Oakland Sustainable Design Guide

Oakland Sustainable Design Guide
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GUIDE STRATEGIES
The design strategies for the Oakland Sustainable Design Guide fall into seven environmental topics: site, water,
energy, indoor environmental quality, materials, and waste and recycling, and transportation. Many of the sustainable
design strategies relate to more than one environmental topic. Subsequently, linkages are provided between topics.
Some of the greatest design and ecological benefits occur when strategies combine with others to address and integrate
multiple concerns (such as the relationship between environmental impacts, human experience, economics, and design
aesthetics).
Each strategy is explained with step-by-step actions for the design, occupancy, and next-use phases. Performance
indicators for each strategy indicate the minimum efforts required to receive credit for the strategy.
2001 Regents of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.
2-1

Site Environmental Concerns
From the very outset, building development affects and transforms the land. On a macro level
it contributes to deforestation, destruction of wetlands, sprawl, and other environmental
problems. Nearly half of the forests that once covered the earth are gone. Over 50% of the
wetlands of the contiguous United States have been destroyed - filled, contaminated or
otherwise reclaimed (National Science and Technology Council, 1994). In addition to the
sheer quantity of loss of forest cover it is the quality and biodiversity of the remaining
ecosystem that is under threat by human enterprise. According to the Natural Resources
Defense Council (NRDC), at least 50,000 species become extinct per year (137 per day or 6
per hour). The sprawl of cities also affects the environment adversely. Further, when
development is spread out at a low density it requires more infrastructure - sewer pipes, power
lines, water mains, roads and so on. In addition, the thousands of energy burning vehicles
driving out to these areas contribute to environmental damage.
Site Goals
In view of these environmental concerns,
sustainable design embodies the following goals:
Site Strategies
The sustainable design goals listed are translated
into the following strategies:
Direct development near existing public utility

and street infrastructure.
Avoid environmentally sensitive areas and green
space.
Maintain and restore the ecology of the site.
Respond to the microclimate to improve energy
efficiency and comfort.
1.1 Encourage Development on Sites with

Existing Municipal Services
1.2 Maintain and Enhance the Biodiversity and
Ecology of the Site
1.3 Use Microclimate and Environmentally
Responsive Site Design Strategies
1.4 Use Native or Mediterranean Trees, Shrub,
and Plants
1.5 Manage Site Water
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Strategy 1.1: Encourage Development on Sites with Existing Municipal
Services
Goal: The site-related goals of the system are to direct development near existing public
utility and street infrastructure, and to avoid environmentally sensitive areas and green space.
Other goals are to maintain and restore the ecology of the site, respond to the microclimate to
improve energy efficiency and comfort.
Points Possible: 2
Related Strategy:
Strategy 1.2: Maintain and Enhance the Biodiversity and Ecology of the Site
Performance
Indicator
Existing available and appropriate urban and industrial in-fill sites are reused instead of
developing on environmentally sensitive areas or green spaces
2 points: The building is constructed on land which was previously built upon and attached to
municipal services prior to development.
-OR1 point: The building is constructed on land that is or was attached to municipal services and
not previously built upon.
Resources
Oakland Urban Land Redevelopment Program Guidance Document, City of Oakland Public
Works.
Blueprint for a Sustainable Bay Area, Urban Ecology, http://www.urbanecology.org/index.html.
California Center for Land Recycling, CCLR Publications, http://www.cclr.org.
Urban Land Institute, http://www.uli.org/, Select Smart Growth.
Start at the Source: Residential Site Planning & Design Guidance Manual for Stormwater
Quality Protection, Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association,
http://www.basmaa.org.
Smart Growth, http://www.smartgrowth.org.
Bay Area Infill Developers Portfolio, Urban Ecology, 510.251.6330.
Development Case Studies: Encouraging Mixed Uses, Building More Intensively, Urban
Ecology, 510.251.6330.
2-3

Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop site and development goals and objectives that are environmentally responsible and
appropriate.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for site location and development based
on environmental and program considerations.
Site Selection
Select sites which reuse existing urban, industrial and brownfield sites, near mass transit and
public amenities to encourage walking to services instead of driving; and can utilize existing
infrastructure such as utilities, roadways, and services.
DESIGN
Schematic Design & Design Development
Study the regional and local impacts of development instead of the isolated impacts on the
site.
Use appropriate grading to minimize the potential for landslides. Minimize off-haul by
reusing cut and fill on site.
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Strategy 1.2: Maintain and Enhance the Biodiversity and Ecology of the Site
Goal: To maintain or improve the ecology and natural features of the site.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategy: 1.1 Direct Development to Environmentally Appropriate Areas
Performance
Indicator
3 points: The development enhances the existing biodiversity and ecology of the site by
strengthening the existing natural site systems and making connections to the
surrounding site context. Apply all of the following:
Select a site where the development process will cause minimum alteration and
ecological disturbance.
Design the site to reconnect fragmented landscapes and establish contiguous
networks with other natural systems both within the site and beyond its
boundaries.
Avoid major alterations to sensitive topography, vegetation, riparian corridor, and
wildlife habitat.
Preserve ecologically significant and/or sensitive vegetation, wildlife habitat,
riparian corridor, and topography.
Increase the size of usable open space on-site, compared to previous site use
Minimize the area of the site dedicated to the building, parking, and access roads.
Site the building to create traffic patterns that cause minimum site disruptions.
Other appropriate issues.
-OR2 points: The development, excluding the building(s), allows approximately 75% of the
remaining biodiversity and ecology to remain, as determined spatially, by area
measurement, of the existing conditions and surrounding site context.
-OR1 point: The development, excluding the building(s), allows approximately 50% of the
remaining biodiversity and ecology to remain, as determined spatially, by area
measurement, of the existing conditions and surrounding site context.
Resources
Creek Protection, Storm Water Management and Discharge Ordinance, City of Oakland,
http://www.oaklandpw.com/wip/ordinance.html.
Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens. Riley, A.L,
1998, Island Press 1.800.828.1302.
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Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices, Federal Interagency Stream
Restoration Working, 1998. 703.605.6000.
Water Bioengineering Techniques for Watercourse Bank and Shoreline Protection, H. M.
Schiechtl and R. Stern, 1996. Blackwell Science, Ltd. Oxford. 800.215.1000
Using Plants to Stabilize Stream Banks. Public Works Agency, Environmental Services
Division, City of Oakland.
Native Plant Species Common to Oaklands Creeks, City of Oakland, Public Works Agency,
Environmental Services Division.
Recommendations for Ecologically Sensitive Fire Abatement Vegetation Management
Practices. City of Oakland.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for the biodiversity and ecology of the site.
Programming
Develop specific criteria, standards, and factors to address in maintaining and enhancing the
biodiversity and ecology of the site.
Site Selection
Select a site where the development process will cause minimum alteration and ecological
disturbance. Avoid major alterations to sensitive topography, vegetation, riparian corridor and
wildlife habitat.
DESIGN
Consider in-lieu or exaction fees to protect creek shorelines, open space or control flooding,
etc.. In exchange for exaction fees, developers are allowed to build additional square footage
in the projects. In lieu fees are like impact fees; they off-set are a way of addressing project
impacts by funding new capital facilities, like neighborhood park, required because of a new
development.
For sites located adjacent to properties zoned open space, protect open spaces creeks, natural
vegetation run off areas.
Design the site to reconnect fragmented landscapes and establish contiguous networks with
other natural systems both within the site and beyond its boundaries.
Develop design strategies that minimize the disturbance of undeveloped areas of the site.
Preserve ecologically significant and or sensitive vegetation, wildlife habitat, riparian corridor
and topography.
Meet requirements of Creek Protection Ordinance which discourages development in the
riparian corridor.
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Establish usable open space area(s) on site, of sufficient size for private or public use (e.g.
gardens or landscaped plazas with sitting areas, open turf areas, viewscapes)
Minimize the area of the site dedicated to the building, parking, and access roads.
Site building correctly to create traffic patterns that cause minimum site disruptions.
Construction Documents & Specifications
Specify site construction practices that support or enhance the ecological integrity of the site.
Specify procedures to protect the site during construction such as trees, vegetation, riparian
corridor, and wildlife habitat.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
To avoid losing top soil, implement erosion control, siltation control vegetation management,
and site drainage.
Protect vegetation, topsoil, wildlife habitat, and ecologically sensitive areas during
construction.
Select an ecologically appropriate staging area for construction equipment and materials.
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the building occupants about the biodiversity and ecology of the site.
Train operators to maintain and enhance the biodiversity and ecology of the site.
Operation & Maintenance
Inspect and maintain the biodiversity and ecology of the site.
Next Use
Evaluate the biodiversity and ecology of the site for next use.
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Strategy 1.3: Use Microclimate and Environmentally Responsive Site Design
Strategies
Goal: To develop the site to maximize climate and environmental forces in order to reduce
energy consumption and improve comfort.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
3.1 Optimize Building Placement and Configuration for Energy Performance
4.5 Provide Appropriate Thermal Conditions
4.6 Provide Effective Lighting
Performance
Indicator
The site and site elements are designed to optimize for site-specific microclimate (e.g. wind
and solar) conditions. Apply a minimum of three options to the project:
Locate trees and shrubs to support passive heating and cooling in outdoor spaces and
buildings, and to create seasonally appropriate heatsinks and natural ventilation
corridors.
Locate site features (walks, plazas, patios, etc.) to take advantage of seasonal sun
angles, solar access, and solar orientation.
Locate site elements at the appropriate elevation to maximize heating and cooling
benefits, reduce erosion, ensure drainage, and to make pedestrian/vehicular movements
safe and coherent.
Design the overall site to reduce the heat island effect. Provide shade on at least 30%
of non-roof impervious surfaces on the site (parking, walkways, plazas, etc.), use light
colored high-albedo materials (with at least 30% reflectance), use high-reflectance
roofing, and/or consider other related alternatives.
Design site lighting to eliminate light trespass from the building and site and to
minimize impact on nocturnal environments (see the Illuminating Engineering Society
of North America Recommended Practice Manual: Lighting for Exterior
Environments)
Resources
Public Technology, Inc., U.S. Green Building Council, U.S. DOE, U.S EPA. Sustainable
Building Technical Manual, Part 3, Chapters 5, 6,7 and 8, http://www.usgbc.org.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Heat Island Group, http://eetd.lbl.gov/heatisland.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Recommended Practice Manual:
Lighting for Exterior Environments, http://www.iesna.org.
2-8

Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for microclimate and environmentally responsive site design.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards to ensure microclimate issues and
environmentally responsive site design.
Develop appropriate performance indicators based on the specific site and programmatic
concerns. Include the design team, City of Oakland , and landscape experts.
Site Selection
Select a site where the natural features can accommodate and or enhance a variety of
strategies. Look for opportunities to integrate the micro climate including natural air
circulation, existing topography, vegetation, and water into effective, site specific strategies
that will respond to the development on the site. For example utilize the sites air circulation
patterns for passive cooling.
DESIGN
Develop site planning and landscape design to respond to microclimatic conditions and
environmental forces
Locate and orient the building to respond to microclimatic conditions and environmental
forces. Also consider their relationships to thermal, lighting, and acoustic issues. See strategy
3.1 Optimize Building Placement and Configuration for Energy Performance.
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the occupants and operations staff on how the site responds to microclimatic
conditions and environmental forces.
Next Use
Evaluate the microclimatic conditions and environmental forces for next use.
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Strategy 1.4: Use Native or Mediterranean Trees, Shrubs, and Plants
Goal: To use climatically and regionally appropriate plants that minimize maintenance,
reduce pest management and irrigation requirements, and enhance regional identity.
Points Possible: 2
Performance
Indicator
Mediterranean or native (climatically-appropriate) vegetation is used on the site to conserve

