used for arches and walls

CALLIGRAPHY INSCRIPTIONS
- Quran quotations, religious texts,
poems, and praises for rulers
- Also used for columns, walls and
ceilings

PRINCIPAL ARCHITECTURAL TYPES

TOMB

Was an important concern for rulers

Placed diagonally and oriented towards Mecca
Usually constructed with sandstone and marble
Decorated with Quran inscriptions

FORT

Called Qasr, which also means frontier

Fort or Fortifications are military buildings designed for the protection of territories
Later serves as market and meeting points for tribes
Famous examples: The Alhambra Fort in Spain, and The Red Fort in India

PALACE
Umaid Bhawan Palace, India

A grand residence, or the home of a head

Islamic palaces of the rulers were dominant structures on ancient city skyline
As the Islamic empire broke down into a lot of smaller kingdoms, the ruler of each
kingdom needed to show his power

MOSQUE
Masjid in Arabic
Means place of prostration
FIRST MOSQUE: The Prophets house courtyard in Medina

TYPICAL MOSQUE FLOOR PLAN

MUSALLA prayer Hall; no furniture

QIBLA WALL - the wall that faces Mecca, the direction Muslims face to pray
MIHRAB - an ornamental indentation in the wall of a mosque, which indicates the Qibla
RIWAQ - arcade which serves as a transition space between indoor and outdoor spaces
MINBAR - a raised platform in the front area where sermons or speeches are given by Iman
DIKKA a tribune raised upon columns from which the Quran is recited
ABLUTIONS FOUNTAIN - a fountain used by Muslims to wash and symbolically purify certain parts of their bodies

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (3300-1700 BC)
Bronze Age of Indian Architecture
Modern-day Pakistan and northwest India
Largest ancient civilization (1,260,000 km2 area; 5
million population)
Baths and toilet systems were considered the most
advanced

HARAPPAN PERIOD (2600-1900 BC)

The Harappans built big cities, with high stone walls
around them, and public baths, warehouses, and
paved streets; sometimes for storing wheat and
barley
When the civilization collapsed, 2000 BC, almost
two thousand years went by before anyone in India
built a stone building again

MAHA JANAPADAS PERIOD (1500-200 AD)

Maha Janapadas literally means Great Kingdoms
Temples, caves, stupas, and residential buildings were introduced
The advent of Buddhism in India
Introduced new architectural types:
o Rock-cut architecture
o Cave architecture
o Buddhist architecture
o Hindu Temple architecture

ROCK-CUT ARCHITECTURE
The practice of creating a structure by carving it out
of solid natural rock
More than 1,500 known structures
Religious in nature
Represents significant achievements of structural
engineering and craftsmanship

CAVE ARCHITECTURE
Caves were used by Buddhist and Jain monks
as places of worship and residence
Caves include paintings and sculptures
considered to be masterpieces of both
Buddhist religious art and frescos

BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
A variety of traditions, belief, and spiritual practices based on teachings attributed to
Gautama Buddha
Buddha literally means the awakened one
Teaching:
o Negative states of mind - Problems and sufferings
o Positive states of mind - Happiness and good fortune
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
o Viharas (monasteries)
o Chaityas (shrines or prayer halls)
o Stupas (relics)

VIHARAS
Dwelling places used by wandering monks during the rainy
season but eventually evolved into centers of learning

CHAITYAS
A Buddhist shrine/prayer hall with a stupa at one end
Similar to ancient Roman concepts of column and arch

STUPAS
A mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics
(remains of Buddhist monks or nuns)
A place of meditation

TYPES OF STUPAS

Object

Relic

Commemorative

Symbolic

Votive

HINDU ARCHITECTURE
Around 1500 BC, came the Aryans attacking the Dravidians
o Aryans nomadic light-skinned Indo-European tribes from Central Asia
o Dravidians more advanced dark-skinned

Aryans were Hindus and believed in karma

Introduced Hinduism in India

TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
o Different shape of roofing structure
o Structural system: Post and beam with massive blocks of stone
o Decoration was fundamental often intricate details
o A Hindu temple is laid out according to the eight cardinal directions
o An open, symmetry driven structure, with many variations, on a square grid of padas

HINDU TEMPLE SPIRE

- A tower representing the mountain where the God lives
- Called Shikhara in north India and Vimana in south India
o Mountain peak
- Most prominent and visible part in a Hindu temple

DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE

A typical South Indian style temple that is usually made from stone
Shape may be rectangular, square, pyramid, or octagonal
Has a step design (for the Deities)
Temples usually have:
o Gopurams - large towers over the entrances
o Vimana - the tower over the sanctum (the Deities)
o Large pillared halls and corridors

PALLAVA STYLE (600-900 BC)

The period is also known as the age of poetry in
stone
One of the pioneers of South Indian architecture

CHOLA STYLE (900-1150 BC)

CHARACTERISTICS:
Sanctuaries have rising pyramid towers crowned
with dome like roofs
Bronze sculptures

PANDYA STYLE (1150-1343 BC)

Contains gigantic towers and vimanas like the
ones at Srirangam, Chidambaram, Kumbakonam,
and Tirumala
Pandya shrines are dwarf by the walls and gates

VIJAYANAGARA STYLE (1343-1565 BC)

Combination of the styles developed in South
India in the previous centuries
UNIQUE CONTRIBUTIONS:
o Yali columns pillar with charging horse
o Balustrades
o Manatapa ornate pillared

CHERA STYLE
Unique architectural style of
architecture but the simplest one

Dravidian

JAINISM ARCHITECTURE

Founded by Vardamana or Mahavira (Great Hero)

An offshoot of Hindu and Buddhist architectural styles
Temples were mainly carved out of rock faces and the use of bricks was almost negligible
However, in the later years, Jains started building temple-cities on hills based on the concept
of mountains of immortality

