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Medical Imaging
Why?
Modalities:
- X-Rays
- CT Scan
- PET Scan
- MRI
- Ultrasound
X-Rays
History
X-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Source
X-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Interactions
Attenuation of X-Rays
I = Ioe-x
where is defined as the linear attenuation coefficient with a unit of cm-1
(or dB/cm). Linear attenuation coefficient is the fraction of photons "lost"
from the beam when traveling a unit distance.
-The linear attenuation coefficient normally depends on the density of the
absorbing material.
-For any absorbing medium, the attenuation is the same with only half the
thickness but double the density.
Attenuation of X-Rays
Attenuation of X-Rays
High energy
Low energy
Attenuation of X-Rays
Hard and soft x-ray
soft x-ray = Low energy x-ray, long
hard x-ray = High energy x-ray, shorter
X-rays from about 0.12 to 12 keV are classified as "soft" X-rays, and from
about 12 to 120 keV as "hard" X-rays.
Disadvantage of X-Rays
The Major disadvantage of X-rays imaging is the fact that this technique
uses ionizing radiation in the energy range of 50-200KeV.
Since Ionizing radiation can cause tissue damage, so there is a limit on the
number of X-ray scans a person can undergo per year.
X-Ray Images
A CT scanning system
consists of an X-ray unit
which functions as a
transmitter, and a data
acquisition unit which
functions as a receiver.
Back projection reconstruct an image by taking each view and smearing it along the
path it was originally acquired.
e
*Pitch = table speed / rotations per minute
Radiation Dose
Procedure
Effective Radiation
Compared to natural
Background Radiation
CT Whole Body
10 mGy
3 Years
CT - Head
2 mGy
8 Months
CT - Chest
7 mGy
2 Years
Cardiac CT
3 mGy
1 Year
Brain CT Scan
CT Contrast
Window Levels
Window Levels
Axial
Coronal
Axial
Sagittal
Coronal
3D Visualization
3D Volumetric Rendering
Synopsis of MRI
Steps in 3D Localization
Can only detect total RF signal from inside the RF coil (the detecting
antenna).
GE Discovery STE
Annihilation
Collision of Positron and Electron
Coincidence Detection
No Physical Collimation required in case of PET
Channel 1
Isotope Distribution
Channel 2
Annihilation
Coincidences Detected
Multiple coincidences occur when more than two photons are detected in different
detectors within the coincidence resolving time. In this situation, it is not possible to
determine the LOR to which the event should be assigned, and the event is
rejected.
Attenuation Correction
For a 20-cm path in soft tissue, the chance of both annihilation photons of
a pair escaping the tissue without interacting is about 15%.
Attenuation causes a loss of information and, because the loss is not the
same for all lines of response (LOR), causes artifacts in the reconstructed
transverse images. Loss of information also contributes to statistical noise
in the images.
THEORY
Tracer Distribution
Corresponding CT Data
Annihilation
The detected gamma rays suffer variable attenuation depending on the
line of response (LOR).
Problems
Thickness of the
myocardial wall is most
impacted by views that
run parallel to the wall
LV PET activity misaligned in the CT lung tissue. Many lines of response (LOR) for LV
activity do not pass through cardiac tissue in the CTAC. Reconstruction performs
attenuation correction as if photons originating from left wall of LV passed through only
lung/air.
Problems
9.8 mm
2.9 mm
16.4 mm
PET Reconstruction
Processed Image
Patient 1
X = 9 mm , Axial = 5o
Y = 0 mm , Coronal = 0
Z=12 mm , Sagittal = 10o
Reconstructed PET data using misaligned and aligned CTACs. Figure (a-c) shows the
reconstructed PET slices in the axial, sagittal, and the coronal plane using the misaligned
CTAC. Figure (d-f) shows the reconstructed same PET slices in the axial, sagittal, and the
coronal plane using the aligned CTAC.
Patient 10
X = 6 mm , Axial = 0
Y = 2 mm , Coronal = 0
Z = 6 mm , Sagittal = 0
The patient only has the translational motion and no rotation of the head.
Applications
MATLAB Toolbox
Dicomread;
Dicominfo;
Dicomwrite;
End
Lecture 12