water, reduce pesticide use, maintain a sense of place, reduce plant mortality, and lower
operational maintenance costs.
1 point: By species: A minimum of 75% of all species planted on the site are Mediterranean
type or native plants.
-AndBy quantity: A minimum of 75% of all trees and shrubs are Mediterranean type or
native plants.
1 point: An integrated pest management system is used to reduce the need for chemical pest
control and to reduce site toxicity.
Resources
Sunset Books, Western Climate Zones, Sunset Publishing Corp, Menlo Park, California 1997.
Native Plant Species Common to Oaklands Creeks, City of Oakland, Public Works Agency,
Environmental Services Division.
Recommendations for Ecologically Sensitive Fire Abatement Vegetation Management
Practices, City of Oakland.
http://www.basmaa.org
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for the use of Mediterranean, native or naturalized trees, shrubs,
and plants.
Programming
Develop programming criteria and standards for the selection of trees, shrubs, and plants.
In programming document, describe purpose of planting (i.e. erosion control, drought
resistance, ease of maintenance, etc.)
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Consider a demonstration garden to serve as an example of well-maintained, water-saving
landscaping for other buildings or renovations.
Site Selection
Analyze site to determine where Mediterranean or native trees, shrubs, and plants should be
used such as in areas where mass coverage is needed and/or location of harsh environmental
and manmade conditions.
DESIGN
Use a majority of Mediterranean or native trees, shrubs, and plants to minimize maintenance,
reduce yard waste, and decrease water consumption. (For information on water efficient
irrigation systems see 1.5 Manage Site Water. For information on alternative sources of
irrigation water see 2.1 Use Recycled Water Systems.)
To use plants that will thrive, understand Oaklands microclimates by using Sunsets Books,
Western Climate Zones. Oakland is Sunset zones 14, 16, and 17.
Use an integrated pest management system to reduce cost and effect of chemical applications.
Specify Mediterranean or native trees, shrubs, and plants.
Specify an integrated pest management system.
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the building occupants about the use of Mediterranean or native trees, shrubs, and
plants.
Train operations and maintenance staff to maintain trees, shrubs, and plants; educate staff on
use of pest management.
Inspect and maintain trees, shrubs, and plants.
Use a majority of Mediterranean or native trees, shrubs, and plants for replacement plantings
and future alterations.
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Strategy 1.5: Manage Site Water
Goal: To protect watersheds, maintain water quality, reduce erosion, and consumption of
potable water. Another goal is to maintain rain water on site instead of diverting it to the storm
drain system.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
2.1: Use Recycled Water Systems
4.3: Control Moisture to Prevent Microbial Contamination
Performance
Indicator
1 point: Stormwater:
A stormwater management plan is implemented that incorporates the
recommendations in the document Start at the Source, Residential Site Planning
and Design Guidance Manual for Stormwater Quality Protection.
1 point: Irrigation and Specialty-use Water:
Use efficient irrigation systems, such as drip, moisture sensors, and weather data
based controllers. Use correct nozzles to water use, match product system to water
use, use re-circulating water in fountain-style water displays.
1 point: Erosion Control:
Meet or exceed the standard for erosion control measures outlined in Erosion and
Sediment Control Field Manual.
Resources
Erosion and Sediment Control Field Manual, California Water Quality Control Board, San
Francisco Bay Region, 510.622.2419.
California Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbook Construction Activity, State
Water Resources Control Board, http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/index.html.
Quality Protection, Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association (BASMAA),
Best Management Practices for Industrial Storm Water Pollution Control, Alameda County
Urban Runoff Clean Water Program, 510.670.5543.
Best Management Practices for Storm Water and Industrial Sanitary Sewer Pollution Control,
Alameda County Urban Runoff Clean Water Program, 510.670.5543.
Using Plants to Stabilize Stream Banks. Public Works Agency, Environmental Services
Division, City of Oakland.
Water-Efficient Landscape Guidelines, Bennett, Richard and Michael Hazinski, American
Water Works Association.
2-12

Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for the management of site water.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards that must be met in the management of
site water.
Site Selection
Select a site that will require minimum alterations and ecological impacts to the watersheds
and/or water features.
DESIGN
For information on hydrology, watersheds, the importance of minimizing impervious land
coverage, zoning, and planning strategies for stream protection refer to Start at the Source, a
design guidance manual for stormwater quality protection.
Use biologically based stormwater management features such as swales; sediment control
ponds, pools, and wetlands along drainage courses; and infiltration basins to retain and treat
storm water on site.
Minimize hardscapes and use permeable surface materials to retain storm water on site.
Design pavements and locate them in such a manner as to reduce storm water velocity
between pavements and to facilitate water infiltration into the soil.
Capture rainwater from impervious areas of the building for groundwater recharge or reuse in
the building.
Use efficient irrigation systems (drip irrigation, moisture sensors, and weather data based
controllers). Match system to water use. Use correct nozzles on irrigation heads. (For
information on alternative sources of irrigation water see 2.1 Use Recycled Water Systems.
For information on lowering irrigation demand, see 1.4 Use Native or Mediterranean Trees,
Shrubs, and Plants.)
Use recirculating water in fountains and water displays
Design drainage to keep water away from the building.
Design roof drainage to direct water to dry-wells, cisterns, or into landscape infiltration/
detention areas.
Prepare a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan which may be required to get a General
Construction Permit. For projects which will disturb five acres or more it is required. The Plan
identifies appropriate stormwater pollution prevention measures or best management practices
(BMP) to reduce pollutants in stormwater discharges from the construction site both during
and after construction is completed. Specify systems that retain and treat stormwater on the
site.
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Specify permeable surfaces.
Specify irrigation systems and vegetation that minimize water consumption.
Specify erosion control procedures to protect the site during construction.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
For erosion and sediment control Best Management Practices and their design, refer to the
California Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbook for Construction Activity.
Prevent soil erosion before, during, and after construction by controlling stormwater runoff
and wind erosion. Consider silt fencing, sediment traps, construction phasing, stabilization of
slopes, and maintaining and enhancing vegetation and groundcover.
Do not grade in the winter.
Protect hillsides using adequate erosion control measures such as hydro seeding, erosion
control blankets, and/or sedimentation ponds to collect runoff.
Monitor all erosion control measures before, during, and after a storm.
Commissioning
Ensure that site water management systems are installed and working properly.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate the occupants on the site water management strategies and systems.
Train the operations and maintenance staff on the site water management strategies and
systems.
Provide an operating manual for site water management.
Inspect and maintain site water management systems.
Next Use
Evaluate existing site water management systems for next use.
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Water Environmental Concerns
Building construction and operation draw heavily on water from the environment. Most of the
earths water is located in oceans and is too salty for residential, commercial or industrial use.
Only about 0.003 percent of earths water is readily available as fresh water for human use
(Miller, 1992). Building materials manufacturing, construction and operations consumes 16
percent of available fresh water annually. This does not reflect the impact of the building
industry on the quality of water. Growth in urban water use is lowering water tables and
necessitating large projects that siphon supplies away from agriculture. Since the turn of
century, the worldwide municipal use of water has grown 19 times and industrial use has
grown 26 times. In contrast, agricultural use has increased only 5 times (Worldwatch Institute,
1999).
Water Goals
Water Strategies
The sustainable design goals listed are
translated into the following strategies:
Preserve site watersheds and groundwater

aquifers.
Conserve and reuse stormwater.
Reduce potable water consumption.
Reduce off-site treatment of wastewater.
Maintain appropriate level of water quality on the
site and in the building(s).
2.1 Use Recycled Water Systems

2.2 Conserve Building Water Consumption
2.3 Conserve Cooling Tower Water
Consumption
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Strategy 2.1: Use Recycled Water Systems
Goal: To reduce the consumption of potable water by using recycled water for irrigation,
cooling or air conditioning, toilet flushing, decorative fountains, commercial or industrial
process water, etc. in accordance with the state water code. The State of California promotes
the efficient use of potable water through the development of water recycling facilities.
Recycled water will be treated to the level required for the intended use as defined in the
California Code of Regulations, Title 22, Water Recycling Criteria developed by the
California Department of Health Services
Points Possible: 3
Performance
Indicator
Resources
Install dual plumbing to separate potable and recycled water systems, in accordance with
Appendix J of the Uniform Plumbing Code and California Code of Regulations, Title 22, and
connect water service to a recycled water or other non-potable water supply.
EBMUD Office of Water Recycling, 510.287.1691, http://www.ebmud.com.

Guidelines for the Distribution of Nonpotable Water, American Water Works Association,
California-Nevada Section. 909.291.2101 .
American Water Works Associations Dual Water Systems Manual, 800-926-7337,
http://www.awwa.org.
Reclaimed Water Criteria, Chapter 3, California Administrative Code, Title 22, Division 4,
State of California, Department of Health Services, Environmental Health, Mike Finn,
510.540.2430.
Appendix J, Reclaimed Water Systems for Non-Residential Buildings, Uniform Plumbing
Code, California Code of Regulations, http://www.bsc.ca.gov/, Under heading California
Building Standards Code, Select Where do I purchase the 1998 codes?
Public Technology, Inc., US Green Building Council, US DOE, and US EPA, Sustainable
Building Technical Manual, Part 3, Chapter 6.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Establish use of recycled water or other non-potable source as a project goal.
Site Selection
Determine if site has access to current or projected routes of either the East Bayshore
Recycled Water Project, the San Leandro Expansion Project, or other non-potable water
supply source by contacting the EBMUD Office of Water Recycling. Consider locating
building near current or projected routes.
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DESIGN
Recycled water is available in the Oakland area on a limited basis at this time. , If a
development project is located in the East Bayshore Recycled Water Project or San Leandro
Expansion Project service area, consider installing a dual plumbed system that will use
potable water initially and recycled water eventually when the recycled water supply becomes
available . These projects will supply disinfected tertiary treated water.
Understand recycled water definition and allowable uses for recycled water such as irrigation,
cooling or air conditioning, toilet flushing, decorative fountains, etc.
Evaluate potential financial incentives from EBMUD such as reduction in system capacity
charges (connection fees) and/or water supply charges which affect choice of dual plumbing
for recycled water.
See Guidelines for the Distribution of Nonpotable Water, American Water Works Association,
California-Nevada Section. The guidelines are for planning, designing, constructing, and
operating recycled water systems. They provide design criteria and specifications for the
construction of transmission, storage, pumping, and other facilities.
To design separate potable water system from recycled water system, follow the California
Department of Health Services Title 22 design requirements, which require locating drinking
fountains to avoid contamination from recycled water, designing good site drainage systems,
and designing grading to prevent ponding and overspray.
(For information on water efficient irrigation systems see 1.5 Manage Site Water. For
information on lowering the demand for irrigation water see 1.4 Use Native or Mediterranean
Trees, Shrubs, and Plants.)
Specify dual plumbing system for the site and building. Specify either tape wrapped pipe or
purple pipe and appropriate signage as required under Title 22. In Division 1 of specification,
Special Conditions, include a statement that recycled water for dust control during
construction is available at the EBMUD wastewater treatment plant in Oakland.
OCCUPANCY
Educate occupants and operations staff about recycled water systems. Training and support is
available by EBMUD staff.
Prevent ponding and overspray when using recycled water irrigation systems. Do not
overwater plants.
Next Use
Determine whether a recycled water system is appropriate for next use.
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Strategy 2.2: Conserve Building Water Consumption
Goal: To conserve water by using efficient toilets, faucets, showers, dishwashers, and other
equipment.
Points Possible: 2
Related Strategies: 3.6: Use Efficient Equipment and Appliances
Performance
Indicator
Resources
Design strategies and systems are used to exceed the building water conservation
requirements of the California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part I: Energy Efficiency
Standards for Residential and Non residential Buildings.
East Bay Municipal Utility District, Water Conservation, Business and Industry Programs,
http://www.ebmud.com/services/conservation/business.html.
Title 24, Part I: Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Non residential Buildings.
California Code of Regulations, http://www.bsc.ca.gov/, Under heading California Building
Standards Code, Select Where do I purchase the 1998 codes?
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for building water consumption.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for building water consumption.
DESIGN
Understand the California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part I: Energy Efficiency Standards
for Residential and Non residential Buildings, which outlines water conservation requirements
for fixtures.
Use infrared faucet sensors, delayed action shut off, or automatic mechanical shut-off valves.
Use low flow toilets.: 1.6 gallons per flush (GPF).
Use low flow urinals: 1.0 GPF.
Use lavatory faucets with flow restrictors for a maximum rate of .5 gallons per minute (GPM),
or use metering faucets at 0.25 gallons per cycle.
Use low-flow kitchen faucets.: 2.2 GPM.
Use low-flow shower heads.: 2.5 GPM. (Consider lower levels if products are available.)
2-18

Use domestic dishwashers which use 10 gallons a cycle or less. Use commercial dishwashers
(conveyor) which use 120 gallons or fewer per hour.
Use horizontal access or other low water volume designs for clothes washers.
Specify water saving fixtures and appliances.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Verify that substitutions meet water conservation requirements.
OCCUPANCY
Educate building occupants and operations staff about water saving practices. Post signage to
encourage water conservation.
Next Use
Evaluate the existing water consumption and systems. Determine whether systems are
appropriate for next use.
2-19

Strategy 2.3: Conserve Cooling Tower Water Consumption
Goal: To conserve and reuse cooling tower water by using efficient systems and strategies.
Points Possible: 3
Performance
Indicator
Resources
Actions
If a cooling tower is used, select systems that maximize water conservation (i.e. automated
blowdown systems, conductivity probes, deduct water meters, and delimiters to reduce drift
and evaporation).
East Bay Municipal Utility District, Water Conservation, Business and Industry Programs,
http://www.ebmud.com/services/conservation/business.html.
PREDESIGN
Programming
Determine whether a cooling tower will be used in the design. If so, establish water
conservation as a project goal for the system. Develop specific programming criteria and
standards for cooling tower water conservation.
DESIGN
Avoid once through systems. Once through systems are appropriately limited to evaporation
coolers, ice makers, hydraulic equipment, and air compressors.
Select systems that maximize water conservation (i.e. automated blowdown systems,
conductivity probes, deduct water meters, delimiters to reduce drift and evaporation, etc.)
New tower designs can reduce drift to as low as 0.1 percent compared to poorly operating
towers that lose between 1 and 2 percent of the water.
Specify automated blowdown systems so that blowdown is done only as needed (rather than
on a routine basis).
Specify conductivity probes so that actual solid amounts can be measured and the blowdown
cycle can be used only when necessary.
Specify cooling towers with delimiters to reduce drift and evaporation.
Specify deduct water meter to measure water which is not discharged to the sewage system,
such as water evaporated from cooling tower.
Contact water supplier to obtain water saving credit, if available.
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OCCUPANCY
Regularly clean detector (if dirty, it detects the need for blowdown too early and discharges
water for too long).
If a conductivity meter exists, switch from a batch method to a continuous method. A
continuous, low volume bleed-off keeps the conductivity steady at the desired level, which
conserves water and reduces the need for treatment chemicals.
To reduce water losses due to malfunctioning makeup water valves, inspect cooling tower
make up water system at least weekly during the cooling season. Install meters on makeup
water lines and read weekly. Investigate unusually high readings for possible system
malfunctions.
Next Use
Determine whether the cooling tower systems can be reused for next use.
2-21