ELEMENTS
o Temples have numerous pillars which are richly carved brackets
o Roofs have pointy domes
o Built on hills

Ranakpur, India
First temple to be built
by the Jain community

INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Indian architecture influenced by Islamic art

The style was neither strictly Islamic nor strictly Hindu
MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526 1764)
o Islamic empire that lasted in India; which left a mark on their architecture
o A mix of Persian, Arabic, Central Asian, and Ottoman Turkish styles
o Forts and towns were built in similar symmetrical style but blended with Indian styles

NORTHERN vs SOUTHERN INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

NORTH

SOUTH

STYLE

Modest

Grand

GATES

Starting from a lower height to a

tall tower

With the largest tower in the

main gate

DETAILS

Minimalist

Intricate

WATERSCAPE

None

Ponds

HALLS

None

Surrounding

MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE
GEOGRAPHY

LOCATION: Southeast Asia.

67th largest country in the world in terms of area
CLIMATE: categorized as equatorial, being hot and
humid throughout the year.
TOTAL LAND AREA: 329,847 square km (127,350 sq mi)
Two distinct geographical regions: Peninsular
Malaysia and East Malaysia

PEOPLE

Malays 51%,
Chinese 35%,
Indians 10%
remaining 4% are formed by other ethnic groups such as the Dayaks, Kadazans, Thais, Eurasians,
Indonesians and Arabs.gan with those countries, and increased with immigration to Malaysia

RELIGION

The dominant religion in Malaysia is Islam, whose followers make up 61% of the population.
Islam is recognized as the state religion of Malaysia, although the country has a secular
constitution.
o
o
o
o
o
o

61.3% Islam
19.8% Buddhism
9.2% Christianity
6.3% Hinduism
1.3% Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions
0.7% Atheist
o 1.4% Other religions or no information

ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA

Architecture in Malaysia is a combination of many styles, from Islamic and Chinese styles to
those brought by European colonists. Malay architecture has changed due to these influences.

JAPAN

DUTCH (1641-1824)

PORTUGESE
(1511-1641)

(1942-1945)

BRITISH
(1824-1942)

AUGUST 31, 1957

INDEFENDENCE FOR THE
FEDERATION OF MALAYSIA

RUMAH MELAYU (Malay Houses)

Traditional dwellings, originating before the arrival of foreign or modern influences, and
constructed by the indigenous ethnic Malay of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo

TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE

o Basically, the traditional Malay house can be divided into two portions: the rumah ibu (the
core house) and the dapur (kitchen) respectively.

PARTS OF THE MALAY HOUSE

1. Anjung or the covered porch. Unfamiliar visitors are
entertained here.
2. Serambi Gantung most guests are entertained here.
Low windows for good ventilation and good views.
3. Rumah Ibu core area. Largest area in the house.
Activities such as sleeping, praying, sewing, studying,
etc. are conducted here.
4. Selung or the closed walkway. It is used to link the
kitchen and the rumah ibu. together. It is used by the
womenfolk as a space to chat and socialize.
5. Dapur or the kitchen. Always situated at the back of
the house.

Various traditional and hybrid Malay house forms can be identified in Peninsular Malaysia. They
are classified mainly by their roof shapes. The basic house forms are the:
o bumbung panjang- characterized by a long gable roof.
o bumbung lima- hipped roof
o bumbung perak-gambrel roof
o bumbung limas- pyramidal roof

Although Malay houses have diversity of styles according to each states, provinces, and subethnics, there are common style and similarities shared among them:
o Built on stilts
o Have stairs
o Partitioned rooms
o Vernacular roof
o Adorned with decoration

KAMPONGS - VILLAGES
Pattern:
Linear Pattern
Concentric Pattern
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

The traditional Malay house relies for its strength on a complex jointing system made rigid by
the use of timber wedges. This allows the house to be easily taken apart and reassembled
elsewhere.

TIMBER STRUCTURE
Post-and-beam method
Walls are usually made of timber although bamboo is still used in certain areas.
Numerous full-length windows line the walls, providing both ventilation and a view outside.
High-pitched, gabled roof, which dominates the house, was traditionally covered with thatch
but is now more often covered with galvanized iron

TRADITIONAL PALACES OF THE PENINSULAR WEST COAST

ISTANA SERI MENANTI
o Located in Negeri Sembilan
o One of the few remaining timber palaces in Malaysia
o Constructed 1902-1908
o Constructed without using any nails

TRADITIONAL PALACES OF THE PENINSULAR EAST COAST

ISTANA SERI AKAR
o This palace was built by Sultan Muhammad II of
Kelantan in 1886 as a wedding gift for his
granddaughter, Tengku Meriam Kembang Putri.
o The building was constructed out of wood
o Subsequently abandoned and fell into ruin and was
probably demolished in the 1970s

MALAY BURIAL STRUCTURES

THE MAKAM PAHLAWAN OR WARRIORS' TOMB
o Was built in 1965 within the complex of the
National Mosque as a mausoleum for heads of
state in Malaysia

BUDDHIST TEMPLE
KEK LOK SI TEMPLE
o "Heavenly temple", "Pure Land Temple, "Temple of
Supreme Bliss" and the "Temple of Paradise
o Buddhist temple situated in Air Itam in Penang and is one
of the best known temples on the island.
o Largest Buddhist temple in Southeast Asia
o The construction of the temple began in 1890 and
completed in 1905. It was inspired by Beow Lean, the chief
monk of the Goddess of Mercy Temple.

HINDU TEMPLE
ARULMIGU SRI MAHAMARIAMMAN TEMPLE
o The oldest Hindu temple in Penang, Malaysia, and features
fascinating sculptures of gods and goddesses over its main
entrance and facade. It is located at Lebuh Queen. Built in
1833.

