Time Division Multiplexing

Bit versus Byte versus Frame

Interleaving

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Time Division Multiplexing Bit

Interleaving
Bit Period
4th Bit

3rd Bit

2nd Bit

1st Bit

2
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Combined Bit Stream

TDM

Bit interleaving is simple. There is no buffering and bit

timing is preserved.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Signal Strength

Analog Voice Signal Encoding with

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Analog
Voice
Signal

8 Bit Sample
8000 per sec

Time
Byte

Byte

125 s

125 s

Byte

125 s

Byte

125 s

The DSO digitized voice signal has bytes every 125 microseconds.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, TDM, WDM Networks

History of PCM

www.goforich.co.uk
www.edhird.com

Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated a telephone in

1876
Alec Reeves conceived pulse code modulation in 1937
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, TDM, WDM Networks

Time Division Multiplexing Byte

Interleaving
125 s
4th Byte

3rd Byte

2nd Byte

1st Byte

Buffer
MultiLine
Bus
125 s
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Combined Byte Stream

TDM

Byte interleaving takes advantage of technology

developed for computers and preserves byte timing
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Time Division Multiplexing Frame

Interleaving
125 s
4th Byte

3rd Byte

2nd Byte

1st Byte

Larger
Buffer

375 s
1

31.25 s

2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
Combined Byte Stream

TDM

Frame interleaving requires larger buffers and does not

preserve byte timing
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Staggered Frame Arrival

Frame

Frame

Frame

Time
Division
Multiplexer

MUXed Frame

Frame

Frames do not arrive at the same time.

SONET byte interleaves and does not wait for lagging
frames.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

SONET Synchronous Payload Envelope

Overhead

Payload
90 Columns

H1 H2
J1
Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)
Part 1

STS-1
Frame 1

Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)

Part 2

STS-1
Frame 2

The synchronous payload envelope is allowed to extend

over two SONET frames
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

WDM Network Links

1, 2, 3 n

Optical Fibers in WDM Networks carry multiple

signals each with a distinct wavelength.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

WDM Network Equipment

Wavelength
Multiplexer/
Demultiplexer
Combines optical
signals with
different
wavelengths into
one combined
optical signal

Reconfigurable
Add/Drop Multiplexer
Same as OADM but
we can change the
wavelengths to be
added or dropped.
Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexer
Adds or drops
wavelengths
from a WDM link

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Wavelength Convertor
Changes the
wavelength of a signal

10

A Linear WDM Network

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

11

A WDM Ring

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

12

Data Communication Networks

Data communication networks typically do not
send real time data
As a result, packet switching is often used

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

13

Circuit Switching
(Telecom Networks)
4 3 2 1

In

2 1
3
4

2 1
4 3

4 3 2 1

Out

When data is circuit switched a fixed path is

established for the duration of the transfer
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

14

Packet Switching
4 3 2 1

2 1

In
4

1 4 3 2

Out
4

When data is switched packet by packet,

individual packets (or frames) can follow
separate paths
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

15