Energy Environmental Concerns
Buildings are energy intensive in their construction and operation. According to the
Worldwatch Institute about 40 percent of the worlds total energy usage is dedicated to the
construction and operation of buildings. Buildings consume energy, from the mine to foundry
to construction site. In the United States, construction and material production account for
roughly 9 percent of energy use. In contrast, buildings operation accounts for approximately
30 percent of U.S. energy consumption. This energy use has serious impacts on the
environment. Buildings account for about one-third of the emissions of heat-trapping carbon
dioxide from fossil fuel burning and two-fifths of acid rain-causing sulfur-dioxide and
nitrogen oxides. Buildings also contribute to other side effects of energy use, including oil
spills, nuclear waste generation, river damming, toxic run-off from coal mines, and mercury
emissions from coal burning (Worldwatch Institute, 1992, 1994).
Energy Goals
sustainable design embodies the following
goals:
Energy Strategies
Reduce Loads
3.1 Optimize Building Placement and
Configuration for Energy Performance
3.2 Optimize Building Envelope Thermal
Performance
3.3 Provide Daylighting Integrated with
Electric Lighting Controls
Reduce total energy consumption for heating,

cooling lighting, and other equipment and
systems.
Use renewable energy sources which have
low impacts on air pollution and global
warming.
Design Efficient Systems

3.4 Provide Efficient Electric Lighting
Systems and Controls
3.5 Maximize Mechanical Systems
Performance
3.6 Use Efficient Equipment and Appliances
Use Energy Sources with Low
Environmental Impact
3.7 Use Renewable or Other Alternative
Energy Sources
Simulate Total Building Energy Use
3.8 Integrate All Systems and Reduce Total
Energy Use
2-22

Strategy 3.1: Optimize Building Placement and Configuration for Energy
Performance
Goal: Reduce total energy consumption of building through site placement and configuration
of building.
Points Possible: 1
Related Strategies:
Strategy 1.3: Use Microclimate and Environmentally Responsive Site Design Strategies
Performance
Indicator
Resources
A physical model of the proposed structure was created and analyzed on a heliodon.
Pacific Gas & Electric, Pacific Energy Center,

http://www.pge.com/customer_services/other/pec/.
Pacific Gas & Electric, Savings by Design,
http://www.pge.com/customer_services/business/bcs/building/.
ASHRAE. ASHRAE 90.1-1989. Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except New
Low-Rise Residential Buildings. ASHRAE/IES, http://www.ashrae.org.
DOE2.1E Simulation Program, Eley and Associates, http://www.eley.com.
Sustainable Buildings Industries Council, Designing Low-Energy Buildings with Energy-10,
http://www.sbicouncil.org/enTen/index.html.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish goals related to strategies such as natural ventilation, solar heating, daylighting, and
shading.
Site Selection
Select a site with potential for energy conserving strategies. Consider solar access, adjacent
buildings, shade trees, topography and wind patterns.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Use an annual energy use calculation to compare alternative strategies. Determine initial and
operating costs of any strategies employed.
2-23

Develop the site and building plan to take advantage of energy conserving strategies. Locate
and orient the building and configure occupied spaces and openings to maximize
opportunities for daylighting and desired solar heat gain. Analyze daylight strategies at PG&E
Energy Center including studying them using the heliodon.
Use strategies to avoid unwanted solar heat gain and heat loss. Consider thermal losses due to
wind-driven infiltration. Develop shading alternatives. Maximize passive solar and passive
cooling opportunities (including natural ventilation).
Design Development
Further develop components of the energy conserving systems such as window placement for
daylighting, solar gain or natural ventilation.
Update annual energy calculation and initial operating costs. Briefly compare selected with
rejected strategies to determine if rejected alternatives should be reconsidered.
2-24

Strategy 3.2: Optimize Building Envelope Thermal Performance
Goal: To reduce heating and cooling energy consumption by heat losses or heat gains through
the building envelope. To ensure the integrity of the building envelope to prevent thermal
discomfort and condensation.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
Strategy 3.3: Provide Daylighting Integrated with Electric Lighting Controls
Strategy 4.5: Provide Appropriate Thermal Conditions
Performance
Indicator
Demonstrate envelope performance that is superior to the Title 24 allowance.

Percent below Title 24
20%
30%
40%
Points
1
2
3
Note: When scores fall between two points, do not round up. Instead calculate the score
proportionally. See Resources for additional information.
Resources

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Heat Islands, http://eetd.lbl.gov/heatisland.
ASHRAE 90.1-1989. Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except New Low-Rise
Residential Buildings. ASHRAE/IES, http://www.ashrae.org.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish heating and cooling energy consumption goals for the building during visioning
session.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Use an annual energy use calculation to compare alternatives. Determine initial and operating
costs related to envelope design utilized.
2-25

Develop design strategies that optimize the performance of the building envelope. Size
openings, select glazing, and utilize shading devices (interior or exterior) to optimize
daylighting and glare control while minimizing unwanted heat loss and heat gain. Select
glazing with a high Visible Transmittance (VT) to maximize daylighting. Select an
appropriate Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)/Shading Coefficient (SC) to correspond with
heating and cooling loads. For passive solar heating us a higher SHGC or to minimize heat
gain use a lower SHGC. In colder climates, glazing with a low U-factor minimizes energy use
and may reduce need for perimeter heating. Optimize insulation amounts to reduce heating
and cooling energy consumption by heat losses or heat gains through the building envelope.
Moderate interior temperature extremes by using thermal mass where appropriate. Ensure the
integrity of the building envelope to provide thermal comfort and prevent condensation. Use
best air/vapor barrier practices and avoid thermal bridging.
Design Development
Develop detailed thermal envelope design. Provide adequate air barrier and moisture
retarders. Avoid thermal bridging to prevent discomfort and condensation. Develop detailed
glazing specifications for U-factor, shading coefficient, and visible light transmittance.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Properly install insulation, air barriers, and moisture retarders.
2-26

Goal: To ensure that daylighting is designed in coordination with the electric lighting system
so that daylight reduces the need for electric lighting while maintaining desired lighting
characteristics.
Points Possible: 2
Related Strategies:
Strategy 3.2: Optimize Building Envelope Thermal Performance
Strategy 4.5: Provide Effective Lighting
Performance
Indicator
1 point: Provide continuous dimming controls for daylit spaces (15' deep minimum) for
75% of the total linear perimeter distance comprised of spaces greater than 250
square feet.
1 point: Provide light shelves for perimeter daylit spaces comprising 70% of the total linear
perimeter.
Resources
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Illuminating Engineering Society of

North America (IESNA) Handbook, 9th Edition. New York, NY: Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America, http://www.iesna.org.
E-Source, Inc. E-Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume 1: Lighting. Boulder, CO: ESource, Inc., 1033 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80302-5114.
Bay Area Chapter Lighting Design Forum.
Illuminating Engineering Society of San Francisco Bay Area.
Low-Rise Residential Buildings. ASHRAE/IES, http://www.ashrae.org
2-27

Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish heating and cooling energy consumption and lighting goals for the building during
visioning session.
Site Selection
Evaluate the daylighting implications of the site (solar access and control, views, seasonal
issues, etc.).
DESIGN
Schematic Design
costs related to proposed daylighting and electric lighting systems.
Locate the building to optimize solar access and daylighting opportunities. Develop the
building massing, plan, and section to maximize daylighting. Address the buildings permitted
zoning envelope to provide daylight to appropriate spaces. Assess opportunity to integrate
daylighting with electric lighting and dimming controls. Evaluate effectiveness with annual
energy use and daylighting calculations.
Shape the architectural plan and section and use appropriate strategies to maximize the
amount of useful, controlled daylight that penetrates into occupied spaces (e.g. via use of roof
monitors, clerestory windows, atriums and courtyards).
Select glazing with Visible Transmittance (VT) as high as possible to increase daylighting.
Evaluate effectiveness of glazing with annual energy use calculation. Study different
characteristics for north, south, east, and west. Develop detailed glazing specifications for U
factor, shading coefficient, and visible light transmittance.
Use shading devices such as overhangs on south elevations, vertical fins on east and west
elevations, and/or vegetation to let in natural light but reduce glare and overheating.
Use light shelves combined with higher, more reflective ceilings, to bring natural light deeper
into perimeter spaces.
Use photocell-dimming sensors that adjust electric lighting in response to available daylight.
Design Development
Coordinate daylighting and lighting system designs with glazing and sun control elements.
Include the use of light sensors and dimming controls to minimize electric lighting usage.
Develop detailed specifications for daylighting systems, glazing, and electric lighting
controls.
2-28

CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure that daylighting technologies, lighting control devices, and sensors are installed and
working properly.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate building occupants about the daylighting design and systems. Train building
operators in the use and maintenance of the lighting system. Provide an operating manual.
Educate occupants and operations staff about daylighting and electric lighting systems. Clean
windows and any reflective surfaces to maximize daylight. Inspect and maintain lighting
sensors.
Next Use
Evaluate whether daylighting design and lighting controls support next use. Make adaptations
to systems as appropriate or salvage and recycle systems.
2-29

Strategy 3.4: Provide Efficient Electric Lighting Systems and Controls
Goal: To minimize electric lighting energy use while still meeting project requirements and
improving visual quality.
Points Possible: 4
Related Strategies:
Performance
Indicator
Demonstrate overall lighting system performance that is superior to the Title 24 allowance
AND receives any available rebates for overall lighting system performance.
20%
30%
40%
Points
1
2
3
1 point: Functional areas are zoned together, a master control with a time clock is provided,
and telephone access or other occupant controls are provided for turning lights on or
off, during unscheduled periods of occupancy
.
Resources
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America (IESNA) Handbook, 8th Edition. New York, NY: Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America, 1993.
E-Source, Inc. E-Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume 1: Lighting. Boulder, CO: E-Source,
Inc., 1033 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80302-5114.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Green Lights Program,
http://www.epa.gov/greenlights.html.
2-30

Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establishing energy consumption and daylighting goals as well as lighting requirements for
the building, during visioning session.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
costs related to proposed electric lighting system.
Integrate daylighting with electric lighting. Evaluate effectiveness with an annual energy use
calculation.
Visit PG&E Energy Center to mock-up light shelves inside and outside. Use heliodon for
evaluation.
Explore direct and indirect lighting for quality and performance. Monitor lighting power use.
Establish 1.0 watts/square foot as a lighting goal.
Design Development
Develop detailed electric lighting systems. Include the use of light and motion sensors,
timeclocks and other devices to minimize electric lighting usage.
Develop detailed daylighting and lighting systems. Use low levels of ambient light with task
lighting where appropriate. Direct/indirect lighting fixtures illuminate ceilings and walls
producing low level ambient light that minimizes glare in workplaces.
Include the use of light and motion sensors such as dimmers, occupancy sensors, photocells,
and time clocks to minimize electric lighting usage.
Use high efficiency lamps and luminaires with electronic ballasts.
Develop detailed specifications for energy efficient lighting fixtures, ballasts and lamps.
Specify appropriate controls such as switching, dimming, and/or occupancy sensors and or
times and after hours controls to minimize electric lighting usage.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure lighting control devices and sensors are installed and working properly.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate building occupants about lighting system devices and controls.
Train building operators in the use and maintenance of the lighting system.
2-31

Educate occupants and operations staff about daylighting and electric lighting systems.
Clean windows and any reflective surfaces to maximize daylight.
Use energy efficient replacements for lighting ballasts and bulbs.
Inspect and maintain lighting sensors.
Periodically measure lighting energy consumption. Compare to design loads, fix problems
and improve operating efficiency.
Next Use
Evaluate whether electric lighting systems can be reused in the next use. Make adaptations to
systems as appropriate or salvage and/or recycle systems.
2-32

Strategy 3.5: Maximize Mechanical System Performance
Goal: To design the building heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system to
minimize energy use while maintaining standards of indoor air quality and occupant comfort.
Points Possible: 5
Related Strategies:
Strategy 4.1: Control and Isolate Source of Pollutants
Strategy 4.3: Control Moisture to Prevent Microbial Contamination
Strategy 4.4: Provide Ample Ventilation for Pollutant Control
Performance
Indicator
Demonstrate overall HVAC system performance that is superior to the Title 24 allowance
AND receive any available rebates for overall HVAC system performance.
10%
20%
30%
40%
Points
2
3
4
5
proportionally. See Resources for additional information.
Resources