MOSQUE
PUTRA MOSQUE
o The principal mosque of Putrajaya, Malaysia
o Construction of the mosque began in 1997 and was
completed two years later. It is located next to Perdana
Putra which houses the Malaysian Prime Minister's
office and man-made Putrajaya Lake.

ZAHIR MOSQUE
o Built in 1912, a contributory effort of YTM Tunku
Mahmud Ibni Almarhum Sultan Tajuddin Mukarram
Shah.
o The architecture of the mosque was inspired by the Azizi
Mosque in Tanjung Pura, Langkat Sultanate
o This mosque is enhanced with five prime large domes
symbolizing the Five Pillars of Islam

SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ MOSQUE

o The state mosque of Selangor, Malaysia
o Located in Shah Alam
o Country's largest mosque, and also the second largest
mosque in Southeast Asia
o Its most distinguishing feature is its large blue and
silver dome. The mosque has four minarets, one erected
at each of the corners.

SULTAN ABU BAKAR STATE MOSQUE

o The state mosque of Johor, Malaysia
o Located along Jalan Skudai,Johor Bahru, the
mosque was constructed between 1892 and
1900, under the direction of Sultan Abu Bakar.

MODERNISM IN MALAYSIA

PETRONAS TOWER MENARA BERKEMBAR PETRONAS

o Twin Skyscrapers located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
o Designed by Argentine Architect Cesar Pelli.
o Post modern Architecture Style.
o Started: March 1,1993
o Completed: March 1, 1996
o Inaugurated: August 1, 1999
o Height: 451.9 meters

KUALA LUMPUR TOWER MENARA KUALA LUMPUR

o Tall tower located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
o Telecommunication, Islamic Lunar Observatory, Tourist Spot
o Architect: Kumpulan Senireka Sdn. Bhd.
o Height: 421m (antenna spire) 335m.(roof)
o Construction: October 4, 1991 September13, 1994

THAILAND ARCHITECTURE
RELIGION INFLUENCES
1. BUDDHISM - Theravada Buddhism reached Thailand around the 6th century AD.95% of
Thailand's Population.

WAT PHRA KAEW

o The Temple of Emerald Buddha
o Total area of over 94.5 hectares (234 acres).
o It has over 100 buildings with 200 years royal history and architectural experimentation
o Thailands primary and most important temple. Entrance is guarded by a pair
of yakshis (mythical giants 5m high statues).
- The eponymous image Buddha in brilliant green colour is 66 centimetres (26 in) in
height with a lap width of 48.3 centimetres (19.0 in)

2. HINDUISM - Although only a minority of Thai identify as Hindu today, many Hindu gods such as
Indra and Brahma are still worshiped today. Ancient Hindu rituals are still practiced which
include customs such as marriage ceremonies.

SRI MARIAMMAN
o One of the most impressive Hindu temples in Thailand is
the Sri Mariamman temple in Bangkok, also called Wat Khaek
in the local language.
o This primarily Hindu temple is home to all the gods of the
Hindu religion and reveals a detailed, colourful structure.

3. ISLAM - Islam was introduced to Thailand in the 13th century. Islam is most popular in southern
Thailand, near the border with Malaysia.

CENTRAL MASJID OF PATTANI

o One of the most beautiful and largest mosques in
Thailand. Built in 1954, the construction of this
mosque took almost nine years.
o Similar to Taj Mahal; it has Big dome, four minarets
and a pond

4. CHRISTIAN Christianity was first introduced to Thailand by

European missionaries. It represents 1.2% of the National population.

ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL, BANGKOK

o Built in the early 19th century, it is the seat of the archdiocese of
Bangkok.

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES

Five different historical periods where significant changes can be seen in the various religious
architecture styles.
KHMER PERIOD
o Totally dictated by Hindu beliefs, astrology and subjugation to the Gods and their God
Kings
o The role of architecture was to demonstrate these beliefs for the believers and enforce by
demonstration the system to those subjugated to the system.
SUKHOTHAI PERIOD
o Golden age of Thai culture gained independence in 1238 and quickly expanded its
boundary of influence

AYUTTHAYA PERIOD
o Three palaces for its rulers:
Wang Luan (Royal Palace) - occupied by the principal king, situated on the
northern rim of the city
Wang Na (Palace to the Front) - built for the second or Vice-King, situated on
the northeastern corner of the city
Wang Lang (Palace to the Rear) - later occupied by princes of the royal blood,
situated on the western part of the city
LANNA PERIOD
o Influenced by Chinese, Indian and Monk with mixture of Harpunchai, Chiang Saen and
Sukhothai but developed its own character
o Made use of wood but more of stones and bricks.
o Lanna Architectural Style was found in the northern region of Thailand while Chiang Mai
being its center
RATTANAKOSIN PERIOD
o Architectures constructed during the reign of King Rama III had either one of the two
distinctive characteristics (in or out)
o The in type was the one with traditional gable ends decorating the roof while the out
types, the gable ends of the roof were plainly constructed with bricks and stucco.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Thai Architecture reflects the influences of the Buddhist countries and of the various groups
with which it has mingle and associated for two millennia.
At various stages down the years, the cultures of Burma, China, Khmer, India and Sri Lanka, can
all be seen to have had an important and distinctive influence on architecture in Thailand.
Most noticeable in Thai architecture are the swooping multi-tiered rooflines, the distinctly
ornamental decorations, the stunning interior murals, the vivid colors and the lovingly crafted
and gold- adorned Buddha images.

TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
THAI HOUSE
o Simple structure of bamboo and thatch, raised off the ground for protection against floods
and wild animals
o Most family life took place on a veranda-like platform outside the one or two rooms that
served as sleeping quarters
o Evolved into more complex structures of wood, varying both in form and decoration to suit
conditions in different regions but always retaining their essential simplicity

Decorative elements were largely confined to panels carved in Chinese designs under the
windows and sometimes over the doors and the curling roof ends, possibly reflecting the
Khmer architectural style
Curved roof-ends (symbolic of the 'nagas' or serpents that adorn the Khmer temples.)

