1.

Explain how defining the system allows living organisms to operate

within the laws of thermodynamics? By defining the system we can
assume that energy and mass are being exchanged to operate within
the laws of thermodynamics?
2. What is an exergonic reaction? A reaction that gives off heat usually
can be spontaneous
3. An endergonic? A reaction that requires energy to come to completion
4. Gibbs free energy? (G) The amount of energy capable of doing work at
constant temperature and pressure
5.

Entropy? (S) the quantitative expression for the randomness or

disorder in a system. When products of a reaction are less complex and
more disordered than the reactants, the reaction is said to proceed
with a gain of entropy deltaS is positive

6. Enthalpy? (H) the heat content of the reacting system. It reflects the
number and kinds of chemical bonds in the reactants and products.
When a reaction releases heat deltaH is negative. When a reaction
consumes heat, deltaH is positive
7. What does at equilibrium mean in terms of
(a) the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions. There are equal
amounts of reactants and products being made
(b) the concentrations of the reactants and products? Concentration
may not be the same
8. What reaction conditions are used to measure standard free energy
change? 25degreesC (298K), atmospheric pressure (1atm), pH 7 (1e-7
M) [H+], 55.5 M H2O, 1 mM Mg2+, 1 M of substrates, 1M of products
9. If, at equilibrium, the concentration of products is greater than the
concentration of reactants, is G ' positive or negative? Neither..
What can you say about the value of K 'eq ? It is at 1 so that deltaG is
at 0
10.
Under what circumstances can G be negative if
positive? If there were more reactants than products
11.
Does the value of G '
which a reaction occurs? No.

G'

is

tell you anything about the rate at

12.
How can coupling an unfavorable reaction to a favorable reaction
'
increase the
of the overall equation? It helps make an
K eq
endergonic reaction flow to equilibrium
13.
What is the difference between
standard conditions

G'

and

G ? One is at

14.
Why is the single arrow representation of the conversion of ATP
to ADP and Pi deceiving? Because actually the ATP participates in a two
step process in which part of the ATP molecule, a phosphoryl or
pyrophosphoryl group or the adenylate moiey is first transferred to a
substrate molecule or to an amino acid residue in an enzyme,
becoming covalently attached to the substrate or the enzyme and
raising its free energy content. Then, in a second step, the phosphatecontaining moiety transferred in the first step is displaced, genergating
Pi, PPi, or AMP. ATP participates covalently in the enzyme-catalyzed
reaction to which it contributes free energy.
15.
What is the relative position of ATP in the hierarchy of
compounds with phosphoryl group transfer potentials? -30.5
kJ/mol ????
16.
What are the different sources of electron-donating species in
biological organisms?
NADH, FADH2, Ubiquinol, Plastoquinol
17.
What is a reduced state of iron? An oxidized state?
Fe2+, Fe3+
18.
What are the different oxidation states of carbon?
Methane,
ethane,
ethene,
ethanol,
acetylene,
formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, acetone, formic acid, cabon monoxide, acetic acid, carbon
dioxide
19.
Calculate how many molecules of ATP could be synthesized from
the complete oxidation of glucose (use the G ' value from earlier
this lecture). ---- roughly 36 ATP molecules