Pacific Gas & Electric, Savings by Design,
http://www.pge.com/customer_services/business/bcs/building/.
Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star Programs, http://www.epa.gov/energystar.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network, US Department of Energy, Office of
Building Technology, http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/build_commercial.html.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 621989. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI Approved).
http://www.ashrae.org.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE, 1992. ASHRAE
Standard 55-1992, with 55-1995 addendum, http://www.ashrae.org.
E-Source, Inc. E-Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume 2: Commercial Space Cooling and
Air Handling, Volume 3: Space Heating, and Volume 4: Drive Power. Boulder, CO: E-Source,
Inc., 1033 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80302-5114.
2-33

Herzog, P. Energy Efficient Operation of Commercial Buildings. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1997.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
Guideline for Commissioning of HVAC Systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, 1996. ASHRAE Guideline 1996-1,
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish goal to avoid the use of chillers and compressors for cooling air or water.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Consider natural ventilation for cooling.
Select an energy efficient HVAC system for preliminary evaluation. Evaluate effectiveness
with annual energy use calculation.
Use cogeneration (district or building scale) to reduce the environmental impact of total
building energy use.
Design Development
Develop detailed HVAC system design. Utilize strategies such as efficient equipment and
controls, variable air volume (VAV) distribution boxes, and heat recovery devices. Modulate
outside air according to occupancy, activities, and operations. Use occupancy sensors.
Use zero CFC-based refrigerants in HVAC and refrigeration equipment. Complete a
comprehensive CFC phaseout conversion.
Design boilers and chillers using high efficiency equipment, multiple modular boilers (to
allow more efficient part-load operation), high efficiency condensing boilers, or gas heater/
chillers.
Zone the building to use separate air handling units for areas with different hours of
occupancy and loads. Use occupancy sensors and variable-air-volume distribution systems to
minimize unnecessary heating or cooling.
2-34

Use heat recovery systems, thermal storage (ice or water to reduce peak loads), and desiccant
dehumidification to reduce heating and cooling energy use.
Develop detailed specifications for HVAC system.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure HVAC systems are balanced and operating properly.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate building occupants about operating thermostats and general HVAC operation. Train
building operators in the use and maintenance of HVAC system. Provide operating manual for
systems.
Inspect and maintain HVAC system on a regular schedule. Periodically measure performance
of building heating and cooling systems for total energy use. Compare to design intent,
identify and correct problems to improve operating efficiency.
Next Use
Evaluate whether the HVAC system supports the next use. Make adaptions to the system as
appropriate or salvage and/or recycle system.
2-35

Strategy 3.6: Use Efficient Equipment and Appliances
Goal: To design and/or select any building equipment and appliances to minimize energy use.
Points Possible: 1
Performance
Indicator
Resources
90% of equipment such as computers, copiers, printers, refrigerators, and dishwashers are
labeled as Energy Star or equivalent high-efficiency models rated by the California Energy
Commission or American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE).
E-Source, Inc. E-Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume 4: Drive Power, Volume 5:
Appliances. Boulder, CO: E-Source, Inc., 1033 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80302-5114.
Energy Star Program, http://www.energystar.gov.
Federal Energy Management Program, Buying Energy Efficient Products,
http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/procurement/.
American Council for Energy Efficient Economy, Top Rated Appliances,
http://www.aceee.org.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish energy consumption goals for plug loads (equipment and appliances) and service
hot water system.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Conduct research to evaluate the efficiency of possible equipment and appliances. Select
energy efficient equipment, appliances, and a service water system for preliminary evaluation.
Evaluate with an annual energy use calculation.
Design Development
Select equipment with high efficiency motors and variable speed drives, equipment and
appliances that meet Energy Star criteria, and efficient equipment to heat and supply service
water to the building.
Specify energy efficient equipment, appliances, and service water system.
Specify equipment that meets the Energy Star criteria.
2-36

CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure that equipment and appliances are installed and performing at optimum efficiency.
OCCUPANCY
Select additional or replacement equipment and appliances that meet Energy Star criteria.
Select additional or replacement service water equipment that meets efficiency standards.
Next Use
Evaluate whether equipment and appliances support the next use. Make adaptions as
appropriate or salvage and/or recycle equipment.
2-37

Strategy 3.7: Use Renewable or Other Alternative Energy Sources
Goal: To use renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic panels, wind generators, and
geothermal energy to minimize environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels such as air
pollution and global warming. To use other alternative energy supply systems such as fuel
cells that reduce total environmental impact.
Points Possible: 3
Performance
Indicator
1 point: 50% of the energy for a one-year contract is procured from certified renewable
energy sources.
-OR2 points: 100% of the energy for a one-year contract is procured from certified renewable
energy sources.
-OR3 points: Energy used on site is derived from renewable energy for greater than 50% of site's
energy requirements.
Resources
Energy Guide, Green Choice, http://www.energyguide.com.

Utility Guide, http://utilityguide.com/index.cfm.
Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technology, Buy Green Power,
http://www.ceert.org.
Center for Resource Solutions, Green-e Renewable Electricity Program,
http://www.green-e.org.
U S Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, http://www.nrel.gov.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish goal to use certified green power from energy service provider or renewable
energy sources on-site, such as photovoltaics, geothermal, or wind.
Site Selection
If possible, evaluate site with potential for on site renewable energy sources. Consider solar
access for photovoltaics, and wind availability for power generation. Consider access to other
types of energy delivered to the site.
2-38

DESIGN
Schematic Design
Develop the site and building plan to include renewable on-site energy sources if appropriate.
Evaluate effectiveness with initial computer modeling of energy use.
Design Development
Develop alternative means of supplying energy to include renewable and nonrenewable
sources and on- and off-site generation. Use detailed computer model of energy use to
compare alternative energy sources. Attempt to quantify environmental impacts. Determine
life cycle cost of alternatives.
Establish contract with State of California green-e certified energy service provider to
purchase 100% renewable, green-e certified electricity. Develop detailed specifications for
renewable or other on-site energy generation system. Specify that an operating manual must
be provided.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure that alternative energy generation systems are installed and working properly.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate building occupants about any on-site alternative energy generation systems. Train
building operators in the use and maintenance of any on-site energy generation systems.
Provide operating manual for systems.
Inspect and maintain on-site energy systems on a regular schedule. Periodically measure
performance of on-site energy generation systems. Compare to design intent, fix problems,
and improve operating efficiency.
2-39

Strategy 3.8: Integrate All Systems and Reduce Total Energy Use
Goal: To reduce total energy consumption of building by using computer simulations and
analysis of total performance with integrated systems.
Points Possible: 4
Performance
Indicator
Demonstrate overall energy performance that is superior to the Title 24 allowance.

20%
30%
40%
50%
Points
1
2
3
4
proportionally. See Resources for additional information
Resources
ASHRAE 90.1-1989. Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except New Low-Rise
Residential Buildings. ASHRAE. http://www.ashrae.org.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish energy consumption goals for the entire building during visioning session.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Identify possible energy efficiency strategies in areas other than lighting, HVAC, envelope,
such as domestic hot water, uninterrupted power systems, computer rooms, cooling systems,
electrical wiring systems, and electrical transformers. . Evaluate effectiveness of each strategy
with annual energy use calculation.
Design Development
Develop feasible bundles of strategies that represent levels of performance such as 30%, 40%
and 50% savings compared to a building that meets the base energy code. Use annual energy
use calculation to compare alternative bundles. Determine initial and operating costs related to
2-40

bundles of strategies. Select optimal design/system packages for energy performance and
cost.
Develop detailed specifications for all selected strategies.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure all energy efficient systems and devices are installed and operating properly.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate building occupants about the total building energy performance. Train building
operators and provide operating manual for systems.
Inspect and maintain all energy efficient systems and devices. Periodically measure energy
consumption. Compare to design loads, fix problems and improve operating efficiency.
Next Use
Evaluate whether the energy systems support next use. Make adaptions as appropriate or
salvage an/or recycle systems.
2-41

Interior Environmental Quality Environmental
Concerns
A healthy, productive, and comfortable environment is expected at home and in the
workplace. Yet many modern buildings create unhealthy and potentially dangerous interior
environments for their occupants. Lighting may be inadequate or incorrect for its intended
function. Thermal conditions may become extreme, and its control may be unaccessible to
the occupants. Ventilation systems installed to protect air quality often subject occupants to
stale air, or harbor and spread unhealthy molds, bacteria, and viruses. The medical, human
comfort, performance and productivity costs of unhealthy interior environments may run into
the tens of billions of dollars each year (Roodman & Lenssen, 1995). Research also shows
that buildings with daylight, fresh air, and occupant control are consistently rated as more
comfortable and contribute to occupants performance and productivity. In a typical U.S.
office, salaries are so high that if productivity rises just 2 percent, it is worth more to a
company than entirely eliminating utility bills (Romm, 1994).
Interior Environmental Quality Strategies

Interior Environmental Quality Goals

sustainable design embodies the following
goals:
Indoor Air Quality

4.1 Control and Isolate Source of Pollutants
4.2 Use Low Voc-emitting materials
4.3 Control Moisture to Prevent Microbial
Contamination
4.4 Provide Ample Ventilation for Pollutant
Control and Thermal Comfort
Provide an environment for occupants that is

physiologically and psychologically healthy.
Minimize production and transmission of air
pollution.
Provide the full range of supportive sensory
conditions (olfactory, thermal, vibroacoustic,
tactual and visual) for occupants.
Provide needed operational control of
systems to occupants.
Produce environments that enhance human
comfort, well-being, performance and
productivity.
Human Comfort
4.5 Provide Appropriate Thermal Conditions
4.6 Provide Effective Lighting
4.7 Provide Appropriate Building Acoustical
and Vibration Conditions
4.8 Provide Views, Viewspace, and
Connection to Natural Environment
2-42

Strategy 4.1: Control and Isolate Source of Pollutants
Goal: To provide good indoor air quality by minimizing and controlling air pollution from the
site and surroundings.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
1.3: Use Microclimate and Environmentally Responsive Site Design Strategies
Performance
Indicator
1 point:
Site is analyzed to identify potential sources of indoor air pollution. Remedial

action is taken if the site contaminants will result in unacceptable indoor air
emissions according to the Oakland Urban Land Redevelopment Program Guidance
Document.
1 point: Pollution generating activities are eliminated where feasible or zoned to an isolated
area of the building and have a separate ventilation system. Air intakes are
separated from pollution sources with a minimum separation distance to minimize
risk of capture of contaminated air.
1 point: Ducted returns are used within the building. Internal duct insulation is eliminated.
If that is impossible the duct lining should be chosen to minimize risk to occupants.
Resources
Indoor Air Quality Design Guide for the City of Oakland.

Indoor Air Quality Operations and Maintenance Guide for the City of Oakland.
Guidance on the evaluation of potential air quality issues at a site, zoning a building to isolate
pollution generating facilities, and operations and maintenance is available in ASHRAE
Standard 62-1999, http://www.ashrae.org.
Guidance on filtration can be found in ASHRAE 52.2, Method of Testing General Ventilation
Air Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size, http://www.ashrae.org.
Guidance on operations and maintenance can be found in the EPA/NIOSH document,
Building air quality: a guide for building owners and facility managers, US Environmental
Protection Agency and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, EPA 400/1-91/
033, (See http://www.epa.gov/reg5oair/radon/healbld1.htm#bldgaqguinfo).
Information on operations and maintenance can also be obtained from the International
Performance Measurement & Operations Protocols IEQ appendix. This can be downloaded
from http://www.ipmvp.org.
Guidance on maintaining air quality during construction can be found in the SMACNA
Guide, IAQ guidelines for occupied buildings under construction, Sheet Metal and Air
Conditioning Contractors National Association, Chantilly, VA, 1995.
2-43

Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for the evaluation and control of site pollution, and the
elimination or isolation of pollutant-generating activities.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for the control of site pollution.
Develop programming criteria and standards for locating air intakes and exhausts for natural
and/or mechanical ventilation.
Develop specific programming criteria and standards to minimize and control pollutants in
the ventilation air path.
Site Selection
When feasible, select a site with minimum sources of pollution from agriculture, industry,
and transportation. Analyze the site to determine whether there are sources of pollution that
may affect air quality. The site shall be surveyed for sources of contaminants that may be
unacceptable for use indoors. These may include odors and sensory irritants from facilities
engaged in manufacturing, food preparation, and dry cleaning located near the building site.
Survey results shall be documented.
DESIGN
Develop site planning to minimize potential pollutant sources in areas adjacent to the
building. Consider the locations of outdoor rooms, buildings, vehicular circulation, parking
lots, loading docks, and pedestrian drop-offs.
Locate windows and/or air intakes for mechanical and natural ventilation away from
potential contaminants from the outside. Air intakes are to be separated from potential
pollution sources by a minimum separation distance to minimize risk of capture of
contaminated air. See Section 2, Architectural Design of the Indoor Air Quality Design
Guide for the City of Oakland for specific distances between outside air intakes and
contaminant source.
Control, limit, or clean air pollution on or near the site through landscaping, setbacks, and
buffer zones.
Minimize the use of plants or plantings that shed spores (that are irritating to people with
allergies) near building entries, operable windows, and outdoor rooms.
Provide a smoke-free environment. If smoking is allowed outside, designate an area that is
remotely located from building windows and openings. Provide ashtrays to minimize litter.
Zone the building to isolate pollutant-generating activities such as garages, shops, printing
facilities, laboratories, and manufacturing spaces. Use separate ventilation systems as
appropriate.
2-44