CENTRAL PLAINS HOUSES

The structure of the stilt house in the central region is the most common and of very
simple style.
o

o
o

The high gable roof which in its center has a

shape like the halo of the sun is the most
outstanding structure, where there is a space
for cooking smoke to flow out
The long overhanging eaves can protect from
sun or rain.
High open space under the house which is
supported by many poles. This space is the area
for storage of tools or agricultural equipment,
parking, eating meals and other activities

ROYAL HOUSES
o Were similar in design to those of commoners except
that they were generally closer to the ground and had
more decorative features

SOUTHERN HOUSES
o The most distinctive are the houses of Thai Muslim
o Hipped Roof (Punya or Lima)
o Column bases (teen sao)

THE SALA
o An open-sided pavilion familiar structure in Thailand found
in the courtyards of temples and along heavily travelled
routes
o Serves as a shelter, giving shade from the hot tropical sun
and heavy monsoon rain.
o It also is a living room and a hub for community social
gatherings and village activities

MATERIALS
Sandstone- door parts, lintels, and rectangular windows
Brick- replaced sandstone
Stucco- cover for brick walls
Wood- was used in temple construction
Porcelain fragments- influenced by the Chinese, it can be seen in some ornamental decorations

RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Follows a similar set of design principles and the same can normally be said for the functions of
the various buildings within the complex
Architectural modifications have been made and the overall style of each of the buildings may
vary considerably. There is also a symbolic significance to each and every part of the Thai wat
complex. The capitals of the columns, for example, are shaped like lotus buds or water lilies
symbolizing the purity of Buddha's thoughts.

THAI WAT
Group of buildings each serving various purposes and usually set within a walled enclosure
Being a place where the lessons of buddha were taught
Traditionally a school, hospital, community center and even an entertainment venue
THE BOT
Assembly hall known as the bot or sometimes known as an ubosot
Reserved for monks to perform ceremonies, meditate and sermonize; it faces east and usually
houses the main Buddha image
BAI SEMAS
Surrounding the bot are bai semas
These are sacred boundary stones, used to demarcate the sacred ground of the bot and to keep
away evil spirits; normally eight are used in total, but double slab stones for royal wats
THE CHEDI
Solid dome-shaped structure where relics of Buddha may be housed, such as a bone fragment or
hair, or the ashes of a past king
THE VISHNU
At the top of a Chedi may be a stylized thunderbolt sign of the Vishnu, an ancient Hindu lord of
the universe
THE WIHAN
A second assembly hall, similar to the bot but usually larger
Within a complex, there may be several wilhan and each may have an eclectic mix of
architectural styles
Used by lay people to make their offering before a large Buddha figure; normally, there are no
bai semas surrounding the wihan
THE PRANG
A few wats have prangs, which are towering phallic spires as can be seen in the famous Wat
Arun on the banks of the Chao Phraya river in Bangkok

THE CHOFA
Perhaps the most recognizable architectural detail in any wat
Chofa means, tassel of air and its shape is thought to derive from a highly stylized Garuda, a
fierce bird featured in Hindu mythology
THE GARUDA
Also a royal symbol and can be seen on other buildings denoting that they operate by royal
appointment
THE MONDOP
A square-based structure topped with either a cruciform roof or a spire; the edifice contains
sacred text or an object of worship
THE SANGHAWAT
Monks living quarters and dormitories, and are usually in a separate compound
THE HO RAKANGS
Bell towers, and are used to toll the hour and summon the monks to prayer.
THE MINOR SALAS
This hall acts as a meeting place for Pilgrims
THE HO TRAI
This is the wat library and houses Holy Scriptures
A rare feature of the wat complex; in the countryside they are usually on a high base or
surrounded by water to minimize insect damage by insects

INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE

INDONESIA

Capital: Jakarta
Form of Government: Republic
A sovereign state in Southeast Asia
17,508 islands
Encompasses 33 provinces with over 238 million people. (4th most populous country in the world)
o Consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups.
o A shared identity has developed defined by:
National language
Ethnic diversity
Religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population
History of Colonialism & Rebellion against it

Javanese largest and politically dominant ethnic group

ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA
Reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences.
Brought cultural changes that had profound effect on building styles and techniques:
o Colonizers
o Missionaries
o Merchants & Traders

BASIC MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

Bricks

Coconut Trunk

Sugar Palm Leaves

Hardwood Timber

Bamboo

Alang-alang Grass

Rice Straw

CLIMATE

Entirely tropical
Temperature varies little from season to season

Influence to Architecture
o Local building features:
o Sharply Inclined Roof
o Large overhanging eaves
o Large windows
o Large ventilation openings
o Verandahs
o Use of Stilts

Coconut Fiber

RELIGION
A number of different religions are practiced in the country and their collective influence on the
countrys political, economic and cultural life is significant. These include:

o
o
o
o
o

Islam
Protestantism
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism

Influence to Architecture
o
o
o

Majority focuses on translating architecture that relate to their religions such as; Islam,
Buddhism & Hinduism.
Evidence can be seen with the representations of religious sculptures, carvings & temples to
accommodate Indonesian beliefs and customs which can also be found in Indonesia today.
Architectural heritage influences by religion are commonly found in Java.

RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Although religious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant was
developed in Java, specifically Indonesias architectural heritage. The islands long tradition of
religious unification extended to architecture, which fostered Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist,
Islamic, and to a lesser extent, Christian influence.
Candi large tower-like religious temple structures.
built in Java during the peak of Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms (14th Century).

Candi Temple Compound in Dieng

Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia

BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

HINDU-BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE (8th 14th Century AD)
PERIOD OF EARLY KINGDOMS (8th 9th Century AD)
Indonesia like much of Southeast Asia was influenced by Indian culture.
A number of Hindu and Buddhist states flourished and then dispersed across Indonesia.
The World Heritage listed Buddhist monument Borobudur was built by the Sailendra
Dynasty between 750 and 850 AD.

A Buddha statue with the hand position

of Dharmachakra mudra

Dharmachakra mudra hand gesture

Borobudur

BOROBUDUR (9th Century)

Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia

It consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central dome
creating various level of terraces.
A temple decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues.
It blends the Indonesian indigenous cult of ancestor worship and the Buddhist concept of
attaining Nirvana.
The monument is both a shrine to Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage.

Relief showing Queen Maya riding horse carriage to

give birth to Prince Siddhartha Gautama

Buddhist pilgrims meditate on the top

platform

Borobudur stupas overlooking a mountain.

A narrow corridor with reliefs on the wall

PERIOD OF MATARAM KINGDOM (8th 10th Century AD)

Just 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan complex near
Yogyakarta; considered the largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in Java.

CANDI PRAMBANAN (9th Century)

A 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimurti, the
expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva).
The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in
Indonesia, and one of the biggest in Southeast Asia. (240 temples in total)

Temple of Shiva

Temple of Vishnu

Temple of Brahma

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE (15th Century)

By 15th century, after the fall of the final Hindu Buddhist Kingdom, Majapahit, Islam had
become the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesias two most populous islands.
The new religion and the foreign influences that accompanied it, were absorbed and
reinterpreted with mosque given a unique Indonesian / Javanese interpretation.

Menara Kudus Mosque (1549)

Masjid Sultan Suriansyah (1526)

MOSQUES (19th Century)

Sultanates of Indonesian archipelago began to adopt and absorb foreign influences of Islamic
architecture.
The Indo Islamic and Moorish style are particularly favored as displayed in Banda Aceh
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque built in 1881, and Medan Grand Mosque built in 1906.
Mosques have tended to be built in styles more consistent with global Islamic styles, which
mirror the trend in Indonesia towards more orthodox practice of Islam.

Banda Aceh Baiturrahman Grand Mosque

Medan Grand Mosque

COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE (16th 20th Century)

Arrival of European powers in Indonesia who used masonry for much of their construction.
One of the first major Dutch settlements was Batavia (later named Jakarta) which in the 17th
and 18th centuries was a fortified brick and masonry city.
The Dutch learnt to adapt their architectural style with local building features (long eaves,
verandahs, porticos, large windows and ventilation openings)

Batavia, circa 1780

Jakarta, Indonesia

The Indo-European hybrid villa of the 19th century was among the first colonial buildings to
incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and attempt adapting to the climate.
In early 20th century, modern styles were incorporated as well as European decorative elements
such as neo-classical columns around deep verandahs.

1828 coffee plantation villa in Indies style,

near Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Art Deco House Bandung

POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE (20th Century)

The Javanese art-deco style from the 1920s became the root for the first Indonesian national
style in the 1950s.
1950s Jengki Style
-

So named after Indonesian references to the American armed forces as yankee,

was a distinctive Indonesian Architectural Style that emerged.

In this architectural style, the modernist strict cubic geometric forms that the
Dutch had used before World War II were transformed into more unusual
shapes, such as pentagons. Asymmetrical roofs and facades, playful cut-out
doors and windows, and oddly tilted roofs and eaves were imbued with a spirit
of cheerfulness and freedom.

1980s
-

Jengki Style (1950)

The Indonesian government decided to promote indigenous Indonesian forms,

as a result, most public buildings were built with exaggerated elements of
traditional vernacular forms.

Balairung Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia

TRADITIONAL AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

Traditional and vernacular architecture in Indonesia originates from two sources. One is the
great Hindu tradition brought to Indonesia from India via Java. The second is an indigenous
architecture pre-dating the Hindu epic.
It has its own unique form because Indonesia has 33 provinces; each of Indonesias ethnic
groups has its own distinctive form of the traditional vernacular architecture, known as Rumah
Adat.
Traditional Indonesian houses are not architect designed, rather villagers build their own homes,
or community with their resources for a structure built under the direction of a master builder
and/or a carpenter.

RUMAH ADAT
o
o

A general term used to define traditional houses built in any of the vernacular architecture
styles of Indonesia.
The house provides the focus for the family and it is the point of departure for activities of
its residents.
*rumah (house) & adat (custom)

CHARACTERISTICS
Timber construction
Varied and elaborate roof
Longhouses on stilts
Steep sloping roofs
Built on stilts except for Javanese Joglo and Rumah Adat Batak

RUMAH ADAT BATAK (North Sumatra)

o

Includes the boat-shaped houses of the Toba Batak people which is called Jabu, with
dominating carved gables and dramatic oversized roof, and is based on an ancient
model.

CHARACTERISTICS
Timber construction
Large steeply-pitched saddle back roof
Unlike other types of Rumah Adat Batak people do not use stilts

RUMAH ADAT GADANG (West Sumatra)

o
o

Distinctive for their multiple gables with dramatically upsweeping ridge ends.
The traditional house (Indonesian: "rumah adat") of the Minangkabau people

CHARACTERISTICS
Timber construction
Curved roof structure with multi-tiered, upswept gables
Built on stilts

RUMAH ADAT JAVANESE JOGLO

o
o

Not built on piles, and have become the Indonesian vernacular style most influenced by
European architectural elements
The word joglo refers to the shape of the roof. In the highly hierarchical Javanese culture,
the type of the roof of a house reflects the social and economic status of the owners of the
house.