Space shall be provided around all ventilation equipment as recommended by the
manufacturer for routine maintenance and inspection. This includes, but is not limited to,
filter replacement and fan belt adjustment and replacement.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure that air intakes and exhausts are properly located to avoid re-entrainment of exhausted
air and minimize contamination of outdoor air.
OCCUPANCY
Monitor the site for air pollution and address concerns as needed.
Monitor areas adjacent to pollutant-generating activities to ensure isolation of potential
sources of contamination and appropriate ventilation within these spaces.
Educate occupants and operations staff about procedures concerning pollutant-generating
activities.
Next Use
Evaluate site to determine whether there are sources of air pollution that need to be addressed
in next use.
Analyze the building to determine if there are air quality issues that have resulted from
pollutant-generating activities that need to be addressed prior to next use.
2-45

Strategy 4.2: Use Low VOC-emitting Materials
Goal: To contribute to good indoor air quality during building operations, specify products
that have minimal chemical emissions and emit low or no volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and install materials with minimal VOC-producing compounds or no-VOC
mechanical attachment methods. Another goal is to seek material from manufacturers that
have reduced toxicity emissions at their manufacturing plants and whose products do not
contain carcinogenic compounds and ingredients.
Points Possible: 1
Performance
Indicator
Meet all of the following criteria:

Meet Default Emissions Specifications from Section 4: Building Materials/Furnishings
Selection of the Indoor Air Quality Design Guide for the City of Oakland.
Pre-occupancy indoor air quality concentrations must not exceed maximums outlined in
Section 6 IAQ Commissioning of the Indoor Air Quality Design Guide for the City of
Oakland.
Resources
Athena software for material assessment, Sustainable Materials Institute.

http://www.athenaSMI.ca.
Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) software for material
assessment. http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html.
Demkin, J., Ed. American Institute of Architects. Environmental Resource Guide. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
What Makes a Product Green? Environmental Building News.
http://www.buildinggreen.com/features/gp/green_products.html.
Environmental Building News, GreenSpec Binder and GreenSpec Directory,
http://www.greenspec.com.
Oikos Product directory, http://www.oikos.com.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Understand possible conflicts between environmental and indoor air quality initiatives. Use
environmental and indoor air quality goals established by the design team and building owner
to guide decision-making.
2-46

DESIGN
Obtain and review manufacturer-supplied Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Submit all
MSDSs to Owner or owners representative for approval. Avoid products with significant
quantities of toxic, flammable, corrosive, or carcinogenic material and potential for harmful
chemical emissions.
Select paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants and other building materials/furnishings based
on Section 4: Building Materials/Furnishings Selection of the Indoor Air Quality Design
Guide for the City of Oakland.
Minimize use of carpets in the building. Where used, select carpets based on Section 4:
Building Materials/Furnishings Selection of the Indoor Air Quality Guide for the City of
Oakland. The use of carpet and other textiles creates reservoirs that harbor particulate matter.
Minimizing the amount of soft surface will limit the spaces available for particulate
materials, including dusts, pollen, fungal spores, and other potential allergens to settle and
remain.
In Division 1, state the projects environmental goals and the general environmental
procedures that address indoor air quality. State VOCs or chemicals to avoid. Provide
references to local, state, federal, and industry environmental standards, regulations, and
requirements. State that the product should not contain specific chemicals such as
formaldehyde. In the Submittals section, require contractor to provide a sequence of finish
installation schedule prior to construction. All wet applications should be completed prior to
soft material installations (i.e. carpet, textiles, etc.). In each CSI technical section list three
manufacturers as well as characteristics that make the product environmental, such as low
toxicity. For all City of Oakland projects, list three manufacturers or discuss difficulty of
providing three manufacturers.
For scoring purposes, document carpet, paint, coatings, adhesives and sealants, and building
materials/ furnishings that meet Section 4: Building Materials/Furnishings Selection of the
Indoor Air Quality Design Guide for the City of Oakland. Compile and submit to Owner
MSDS for all materials.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Actions
Enforce the installation of low-toxic materials. Verify that proposed material substitutions
meet low-toxic requirements.
Protect the facility from contamination during construction. Cap duct ends to avoid
contamination of interior duct surfaces or replace filters prior to occupancy.
Require contractor to develop a sequence of finish installation schedule as a deliverable
prior to construction.
2-47

Air carpets and carpet pads in a well-ventilated, clean, dry environment for several days
before installing. Carpet should be installed with good ventilation. Ventilation should continue
for at least 48 to 72 hours after installation, according to Carpet and Rug Institute and the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Use the HVAC systems to flush the facility before occupancy. Ventilate the building with
100% outside air during installation of materials and finishes and during pre-occupancy
Review City of Oakland commissioning IAQ test. For indoor concentrations that are observed
to exceed the recommended maximums, use mitigation measures recommended by Owner in
an effort to reduce the indoor concentrations to acceptable levels prior to occupancy.
OCCUPANCY
Use simple, nontoxic, or low-VOC methods of cleaning. Educate owner and maintenance
staff about correct methods and materials.
2-48

Strategy 4.3: Control Moisture to Prevent Microbial Contamination
Goal: To provide appropriate air quality by controlling moisture and microbial contamination.
Points Possible: 2
Related Strategies:
1.5: Manage Site Water
Performance
Indicator
1 point: Mechanical systems comply with ASHRAE recommendations for prevention of

standing water, ASHRAE 62-1999, Ventilation Standards for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality, Part 5.
1 point: Meet requirements of Section 2: Architectural Design of the Indoor Air Quality
Design Guide for the City of Oakland.
Resources

Lstiburek, J and J. Carmody, Moisture Control Handbook, Van Nostrand, New York, 1993.
ASTM Standard D-3273 94, Standard test method for resistance to growth of mold on the
surface of interior coatings in and environmental chamber, American Society for Testing and
Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994.
ASTM Standard G-21 96, Standard practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric
materials to fungi, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA,
1996.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for moisture control.
Site Selection
When feasible, select a site that will minimize problems associated with moisture control.
Assess and identify any site locations that may influence decisions related to moisture control
for the landscape and building design.
DESIGN
Minimize the accumulation of undesirable moisture on the site and/or in outdoor spaces.
2-49

Minimize the accumulation of moisture within the building envelope and related materials.
Consider strategies that control moisture such as eliminating water leakage and moisture
migration through the envelope due to poor detailing. Include adequate moisture barriers and
rain screens on ventilation air intakes.
Control standing water and system moisture in HVAC systems to prevent the growth of
pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Where moisture precautions are needed, materials should be specified to discourage microbial
growth by meeting the following standards:
Air filters and humidifier pads meet ASTM G-21
Carpets meet American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) 174
Parts II and III
Adhesives meet ASTM G-21
Fabrics meet AATCC Methods 30 and 100
Polymeric surfaces for vinyl, epoxy, rubber flooring, an laminates meet ASTM G-21
Ceiling tile coatings meet ASTM D-3273
Paints meet ASTM G-21 and ASTM D-3273
Where cooling towers are used they should be designed to meet recommendations and
specifications and located to prevent spray from entering the building and from falling on
public areas. Treatment of tower water should minimize the use of caustic or hazardous
treatment chemicals.
In existing buildings, remove all materials damaged by moisture to eliminate microbial
contamination of absorbent materials due to roof failures, plumbing failures, flood water
damage, leaks, or other accidents. All point of moisture intrusion must be eliminated, repaired
or sealed.
Specify materials, finishes, and mechanical systems that minimize the accumulation of
moisture on the site and within the building. Ensure that the introduction of vapor barriers and
other moisture control measures are designed and installed in accordance with industry
practice specific to this environmental region.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure that building has been designed and detailed to control moisture.
OCCUPANCY
Inspect and maintain site and building to control moisture.
Next Use
Evaluate site and building to determine whether there are issues related to moisture control
that need to be addressed for next use.
2-50

Strategy 4.4: Provide Ample Ventilation for Pollutant Control and Thermal
Comfort
Goal: Provide proper ventilation during construction and operations for good indoor air
quality.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
4.2: Use Low VOC-emitting Materials
4.5: Provide Appropriate Thermal Conditions
Performance
Indicator
2 points: The ventilation systems meet ASHRAE Standard 62-1999, Ventilation for
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Filtration systems meet or exceed the efficiency
ratings of ASHRAE Standard 52.2, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air
Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. Filters shall have a
minimum efficiency rating of not less than MERV 6 when rated in accordance with
Standard 52.2.
1 point: Comprehensive System Balancing Reports are completed to ascertain
appropriateness of indoor air quality and air ventilation rates.
Resources
IAQ Operations and Maintenance Guide for the City of Oakland.

Indoor Air Quality Design Guide for the city of Oakland.
ASHRAE Standard 62-1999, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989R, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (the August
1996 public review draft of the Standard 62), http://www.ashrae.org
ASTM Standard C 1071 98, Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Duct Lining Insulation
(Thermal and Sound Absorbing Material), American Society for Testing and Materials, West
Conshohocken, PA, 1998.
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996, The HVAC Commissioning Process, http://www.ashrae.org.
Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, US
Environmental Protection Agency and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
EPA 400/1-91/033, http://www.epa.gov/reg5oair/radon/healbld1.htm#bldgaqguinfo.
2-51

Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop goals and objectives for air quality and mechanical and/or natural ventilation.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for ventilation rates and air distribution
for natural and/or mechanical ventilation.
Determine air cleaning, air distribution and filtration needs for the ventilation systems
Site Selection
Evaluate the site to determine appropriate air intake and exhaust locations for natural and/or
mechanical ventilation.
DESIGN
Develop design strategies for natural and/or mechanical ventilation based on occupancy loads,
building program, buildings intended use and special use areas and size.
Design ventilation systems to meet or exceed ASHRAE 62-1999, Ventilation Standards for
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Determine whether it is appropriate to increase or decrease
ventilation rate as user demands change.
Provide adequate distribution of air to building occupants from natural and/or mechanical
ventilation. Consider design strategies to achieve this goal such as proper location of windows
and/or supply diffusers and return registers; space planning and partition locations to ensure
good air distribution; strategies to prevent stratification; ventilation of occupant breathing
zones and balanced supply and return systems.
Air cleaning or filtration system should be selected to meet or exceed the efficiency ratings of
ASHRAE Standard 52.2, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices for
Removal Efficiency by Particle Size.
Particulate matter filters or air cleaners should be provided upstream of all humidifiers,
evaporative coolers, fin-tube heating coils, cooling coils and heat exchangers through which
air is supplied to a space. Particulate matter filters or air cleaners shall have a minimum
efficiency of not less than MERV 6 when rated in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 52.2.
Filter racks shall be designed to minimize the bypass of air around the filter media or filter
cartridge frames when the fan is operating.
Select ventilation systems that minimize pollution in the ventilation air path.
Use ducted returns within the building.
Eliminate internal duct insulation. If internal duct insulation must be used it must meet the
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 181 and ASTM C 1071 standards.
Specify ventilation systems to meet or exceed ASHRAE 62-1999.
2-52

Specify a ventilation schedule that includes a flush period to remove stale air or contaminants
that may have developed during unoccupied hours when the ventilation rates are reduced.
This flush period shall be a minimum of one complete air change.
Specify systems and components that prevent the release of pollution and fibers into the
ventilation air path.
CONSTRUCTION
Ensure that air cleaning or filtration systems have been installed and are working properly and
appropriately balanced for the intended use.
Construction
If other parts of the building are occupied during construction, recirculating return air ducts
from the construction area shall be temporarily capped and sealed to prevent the spread of
contaminants. The construction zone shall be sealed and maintained under negative pressure
to prevent entrainment of construction contaminants into occupied spaces.
If the system has been operated and has returned air from areas under construction, clean
filters shall be installed after the construction is complete but before the spaces served by the
system are occupied.
Commissioning
Ensure that natural or mechanical ventilation systems are installed, balanced, and working
properly to ensure appropriate ventilation rates and air distribution. Ensure that the
components of the ventilation systems are installed and working properly to minimize the
release of pollutants in the air path.
OCCUPANCY
Start-Up
Educate the building operators and occupants about the natural and/or mechanical ventilation
systems.
Train building operators in the use and maintenance of the natural and/or mechanical
ventilation systems.
Provide operating manual for ventilation system.
Inspect and maintain ventilation systems. Maintain appropriate ventilation schedule based on
occupancy loads and activities in accordance with IAQ Operations and Maintenance Guide
for the City of Oakland. Routinely measure indoor air quality. Appropriate contaminant
guideline limits are listed in the resources for this strategy.
Monitor air intakes and exhausts to maximize air quality.
Monitor and maintain the components of the ventilation system to ensure good air quality.
Monitor and maintain air cleaning or filtration system. Change filters quarterly or in
accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
Next Use
Determine whether the existing natural and/or mechanical ventilation systems meet
ventilation needs for next use.
2-53