CHARACTERISTICS
Timber construction
Tiled roof influenced by Dutch Colonization
Joglo roof does not use king posts
Consists of columns that become higher as it go to the center
Unlike other types of Rumah Adat, Batak people do not use stilts

Joglo in Yogyakarta circa 1908

RUMAH ADAT BUBUNGAN TINGGI (South Kalimantan)

o
o

An iconic type of house in South Kalimantan.

Its name Bubungan Tinggi refers to the steep roof (45 degrees)

CHARACTERISTICS
Timber construction
Front roof is Sindang Langit (heaven visit), rear roof is called Hambin Awan (flat
cloud)

RUMAH ADAT TORAGA OR TONGKONAN (South Sulawesi)

o
o

Traditional ancestral house of Torajan people, in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Tongkonan have a distinguishing boat-shaped and oversized saddleback roof

CHARACTERISTICS
Timber construction
Dominating the entire structure is the saddleback roof with gables that are dramatically
upswept
Built on stilts

Tongkonan in a Torajan village

TRADITIONAL BALINESE ARCHITECTURE

A collection of individual; largely open structures (including separate structures for the kitchen,
sleeping areas, bathing areas and shrine) within a high-walled garden compound.
A vernacular architecture tradition of Balinese people that inhabits volcanic island of Bali,
Indonesia.
It is known as one of the most popular Asian tropical architecture, due largely to the growth of
the tourism industry in Bali that has created demand for Balinese-style houses, cottages, villas
and hotels.

A Balinese-style resort villa in Bali, Indonesia

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

The 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw foreign investment and economic growth; large construction
booms brought major changes to Indonesian cities, including the replacement of the early
twentieth styles with late modern and postmodern styles.
Many new buildings are clad with shiny glass surfaces to reflect the tropical sun. Architectural
styles are influenced by developments in architecture internationally, including the introduction
of deconstructivism architecture.
In residential Architecture, producing a growing number of fine houses based on their
traditional or vernacular houses, sometimes blended with colonial or modern themes.

Bandung Institute of Technology, Jakarta

(1920) by Henri Maclaine Pont

Wisma 46 in post-modernist style, currently the

tallest building in Jakarta, Indonesia. (250 m tall)

Aula Simfonia Jakarta (2009) the only

concert hall in Indonesia.

TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE

TIBET

CAPITAL: Lhasa
Autonomous region within China
Himalayas, a mountain range home to Mount Everest, can also be found on the southern region
POPULATION: 5.4 million
LANGUAGE: Tibetan (four local divisions: Wei, Zang, Kang, Amdo)
According to tradition, the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six
red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra.
The traditional, or mythological, explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the
descendants of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo.

RELIGION

ISLAM: approximately 2,000

CATHOLICISM: approximately 600
Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism)
o Most widely practiced religion in Tibet
o Form of Mahayana Buddhism
o 7th century CE.
o Ritualistic practices, drumming and meditation
Dalai Lama - introduced the Tibetan Buddhism in the world

ARCHITECTURE OF TIBET

Influenced by China & India

Religious structures have two types:
o Temple (gompas) - religious ceremonies and worship
o Stupas (chortens) - reliquaries and symbol
Secular structures: private homes, dwellings and tents
BUILDING MATERIALS: stone, clay, wood, used concrete in 1980
Facing south; elevated
Give exotic feelings
Flat roof - western and central tibet
Sloping roofs - eastern Tibet
Walls - stone or rammed earth, meter thick from the base
o Large structures' walls are sloping inward
o Small walls are slope inward in 10 degrees

CHORTENS

A mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics

(arra typically
the
remains
of Buddhist
monks or nuns), and used as a place of meditation.

Contain ashes of a famous Saints or Lamas.

Lamas bodies are generally burnt and their ashes are

used to make Tormas which are placed inside the square
basement of the monastery chorten.

Symbolize the life of Buddha

Tormas - made of butter and flour that is used for tantric

rituals

There are eight different kinds of chortens in Tibetan Buddhism, each referring to major events
in the Buddha's life:

GOMPAS

Also known as ling, are Buddhist ecclesiastical fortifications of learning, and lineage
Facade - each corner of its roof have Victory Banner.
Wheel of Life between 2 antelopes in the middle
1 or 2 surrounding walls
Doors - paintings of the four World Guardian Kings called "Lokapalas" (2 on each side)
Assembly Hall - monks recite or sing holy texts
Contain large gold Buddha statues

VICTORY BANNER
- symbolic of overcoming
adversity and defilement

Inside the gompa looking out

Wheel of life - rebirth

POTALA PALACE

World heritage site in Lhasa, Tibet

built in 1645-1695
has the honor of being the highest ancient palace in the world, with its highest point reaching
3,750 meters (12,300 feet) above sea level.
White Palace which serves as the administrative quarters.
Inner Red Quarters in Red Palace which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000
shrines and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures.

HIGHLIGHTS
o The general structure of the Potala Palace is in two parts: the Red Palace and the White Palace.

THE RED PALACE

Higher of the two palaces, and is made up of several chapels.
Used as a house of prayer by the Dalai Lama, this part of the Potala Palace was dedicated
to the study of Buddhism and the advancement of the religion.

THE WHITE PALACE

Home to ten successive Dalai Lamas and their courts.
Located there are the offices of the Tibetan government, governmental assembly halls, and
other official offices.

JOKHANG TEMPLE

Located in Barkhor Square in Lhasa, the capital city.

For most Tibetans it is the most sacred and important temple in Tibet.
The only section that has not yet been destroyed by the Chinese invaders
Built in year 642
King Songtsen Gampo
Home of the most venerated statue in Tibet

Its main hall has a statue of Shakyamuni, famously known as Gautama Buddha, most worshiped
statue in Tibet.

A four-story construction, with roofs covered with gilded bronze tiles. The architectural style is
based on the Indian vihara design, and was later extended resulting in a blend
of Nepalese and Tang Dynasty styles.

SEMYA TEMPLE
Shannan region
Formation of universe exactly the way it is mentioned in the sutras
Grand Wuzi Hall - represents Mount Meru, the central world.
Chapels in north and south of the hall represents the Sun and Moon

STONE TOWERS
Military fortification
Shape of trapezoid
Flat roofs
2 storey building (upper floor-living room, store rooms, and shrine room, lower floor-livestock is
stable)

HIMALAYAN TOWERS
The Himalayan Towers are series of stone towers located chiefly in Tibet built approximately
14th to 15th century.
The towers are a series of stone towers located mostly in Tibet.
Carbon dating shows they were built approximately 500 to 1,100 years ago.
Since they are generally located in prosperous villages, it is believed that their primary function
was as a demonstration of a family's prestige within the community.
For strength, many of the towers use a star pattern of walls as opposed to a strictly rectangular
method.
Heights can exceed 60m

NEPALESE ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOGRAPHICALLY DIVIDED INTO 3 REGION
Himalaya to the North
Hills consists of the Mahabharat range and Churia Hills
Terai to the sout
CLIMATE
Ranges from sub tropical in the low lands to Arctic higher altitudes
GEOLOGICAL
Wood is used as columns, beams, rafters and for construction of doors, windows and stairs
Metals copper, iron brass and bronze were commonly used
Natural Stone sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks gathered from the quarries situated
on the north and south sides of mountains slopes
RELIGION
Hinduism,Buddhism and Islam

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Drawn from both the culture of China and India

o Temples
o Stupas/Chorten
o Towns

SWAYAMBHUNATH STUPA
Originally an Ashoka on a hill
Stands on a low narrow plinth
Conical Spire in 13 diminishing tiers
NGARAYAN TEMPLE
One of the oldest Hindu temples of the valley dedicated to Vishnu
DURBAR SQUARE
Ancient royal residential square of Malla Kings
Consist of the following
Golden gates, A place of 55 windows, the lion gate, statue of Bhupatindra Malla,the biggest
bell and Pagodas and shikhara temple

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL
Lies on the Eastern coast of Asia.
Surrounded by Sea of Japan on the western side and the Pacific Ocean on the eastern part.
Closest neighbors are Russia, China and Korea
Traditional Architecture is not native
GEOLOGICAL
The earthquakes in Japan has a profound effect upon building development.
Japan is a rugged hill country and four fifths of the area is occupied by forests and wild
vegetation.
Bamboo Framework
Stone Foundation
CLIMATE
Japan is influenced by cold airstream from Asia in winter, and by warm moist air from Pacific
in summer.
Face south Deeply Projected Eaves
Face north High courtyard walls
Moveable casement windows and partitions forming the fronts of the houses are removed,
leaving them open to the breezes.

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

The Architecture of Japan was derived from China but maintained its own special
characteristics of lightness and delicacy.
Simple in treatment and possess more subtlety and refinement in outline
The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size of the
whole edifice
Inner space divisions are fluid, and room size can be modified through the use of screens or
movable paper walls. The large, single space offered by the main hall can therefore be
divided according to the need
KEN is known as a standard measurement of inter columnation.

ARCHITECTURAL TIMELINE
PRE HISTORIC JOMON
The population was primarily hunter-gatherer with some primitive agriculture skills and
their behaviour was predominantly determined by changes in climatic conditions and other
natural stimulants.

Early dwellings were pit houses consisting of shallow pits with tamped earth floors and grass
roofs designed to collect rainwater with the aid of storage jars.

PRE HISTORIC YAYOI

During the Yayoi period the Japanese people began to interact with the Chinese Han
Dynasty
Characterized by the start of widespread rice farming, resulting in the appearance of
permanent settlements with bigger populations.
PRE HISTORIC KOFUN
Marked the appearance of many-chambered burial mounds or tumuli; similar mounds in
Korean Peninsula are thought to have been influenced by Japan
There was room inside the chamber for a coffin and grave goods.
ASUKA AND NARA
ASUKA the term was first used to describe a period in the history of Japanese fine-arts
and architecture
Significant contribution of this era is the introduction of Shinto Architecture and Buddhism
SHINTO Way of the Gods
KAMI - Divine power
SHINTO SHRINES Places where KAMI are enshrined; also where people can worship
SHINTO COMPLES PARTS
Torii Shinto gate
Stone stairs
Sand the approach to the shrine
Chzuya or temizuya purification font to cleanse ones hands and mouth
Tr decorative stone lanterns
Kagura-den building dedicated to Noh or the sacred kagura dance
Shamusho the shrines administrative office
Ema wooden plaques bearing prayers or wishes
Sessha/massha small auxiliary shrines
Komainu the so-called lion dogs, guardians of the shrine
Haiden oratory or hall of worship
Tamagaki fence surrounding the honden
Honden main hall, enshrining the kami

HEAIAN PERIOD
Chinese elements were fully assimilated and a truly national style developed. The homes of
the nobility in Heiankyo, now Kyoto, were built in the shinden-zukuri style.
Shinden-zukuri style; in which the main buildings and sleeping quarters stood in the center
and were connected to other surrounding apartments by corridors.

ARCHITECTURE RELIANT ON COLUMNS

KEN 1.80m x .90m (Tatami floor mats)

AZUCHI AND MOMOYAMA

In response to a militaristic time, the castle, a defensive structure, was built to keep out
intruders or attackers
Feudal lords dominated Japans society
Built with the object of keeping the enemy out, they are elaborate in design and strongly
fortified. Their magnificent architecture also served to demonstrate the power of the joshu,
or lord of the castle

EDO PERIOD
This period brought back a lot of classic Japanese architecture
The city of Edo was struck by fires repeatedly so architecture was simplified to allow for easy
rebuilding.
Edo suffered badly from devastating fires and the 1657 Great Fire of Meireki.
Scarcity of space
Machiya typically occupied deep, narrow plots abutting the street (the width of the plot was
usually indicative of the wealth of the owner), often with a workshop or shop on the ground
floor
Tiles rather than thatch were used on the roof and exposed timbers were often plastered in
an effort to protect the building against fire.