Goal: To create a healthy, comfortable, supportive and flexibly controllable thermal
environment for the users.
Points Possible: 2
Related Strategies:
3.1: Optimize Building Placement and Configuration for Energy Performance
3.2: Optimize Building Envelope Thermal Performance
3.3 : Provide Daylighting Integrated with Electric Lighting Controls
4.4: Provide Ample Ventilation for Pollutant Control
Performance
Indicator
1 point: The ASHRAE Standard 55 - 1992, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
Occupancy, is used as the design criteria to ensure appropriate thermal conditions.
Mechanical systems comply with ASHRAE recommendations for prevention of
standing water, ASHRAE 62-1999, Ventilation Standards for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality, Part 5.
1 point: Meet comfort ranges for temperatures and relative humidity identified in Section 6
IAQ Commissioning, Pre-Occupancy Inspection and Testing of the Indoor Air
Quality Design Guide for the City of Oakland. Meet the HVAC Design
requirements specified in Section 3 of the Indoor Air Quality Design Guide for the
City of Oakland.
Resources

ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy,
http://www.ashrae.org
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop appropriate thermal goals and objectives based on program, users, activities, and
seasonal considerations.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for thermal comfort based on program,
users, activities, and seasonal considerations.
Site Selection
Select a site that provides appropriate solar access based on the thermal criteria for the
program, users, and activities. Evaluate the solar access on the site.
2-54

DESIGN
Use design strategies at the site and building scales to provide thermal comfort. Use
appropriate mechanical, glazing, and shading systems to maximize thermal comfort and
control excessive heat gain and heat loss. Review options with Owner.
The thermal design addresses environmental and seasonal considerations for dry bulb
temperature and radiant temperature profile, relative humidity, and occupants activities and
modes of dress.
The ASHRAE Standard 55 should be used as the design criteria for thermal comfort;
however, it should be considered within a larger human and cultural context. In addition, the
thermal design should be considered within the context of other related issues such as
daylighting, shading, and solar control.
Specify appropriate mechanical, glazing, and shading systems to provide thermal comfort and
control excessive heat gain and heat loss.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Verify that mechanical systems are operating and balanced appropriately and that they will
operate appropriately through their complete range of designed conditions in order to
maintain appropriate thermal comfort.
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the building occupants about the thermal comfort strategies and features in the
facility.
Train operators to maintain appropriate thermal comfort in the facility.
Maintain appropriate thermal comfort in the facility based on program, users, activities, and
seasonal conditions.
Choose to operate the building in the low temperature and low humidity quadrant of the
thermal comfort region of ASHRAE Standard 55 - 1992, Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy.
Next Use
Utilize flexible and adaptive HVAC systems and design strategies to accommodate interior
churn, space reorganization and extension of programmatic uses of the building.
2-55

Goal: To ensure visual performance and comfort for occupants by providing appropriate
lighting conditions and control of those conditions in the most energy efficient manner.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
3.3: Provide Daylighting Integrated with Electric Lighting Controls
Performance
Indicator
1 Point: Design strategies and features are used to ensure that the Illuminance Levels and
Luminance Ratios are appropriate for the users, activities and tasks. The applicable
and most current ANSI and IES Lighting Standards are used to determine
appropriate illuminance levels for different activities and users.
1 point: Design Strategies and features are used to ensure that Color Temperature, Color
Rendering and modeling of light via produced Illumination Vectors are appropriate
for the users, activities and tasks.
1 point: Design strategies and features, and selection of lighting fixtures, installations and
controls that adjust and are able to modify the luminous environment so as to avoid
glare (discomfort, disability, & veiling reflections) and render the environment in
ways that support the program, user purposes and preferences.
Resources
Illumination Engineering Society, American National Standard Practice for Industrial

Lighting, RP-7, New York: Illumination Engineering Society. 1990, http://www.iesna.org.
Illumination Engineering Society, Office Lighting: American National Standard Practice,
ANSI/IES RP-1-1982, New York: Illumination Engineering Society. 1982,
http://www.iesna.org.
Illumination Engineering Society, VDT Lighting: IES Recommended Practices for Lighting
Offices Containing Computer Visual Display Terminals, IES RP-24, New York: Illumination
Engineering Society. 1989, http://www.iesna.org.
Rae, Mark, S., ed. The IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th edition. New York: IESNA,
http://www.iesna.org.
Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE - The International Commission on
Illumination): http://www.ping.at.cie.
Anders, Gregg. Daylighting: Performance and Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1995.
Gordon, Gary and James L. Nuckolls. Interior Lighting, 3rd Edition. New York: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1995.
2-56

Guzowski, Mary. Daylighting for Sustainable Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Hopkinson, R.G., P. Petherbridge, and J. Longmore. Daylighting. London: William
Heinemann Ltd., 1966.
Millet, Marietta. Light Revealing Architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.
Moore, Fuller. Concepts and Practice of Architectural Daylighting. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1985.
Robbins, Claude. Daylighting: Design and Analysis. New York: Van Nostran Reinhold
Company, 1986.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop appropriate daylighting and electric lighting goals and objectives based on program,
users, activities, and seasonal considerations.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for daylighting and electric lighting
based on program, users, activities, and seasonal considerations.
Site Selection
Select a site that provides appropriate solar access for daylighting based on program, users,
activities, and seasonal consideration. Evaluate the solar access and daylight availability on
the site.
DESIGN
Use strategies that provide appropriate illuminance levels and light distribution for both
daylighting and electric lighting integration. Consider strategies that use the room form and
configuration, reflective surfaces, lightshelves, and/or finishes to maximize the distribution of
daylight. Use ANSI/IES Lighting Standards to determine appropriate target illuminance
levels for electric lighting and to determine appropriate average Daylight Factors based on
the users program, activities, climate, and geographic location.
Consider those circumstances under which external windows seem to disappear to oncoming
pedestrians. These conditions produce accidents by walking into glass or (in the case of birds)
flying into sides of buildings. Such conditions are generally produced when the interior
illumination level is significantly less than the exterior illumination level in the near vicinity
of the window, when moving towards the window from outside the building. Evaluate
samples for each space type. Confirm performance for each space.
Specify daylighting and electric lighting systems that ensure appropriate illuminance levels
based on the program, users, activities, and seasonal considerations.
Verify that light controls and related adjustments can be operated over the full range of use
conditions, by the expected variety of users.
2-57

CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Verify that daylighting and electric lighting systems are successfully operating in order to
maintain appropriate illuminance levels and light distributions.
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the building occupants about the daylighting and electric lighting strategies and
features in the facility.
Train operators to maintain appropriate light levels and distribution in the facility. Develop
educational and training manual.
Establish Lumen Maintenance Plan.
Enact a Lumen Maintenance program which includes monitoring and regular cleaning and
replacement of lamps before they fail, based on the lamps operating life and measured lumen
depreciation.
Next Use
Ensure that lighting can be turned off and on and adjusted to support activities in the space,
and that there is always more than one way to potentially provide needed light for critical
activities. Consider possible disabilities and age related constraints on users in placement and
operation of lighting controls.
2-58

Strategy 4.7: Provide Appropriate Building Acoustical and Vibration
Conditions
Goal: To create an interior environment with acoustic and vibration qualities that are healthy
and functionally supportive of the use and programmed activities of the building.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
4.3: Control Moisture to Prevent Microbial Contamination
4.8: Provide Views, Viewspace, and Connection to Natural Environment and Human Factor
Design
(Note: Consider the acoustic implications of the design of the building envelope for each of
these strategies.)
Performance
Indicator
1 point: Design features and strategies are used to control sources of building sway and
externally and internally induced vibrations from wind loads, passing traffic,
interior foot traffic, and building HVAC systems and interior machinery.
1 point: Design features and strategies are used to control sources of noise from mechanical
and electrical equipment, and from sources exterior to the building. Wall assemblies
have been selected with appropriate Sound Transmission Class (STC) ratings based
on the conditions of the site, building program and activities. Noise Criterion
Curves (NCC) have been selected on the basis of programmatic activities the
building is designed to support. Noise elimination, control, or isolation from
equipment should be addressed through acoustic zoning, equipment selection,
construction, and appropriately designed ducts, piping and electrical systems.
1 point: Design features and strategies are used to zone the interior and finish it so as to
create appropriate sound reverberation levels, background sound levels, sound
rendition, and speech interference levels so as to produce the proper soundscape
for the building program and expected variations in user activities.
Resources
Stein, Benjamin and John S. Reynolds. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings,
8th edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons., 1992 .
Charles M. Salter Associates. Acoustics. San Francisco: William Stout Publishers, 1998 .
ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guide and Data Book, Sound and Vibration Control Chapter. Atlanta,
Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers,
Egan, David, M. Architectural Acoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Harris, Cyril, M. Handbook of Acoustical Measurements, 3rd edition. Woodbury NY:
Acoustical Society of America.
2-59

Lothar Cremer and Helmut A. Muller. Translated by Theodore J. Schultz. Principles ,and
Applications of Room Acoustics, vols. 1 and 2. London: Applied Science Publishers, 1978.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop appropriate acoustic goals and objectives based on the users, activities, and tasks.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria and standards for the acoustic environment based on
program, users, and activities.
Site Selection
Select a site that has appropriate acoustical conditions based on the program and acoustical
concerns. Evaluate the acoustical conditions on the site.
DESIGN
Develop strategies that acoustically zone the site to enhance positive acoustic experiences (i.e.
from the landscape, wildlife, water, etc.) or to appropriately isolate sources of noise (consider
the location of outdoor rooms, the building, entries, and windows).
Develop strategies that provide appropriate acoustical zoning of the building interior
according to sound levels and sources of noise (consider clustering or isolating activities by
sound levels).
Depending on the ambient noise from the site, develop appropriate sound isolation strategies
for the building envelope and windows (including acoustic zoning, wall construction, glazing,
and Sound
Transmission Class standards).
Develop strategies to minimize sound transmission between rooms and floors (including
acoustic zoning, sound isolation, wall construction, Sound Transmission Class standards,
structure-borne noise, etc.
Develop strategies in the design of the layout, size, and shapes of ducts to minimize noise
from mechanical systems and equipment (consider zoning, isolation, acoustic characteristics
of the systems, Noise Criteria, etc.).
Specify appropriate wall assemblies, materials, and glazing systems to minimize inappropriate
sound transmission from the outside and between rooms and floors.
Specify appropriate mechanical systems and equipment to minimize noise.
CONSTRUCTION
Commissioning
Ensure that the acoustical equipment, systems, and assemblies are installed and working
properly.
2-60

OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the building occupants and operations and maintenance staff about the acoustic
strategies, features, and concepts within the facility.
Develop educational and training manual.
Maintain and monitor the acoustic conditions within the facility to ensure appropriate acoustic
conditions and acoustic comfort.
Next Use
Evaluate the existing acoustic conditions within the facility and determine whether they
support next use. Make modifications as appropriate.
2-61

Strategy 4.8: Provide Views, Viewspace, and Connection to Natural
Environment and Human Factor Design
Goal: To ensure a high level of visual and psychological comfort; enhance well being; and
improved human performance and satisfaction with the built environment by providing access
to windows and natural views (e.g. information about outdoor weather conditions, visual
privacy and security, and contact with nature).
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
3.3: Provide Daylighting Integrated with Electric Lighting Controls
Performance
Indicator
1 point: Design features and strategies are used to provide window and view access from all
work areas or regularly occupied spaces, and/or clerestories and skylights that
provide contact with daylight and natural sky conditions. Design features and
strategies are provided that place occupants in contact with features, patterns and
textures of the natural world, not only through appropriate outside views, but
through interior recreations by means of atria, plazas, gardens, courtyards,
plantings, and similarly restorative interior design treatments.
1 point: Design features and strategies are used to create connected interior and exterior
viewspaces which provide the proper combinations of spaciousness, privacy,
personal security, visual relief and visual access to routes and settings within and to
immediately outside the building.
1 point: Design features and strategies place occupants in work environments that take
human factor design into consideration, and ensure proper work station design, with
consideration for lighting, vibration, and acoustics, temperature, and air flow.
Resources
Coffin, Christine Johnson. Thick Buildings, Places 9, no. 3 (Winter 1995), 70-75.
Heerwagen, J.H. Windowscapes: The Role of Nature in the View from the Window,
Proceedings of the 1986 International Daylighting Conference, 352-355.
Neeman, E., and Hopkinson, R.G. Critical Minimum Acceptable Window Size: A Study of
Window Design and Provision of View, Light. Res. Technology 2: 1970, pp. 17-27.
Ruck, Nancy. Building Design and Human Performance. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1989.
Smith, Richard. Light and Health: A Broad Overview, Lighting Design + Application, 26,
no. 2 (February 1986): 32-40.
Human Factors Ergonomics Society, HFES Annual Meeting Proceedings.
Human Factors Ergonomics Society, Ergonomics in Design, a quarterly journal.
2-62