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY
PRE-HISTORIC CHINA

Cradle of the Fourth Largest Civilization along Yellow River

Started from Tribes to Dynasties (Xia, Shang, Zhou)
Prelude to Warring Era

IMPERIAL CHINA
QUIN AND HAN DYNASTY Shi Huang Dis Ascension and Unification

o
o

The Great Wall of China

The Mausoleum of Shi Huang Di; Terracotta Army

SUI AND TANG DYNASTY Formation of the Trade Routes; Silk Road

Mountain Architecture
o Wudang Mountain
o Dazu Rock Mountains
Pagodas of Middle Imperial China
o Nine Pinnacle Pagoda
o Giant Wild Goose Pagoda

SONG AND YUAN DYNASTY Zenith of Chinese Era

o
o

Heavens Mandate on the Mongols; Kublai Khans Ascent

Zenith of Cultural Heritage; 4 Great Inventions:
Paper Making
Printing
Compass
Gun Powder

MING AND QING DYNASTY The Last Great Imperial Age of China

Fortification of The Great Wall

Summer Palace; Jade Belt Bridge
Forbidden City

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

Architectural Bilateral Symmetry

Enclosure
Hierarchy
Horizontal Emphasis
Cosmological Concepts

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS

Glazed Roof Tiles

Marbles
Bricks and/or Golden Bricks
Timber

STRUCTURE

Foundations
Timber Frame Construction
o Structural Beams
o Structural Connections: Dougong

CEILING

Caisson Ceiling
Coffered Ceiling

ROOF

Straight-inclined
Multi-inclined
Sweeping

ROOF APEX

1
2
.
.
R
o
o
f
s
v
.

ROOFTOP DECORATIONS

ARCHITECTURAL TYPES OF STRUCTURES

COMMON

o
o
o

o
o

Local Houses; Fujian Tulou

Fortress; Ping Yao Cit
Pavilions;
Single Storey; Zhou Zheng Garden
Multi Storey; Tengwang Pavilion
Gateways
Moon Gate
Pai-Lou
Temples; Foguang Temple
Tombs; Luoyang Mausoleums

IMPERIAL

o
o
o
o

Imperial Palace Complex; Forbidden City

Imperial Summer Palace; Chengde Mountain Resort
Imperial Temples; Temple of Heaven
Imperial Tombs and Mausoleums
Great Red Gates of Ming Xiao ling Mausoleum

RELIGIOUS

o
o
o
o

Pagoda; Songyue Pagoda

Temple; Fogong Temple Pagoda
Shrines; Yungang Grottoes
Religious Tombs; Mausoleum of Confucius

URBAN PLANNING AND MAIN PLANNING CONCEPT

Modular
Feng Shui

KOREAN ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISTORIC

Gochang Dolmens
Tents
Pit-Dwelling

PROTO-HISTORIC

Seizure of Gojoseon by Chinas Han Dynasty

Resistance of Upper, Middle and Lower Korea
Fall of Conquerors

THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD

o Emphasis on Defense
o Tried Grid-like Chessboard Patterns
o iii. Buddhisms Influence
Goguryeo
o Stone Tombs; Janggunchong Tomb
o Temple; 3 Sanctums on North, East, West ( Japan Influenced)
Baekje
o Stone Tombs; King Muryeongs Tomb
o Temple; Mireuksaji Temple
Silla
o Stone Tombs; Cheonmachong Tomb
o Temple; Bungwangsa Temple
UNIFIED SILLA DYNASTRY

Southern Unified Silla

Temples
o Inner; Sacheonwangsa Temple in Gyeongju
o Outer; Gameunsa Temple in the outskirts
Pagodas; Bulguksa Temple of 751
o Dabotap Pagoda of Buddha of the Past
o Seokgatap - Pagoda of Buddha of the Present
Stupa; Ssangbongsa Temple w/ Sarira (Cremated Ash)
Northern Remnants of Goguryeo
Balhae Architecture Foreign influence of China
o Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu Like Forbidden City

GORYEO
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Buddhist
o Heungwangsa Temple
Zen
o Songgwangsa Temple
o Baengnyeonsa Templ

WOODEN ARCHITECTURE

Bracket System
o Jusimpo ( Column Head Bracket) + Baeheullim (Entasis)
Muryangsujeon Hall at Buseoksa Temple Zenith of Jusimpo
o Dapo ( Multi Bracket) + Chunyeo ( Lever-form)
o Ikgong ( Simplified Bracket)
Roof System
o Matbae- Gable
o Ujingak - Hipped
o Paljak - Hip and Gabled

JOSEON

STYLES

o
o
o
o

Natural Contour and Topography

Pung-su, Korean for Feng Shui
Yin-Yang
Five Elements

COMMON TYPES

o
o
o

Gaeksa - Guesthouse
Daeseongjeon Scholar Building of Confucius
Hongsalmun Gateway

PALACES

o
o
o
o

Gyeongbokgung Palace Royal Palace

Geunjeongjeon Hall Hall of Rituals + Throne
Sajeonjeon Hall Hall of Kings
Gangnyeonjeon Hall Residential Hall
Gyotaejeon Hall Hall of Queens
Changdeokgung Palace Most Korean of all
Changgyeonggung Palace Palace of Mothers Family Side
Gyeongungung Palace Residence of the Prince
Gyeonghuigung Palace Common Palace

SHRINES

o
o
o

Jongmyo Joseon Royal Shrine

Munmyo Common Shrine, Confucian Tablets
Hyanggyo Cheonan Provincial Shrines