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES)
P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, CA 90406-1369
Phone: (310) 394-1811 / Fax: (310) 394-2410, hfes@compuserve.com
Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA),
http://www.telepath.com/edra/home.html.
City of Oakland, Administrative Instruction 130: Ergonomics and Work Station Design.
ANSI/HFS 100-1988. American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual
Display Terminal Workstations. Santa Monica: The Human Factors Society, Inc, 1988.
NIOSH. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors, Second Printing. Cincinnati:
NIOSH, 1997.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Develop appropriate goals and objectives for access to views, visual relief, and contact with
the environment based on program, users, activities, and seasonal considerations.
Programming
Develop specific programming criteria, standards, and concepts for the access to views, visual
relief, and contact with the environment program, users, activities, and seasonal considerations.
Site Selection
Select a site that provides access to views, visual relief, and contact with the environment.
Evaluate the opportunities for views and connections to the site.
DESIGN
Use daylighting and space planning strategies that maximize the access of views, visual relief,
and contact with the environment. Consider the building massing, room form and
configuration, space planning, and window size, placement, and detailing. Use design
strategies that maximize human factor design for all occupants
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Educate the building occupants and operations and maintenance staff about the design
features and strategies used to provide views, human factor engineering, visual relief, and
contact with the environment.
Develop educational and training manual.
Maintain views, visual relief, human factor engineering, and contact with the environment in
the facility.
Next Use
Evaluate the existing conditions for views, visual relief, and contact with the environment and
determine whether these conditions support next use. Make modifications as appropriate.
2-63

Materials Environmental Concerns
Building design and construction use significant quantities of natural resources and materials.
The building industry consumes 3 billion tons of raw materials annually 40 percent of the
total material flow in the global economy. The manufacturing process of new materials is
water and energy intensive and contributes to environmental degradation and pollution.
Harvesting, extraction, mining, and processing new materials pollute the air and rivers and
threaten ecosystems and wildlife habitat. North America, Europe and Japan consume more
than 25 percent of the worlds annual 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood production
(Worldwatch Institute, 1991). According to the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), at
present rates of destruction the rainforests will be gone by 2050. In addition, global wood
production is expected to double over the next 30 years. Consumption of other raw materials
and natural resources continue to accelerate.
Materials Strategies
The sustainable development goals listed are
Materials Goals
The purpose of this section is to reduce
consumption of virgin raw materials especially
those from nonrenewable sources, select
materials that have low environmental impact
and contribute to a healthy indoor environment.
These characteristics should be applied to all
building materials including landscape,
structural, mechanical, electrical, architectural,
and interiors. In view of these environmental
concerns, sustainable design embodies the
following goals:
Production
5.1 Use Recycled Content Products and
Materials
5.2 Use Materials from Renewable Sources
Use
5.3 Use Durable Materials
Distribution
5.4 Use Locally Manufactured Materials
Conserve natural resources by reducing the

amount of raw materials required on the project.
Protect finite resources by avoiding the use of
scarce and irreplaceable materials.
Conserve energy that normally would be
consumed in manufacturing new materials.
Support local economy by increasing the demand
for building products that are manufactured
locally.
2-64

Strategy 5.1: Use Recycled Content Products and Materials
Goal: Maximize the use of recycled-content products and materials, reduce the impact
resulting from extracting raw material and (consuming energy in the manufacturing process),
and increase the demand for recycled-content building products.
Recycled-content materials are defined as materials that have been recovered from the solid
waste stream, either during the manufacturing process (pre-consumer), or after consumer use
(post-consumer)
Points Possible: 6
Performance
Indicator
5-6 points:
For using 50% or greater of the total dollar value of the building materials
(excluding labor costs) used for the project is recycled-content.
-OR3-4 points:
(excluding labor costs) used for the project is recycled-content.
-OR1-2 points:
Resources
(excluding labor costs) used for the project is recycle-content.
California Integrated Waste Management Board listing, http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/RCP.

EPAs Comprehensive Procurement guidelines (CPG), http://www.epa.gov/cpg.
GreenSpec, http://www.greenspec.com.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish the use of recycled-content building materials as a project goal.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Identify opportunities for use of recycled-content products.
Design Development
Survey manufacturers to obtain and document information on pre- and post-consumer
recycled-content products. Use resources such as the California Integrated Waste
Management Boards (CIWMBs) Recycled-Content Product Database and Environmental
Protection Agencys (EPAs) Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines.
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For scoring purposes:
(1) Document the total dollars of the building materials that contain recycled-content
(2) Calculate the total dollars of all building materials (exclude all labor costs, project
overhead, and fees)
(3) Divide total (1) by total (2)
(4) Assign the points earned for using recycled-content products on the project (see
Performance Indicators)
Specify the pre- and post-consumer recycled-content for the recycled content materials
targeted for the project (Use the manufacturers survey results). Recycled-content materials
can be specified in (but not limited to) the following Divisions of the Construction Document
:
a- Division 2 - Site Work - depending on the project, recycled-content can be used for
imported fill, site furnishings, and landscaping materials.
b- Division 3 - Concrete - recycled-content materials should be used for foundation
work including concrete formwork, cast-in-place concrete, and, concrete
reinforcement
c- Division 9 - Finishes - recycled-content materials should be used for walls (gypsum
board), flooring (tile work, wood flooring, resilient flooring, carpet), and painting
materials.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Comply with manufacturers instructions.
OCCUPANCY
For maintenance of the products, follow manufacturers instructions. Educate building
occupants about the site materials used through signage and other promotional materials
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Strategy 5.2: Use Materials from Renewable Sources
Goal: To minimize the use of building materials from manufactured from raw materials that
are scarce, finite, and difficult to be replaced.
Materials from Renewable Sources are defined as products made from raw materials that
are capable of being replaced by natural ecological cycles or sound management practices.
Certified wood is defined as wood from forests managed in an environmentally responsible
manner, and certified by an independent Certification Organization accredited by the Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC)
Engineered wood is defined as lumber that provides superior strength and does not require
harvesting new trees.
Vintage/Regraded wood is defined as salvaged wood that can be milled into lumber suitable
for building application use.
Points Possible: 3
Performance
Indicator
3 points: For using 100% of the wood based-materials for the project is certified (by an
independent certification organization accredited by the Forest Stewardship
Council), engineered, and or vintage/regraded lumber
-ORFor using 25% of the total value of building products used is from renewable
resources.
-OR2 points: For using 50% or greater of the wood-based materials for the project is certified
(by an independent certification organization accredited by the Forest Stewardship
Council), engineered, and or vintage/regraded lumber.
-ORFor using 15% of the total value of the building products used in the project is from
renewable resources.
-OR1 point:
For using 25% or greater of the wood-based materials for the project is certified
(by an independent certification organization accredited by the Forest Stewardship
Council), engineered, and or vintage/regraded lumber.
-ORFor using 10% or greater of the total value of the building products used in the
project is from renewable resources.
2-67

Resources
GreenSpec, http://www.greenspec.com.
Forest Stewardship Council, http://fscus.org/html/index.html.
Environmental Building News for green products,
http://www.buildinggreen.com/products/standard.html
California Integrated Waste Management Board web site for urban wood waste (to access this
web page; use your first and last name for user name. For example, John Doe; Use your email address for password. For example jdoe@oaklandnet.com.
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/publications/condemo/44396028.doc.
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/publications/condemo/44395057.doc.
About.com : http://www.vintagetimber.com.
Jefferson Recycled Woodworks
http://www.ecotimber.com.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish the use of materials from renewable sources as a project goal.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Identify opportunities for using materials from renewable resources.
Design Development
Locate manufacturers and companies for materials from renewable resources. See Resources.
Specify materials from renewable resources. Examples may include the use of certified,
engineered, and or vintage/regraded wood materials. Certified, engineered, and or vintage
wood can be specified in (but not limited to) the following Divisions of the Construction
Document:
a- Division 6 - Wood and Plastics depending on the project, for example, new
dimensional lumber can be required to be certified from the Forest Stewardship
Council. Additionally, for rough carpentry work engineered wood products should be
used for Wood I-Beams and trusses and Oriented Strand Board (OSB) should be used
for sheathing.
b- Division 9 - Finishes depending on the project, for example, wood flooring and trim
should be specified to be certified from the Forest Stewardship Council and or
vintage/ regarded.
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CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Comply with industry standards.
OCCUPANCY
Raise occupants awareness about the materials used from renewable resources.
2-69

Strategy 5.3: Use Durable Materials
Goal: Minimize replacement frequency of materials that consume natural resources.
A material is durable if its expected life is rated at 50% greater than the standard expected life
for that category of product.
Points Possible: 3
Performance
Indicator
3 points: For using 25% of total number of materials used in the project are durable with an
expected life rated at 50% greater than the standard expected life.
-OR2 points: For using 15% of the total number of materials used in the project are durable with
an expected life rated at 50% greater than the standard expected life.
Resources
Actions
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) data sheet, American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) data sheet, and Manufacturers product warranty.
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish the use of durable materials as a project goal.
DESIGN
Research and evaluate materials with the longest life. Develop a list of the materials with the
longest life to be used in the project.
Specify materials with a usable life that exceeds the existing standard within a product
category to reduce frequent replacement. Durable materials can be specified in (but not
limited to) the following Divisions of the Construction Document:
a- Division 2 - Sitework depending on the project, for example, landscaping and site
furnishings materials with the longest usable life should be specified.
b- Division 5 - Metals, depending on the project, metal framing can be specified to be
coated or galvanized
c- Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection, depending on the project, for example,
Cement siding can be specified to have more than 20-year warranty. Asphalt Shingles
should be specified with a minimum 40-year instead of 15-year warranty and metal
roofing can be specified with a 30-40 year life.
2-70

d- Division 9 Finishes, depending on the project, for example, lath and plaster and tile
work materials and products with an expected life that exceeds the existing standard
within that product category should be specified.
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Strategy 5.4: Use Locally Manufactured Materials
Goal: To support the local economy and to minimize the energy consumed in transporting
building materials.
Points Possible: 3
Performance
Indicator
3 points: For specifying 25% or greater of the total dollar value for building materials are
manufactured regionally within a radius of 500 miles.
-OR2 points: For specifying 15% or greater of the total dollar value for building materials are
-OR1 point: For specifying 10% or greater of the total dollar value for building materials are
Resources
Actions
California Integrated Waste Management Board, www.ciwmb.ca.gov/RCP.
PREDESIGN
Programming
Establish the use of locally manufactured materials as a project goal.
DESIGN
Schematic Design/Design Development
Survey manufacturers to locate materials that are locally manufactured.
See Resources the California Integrated Waste Management Boards manufacturers listings.
For scoring purposes:
1. Document the total dollars for materials manufactured within 500 miles
2. Calculate the total dollars for materials used in the project
3. Divide step (1) by step (2)
4. Assign the points earned for using locally manufactured within 500 miles (see
Performance Indicators)
Specify the use of materials manufactured locally. Locally manufactured products should be
specified in all applicable Divisions of the Construction Document.
2-72

CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Comply with industry standards.
OCCUPANCY
Raise occupants awareness about the locally manufactured materials.
2-73

Waste/Recycling Environmental Concerns
Waste is generated throughout the life of a building. Brick, metals, wood, cardboard, and
other waste is generated and landfilled during building demolition, renovation, and
construction. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, construction and
demolition waste represents 1/4 to 1/3 of all waste landfilled in the U.S. The construction and
demolition waste stream, once thought to total between 30 and 40 millions tons of waste
materials annually in the United States, is more likely to total over three times that amount
(Yost, 1999). Landfilling construction and demolition waste, instead of recycling it, is a loss
of material resources. During building operations, waste such as paper, aluminum cans, and
glass is also generated; it too is a burden on our landfills and a loss of our natural resources.
Waste Goals
The purpose of this section is to conserve natural
resources and minimize the waste produced
during the entire life cycle of a building,
including demolition, construction, and
occupancy phases. The waste reduction goals
include:
Waste/Recycling Strategies
The sustainable development goals listed are
Conserving Resources
6.1 Reuse Existing Buildings (Renovation and
Redevelopment Projects)
6.2 Design for Less Material Use
6.3 Design Buildings for Future Use
Reuse existing buildings that would

otherwise be demolished.
Salvage and reuse materials and equipment
from renovated or demolished buildings.
Reduce construction waste at the job site.
Recycle waste generated by building users
during occupancy.
Waste Management
6.4 Salvage Demolition Waste
6.5 Recycle Demolition and Construction
Waste
6.6 Reduce Packaging Waste
6.7 Design Recycling System
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Strategy 6.1: Reuse Existing Buildings (Renovation and Redevelopment
Projects)
Purpose: Minimize materials landfilled, conserve natural resources, and preserve cultural
resources by extending the use and life of existing buildings.
Re-use means recovering material for repeated use in the same form.
Points Possible: 3
Related Strategies:
6.3: Design Buildings for Future Use
Performance
Indicator
3 points: Total re-use of existing building structure and shell (four walls) and 25% or greater
re-use of non-shell components (interior walls, floor coverings, and ceiling systems)
-OR2 points: Moderate re-use of existing building structure and shell (three walls) and 15% or
greater re-use of non-shell components (interior walls, floor coverings, and ceiling
systems).
-OR1 point: Minimal re-use of existing building structure and shell (one or two walls) and 10%
or greater re-use of non-shell components (interior walls, floor coverings, and
ceiling systems).
Resources
City of Oakland Recycling, http://www.oaklandreycles.com.

Alameda County Waste Management Authority, http://www.stopwaste.org/fsbuild.html.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Identify opportunities for using existing building components during visioning session.
Programming
Critically evaluate structural integrity, building envelope, functional suitability, compliance
with current codes, and historical significance to determine what portions of the facility can
be retained.
2-75

DESIGN
Schematic Design
See Strategy 6.4: Salvage Demolition Waste for additional information.
Identify existing walls, equipment, fixtures, and other components that will be retained and
re-used in the project and develop design strategies that incorporate them into design.
Prepare a list of materials and equipment that can be salvaged and will not be re-used in the
renovation.. Schedule a walk through with a local salvage or demolition company to identify
what items can be salvaged. See Resources for list of salvage and demolition companies
For scoring purposes (non-shell components):
1-Calculate the total area of existing non-shell components (interior walls, floor covering
and ceiling systems)
2-Calculate the total area of non-shell components (interior walls, floor covering and
ceiling systems) that will be retained in new project
3-Divide 2 by 1 to obtain the percentage for non-shell components that will be used in
the project
4-Determine what portion of the existing building structure and shell (Total, Moderate, or
Minimal) will be retained
5-Assign the points earned for using the existing building components
Specify the existing building structure, shell, and non-shell components that will be retained
and used in the project.. For items that will be salvaged, determine requirements for site
storage and transportation to salvage company.
OCCUPANCY
Educate building occupants and operations staff about areas and systems of the building that
were retained and reused in the project through signage, brochures, or other publicity.
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Strategy 6.2: Design for Less Material Use
Goal: Design a more resource efficient building by reducing unnecessary spaces and
eliminating the use of unnecessary structural, architectural, and finish materials.
Points Possible: 2
Performance
Indicator
Resources
The size of the building initially envisioned was reduced during programming. Modular and
standard dimensioning design and engineering solutions were implemented to reduce material
use.
National Association for Home Builders, http://www.nahbrc.org.

Emeryville Resourceful Building by Siegel and Strain (call (510) 238-SAVE for additional
information).
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Establish the efficient use of structural, architectural, and finishing materials as a project goal.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Identify opportunities to use standard dimensioning and eliminate oversized structural,
architectural and finish materials.
Favor designs using standard sizes (e.g., eight-foot lengths) to reduce off-cuts of
lumber and wallboard
Evaluate plans in relation to the efficiency of materials use. For example, framing
details can be designed to minimize excessive use of lumber at window and door
openings and overbuilt headers.
Consider designs such as eliminating the need for ceiling tiles (e.g., exposed ceilings)
Design Development
Design structural systems efficiently to conserve resources without compromising
performance.
For Scoring Purposes:

Points will be assigned for overall creativity and applied strategies in design and engineering
solutions that result in using less materials than a comparable building (with no design and
engineering measures implemented to reduce material use).
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Points will be assigned as follows:
2 points for documenting and implementing four design elements that use fewer materials.
1 point for documenting and implementing two design elements that use fewer materials.
Use identified engineering strategies to minimize material use. Consider using advanced
framing techniques that will result in using less framing material.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
Verify that resource efficient construction methods and practices are employed during
construction.
2-78

Strategy 6.3: Design Buildings for Future Use
Goal: Conserve resources, by reducing the need to construct new buildings.
Future Use means using flexible design elements that enable a building to be easily modified
for other use than the initial use it was designed for. Elements of designing for future use may
include the buildings footprint, window modules, building faade, floor-to-floor height,
structural systems, walls, ceilings, and special space.
Points Possible: 2
Related Strategies:
6.1: Reuse Existing Buildings
Performance
Indicator
Interior and exterior design elements, which facilitate a building being modified for Future
Use, are incorporated into the design.
2 points: for using 4 elements (see Schematic Design for list of elements to consider)
-OR1 point: for using 2 elements (see Schematic Design for list of elements to consider)
Resources
Brand, Stewart. How Buildings Learn. New York: Penquin Books, 1994.
Rush, Richard. Building Systems Integration. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Establish a design that would facilitate, and not limit, a different Future Use as project goal
during visioning session. Explore possible future uses.
DESIGN
Design Elements
For buildings interiors, design the floor-to-floor height and column spacing to adapt to
future uses.
Use design strategies at the site scale (such as the design for parking and location of
trees) and building scales (such as providing for housing on a second level on a typically
commercial development) to accommodate future growth and expansion.
Plan for maximum standardization or repetition of building elements and details to
increase the ease of adapting the structure for future alternations or upgrades.
For building shell, design the footprint, window modules, and facade to adapt to future
use.
2-79

Design cladding to accommodate future alterations and upgrades such as shading devices,
more efficient glazing, and lighting controls.
Use sufficient floor to ceiling heights to accommodate changing requirements for spatial
configurations, floor deck, structure, mechanical and ceiling options (13' 14' maximum
is common).
Use appropriate structural and spatial definition and mechanical systems to maximize
flexibility and minimize upgrade time and expense.
Use a sandwich space between the ceiling to floor level for structure, sprinklers, supply
and return ductwork, lighting fixtures, and a ceiling system allowing the space to be more
easily altered.
Use raised floor systems for power and telecommunications wiring to accommodate
reconfiguration of spaces and information technology support.
Address adaptability and flexibility in the space planning and zoning (electrical and
mechanical) of the building, such as modular moveable partitions and furnishings.
Specify the necessary elements that will facilitate modifying the building for a different
Future Use.
OCCUPANCY
Evaluate the on-going needs of the facility and address issues of Future Use in upgrades
Educate building users through signage, brochures, or other publicity about the innovative
design used that will assist in modifying the building for a different Future Use.
2-80

Strategy 6.4: Salvage Demolition Waste
Goal: Reduce materials sent to landfill by salvaging building materials for re-use in existing
form.
Salvage means the recovery of construction and demolition debris from a building, or
demolition site for the purpose of re-use in its current form.
Points Possible: 2
Performance
Indicator
2 points: For salvaging 15% - 25% by weight of the discarded building materials (from a
demolition project) for re-use.
-OR1 point: For salvaging 5% -15% by weight of the building materials (from a demolition
project) for re-use.
Resources
For copies of the Waste Reduction and Recycling Plan and Summary Report Forms,
http://www.oaklandrecycles.com.
For list of salvage and demolition companies:, http://www.stopwaste.org.
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/ConDemo/Recyclers.
For markets for discarded materials, www.ciwmb.ca.gov/calmax.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Establish a goal of salvaging usable building materials produced from the demolition project.
Schedule into the project time line the removal of the building materials by a salvage or
demolition contractor.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Indicate on the drawings what materials can be removed. Use the City of Oaklands Waste
Reduction and Recycling Plan Form to identify (1) the amount of demolition waste estimated
to be discarded from the project and (2) which materials would be salvaged for re-use
Items to be salvaged can be either removed by a separate contractor(s) or by the demolition
contractor as part of the demolition process.
See Resource section for list of salvage and demolition contractors.
2-81

In Division - 2 of the Construction Document based on the Waste Reduction and Recycling
Plan, specify the building materials that can be salvaged. Require that the Waste Reduction
and Recycling Plan be submitted with the building application permit for review. Require the
contractor to schedule into the project timeline the removal of salvageable items.
See Resources for sample specifications language and a copy of the Waste Reduction and
Recycling Plan Form.
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
At the kick-off meeting emphasize salvage of usable building materials. Require the
contractor to use the City of Oaklands Waste Reduction and Recycling Summary Report
Form to document the actual amounts of building materials that were salvaged and to
maintain receipts for the salvaged materials. See Resources for a copy of the Waste
Reduction and Recycling Summary Report Form.
2-82

Strategy 6.5: Recycle Demolition and Construction Waste
Goal: Reduce the quantity of waste landfilled by recycling the discarded building materials
produced from demolition or construction activities
Recyclables, Recycle, or Recycling means residential, commercial, or industrial materials(s)
or by-products which are set aside, handled, packaged, or offered for collection in a manner
different than solid waste, for the purpose of processing and returning to the economic
mainstream in the form of commodities.
Points Possible: 2
Performance
Indicator
2 points: For recycling 75% or greater (by weight) of the demolition, or construction waste
-OR1 point: For recycling 60% or greater (by weight) of the demolition, or construction waste
Assign points earned for recycling the demolition or construction waste.
Resources
For the City of Oaklands Waste Reduction and Recycling Plan and Summary Report
Forms, http://www.oaklandrecycles.com.
For list of recyclers:
http://www.stopwaste.org/fsbuild.html
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/condemo/recyclers
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Establish a goal to recycle 75% or greater (by weight) of the demolition or construction waste.
DESIGN
Design Development
Identify what materials from the project can be recycled. Use the City of Oaklands Waste
Reduction and Recycling Plan Form to identify (1) the total amount of the demolition or
construction waste estimated to be discarded from the project and (2) which materials could
be recycled. See Resources for the Waste Reduction and Recycling Plan Form and lists of
recyclers.
Require contractor to recycle 75% or greater by weight of the demolition, or construction
waste. Require the contractor to document the amounts of the demolition, or construction
waste recycled and to maintain tipping fees receipts. See Resources for a Waste Reduction
and Recycling Summary Report Form.
2-83

CONSTRUCTION
Construction
At the kick-off meeting, prepare an agenda that includes waste reduction as a discussion item.
Emphasize the goal of diverting 75% or greater (by weight) of the demolition or construction
waste. Review the Waste Reduction and Recycling Plan and Summary Report Forms.
Discuss on-site waste reduction practices to facilitate recycling. Examples may include
labeling all bins or piles of materials that are separated on site.
2-84

Strategy 6.6: Reduce Packaging Waste
Goal: Reduce quantity of packaging materials brought to the job site that will eventually need
to be disposed of as waste
Points Possible: 1
Related Strategies:
6.5: Recycle Demolition and Construction Waste
Performance
Indicator
Resources
50% or greater of all packaging material, is eliminated, reused or returned to supplier or

manufacturers.
For list of recyclers:

Alameda County Waste Management Authority, A Builders Guide to Reuse and
Recycling, http://www.stopwaste.org/fsbuild.html.
Alameda County Waste Management Authority, List of recycling companies for
construction and demolition materials in Alameda County.
http://recycle.stopwaste.org/group.asp?groupcode=CD.
California Integrated Waste Management Board, California Construction &
Demolition Recyclers Database, http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/ConDemo/Recyclers.
Actions
DESIGN
Design Development
Develop bid language for suppliers to reduce packaging waste. The language should require
suppliers to reduce the amount of packaging materials that will be discarded as waste at the
job site. It also should require that the packaging material be recyclable and include recycled
content.
Specify that manufacturers and suppliers userecyclable, , and or recycled content packaging,
reduce excessive packaging, and take back reusable materials such as wood pallets. Require
contractor to work with suppliers to reduce packaging waste produced on the job site.
Practices that result in reducing waste at the job site include:
tightening estimating procedures to make sure the correct amount of each material is
brought to the site. For example, make sure wallboard orders are consistent with room or
office dimensions. Since wallboard is available in a variety of stock sizes, large quantities
can be specially ordered to suit custom designs.
2-85

delivering supplies using sturdy, returnable pallets and containers
requesting suppliers to take back or buy back substandard, rejected or unused items
requesting suppliers to collect empty containers when delivering new supplies
asking items to be wrapped in bulk rather than individually
assessing storage and handling practices to prevent loss from weather and other damages
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
At the kick-off meeting, inform the contractor and subcontractors of the goal to reduce
packaging waste by 50% or greater. Reinforce the requirement for vendors to take-back wood
pallets or other reusable packaging. Set aside staging area on site for packaging waiting that
needs to be returned to the vendor.
2-86

Strategy 6.7: Design Recycling System
Goal: Reduce waste by providing building occupants with a recycling system.
Points Possible: 1
Performance
Indicator
Resources
Provide adequate, accessible, and convenient collection and storage locations for recyclable
material.
Oakland Municipal Code (O.M.C.),

http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/government52.html.
Title 17 Planning, Chapter 17.118 Recycling Space Allocation Requirement.
Actions
PREDESIGN
Project Initiation
Establish an objective to provide adequate space for storage and access for collection of
recyclable materials.
DESIGN
Schematic Design
Establish an objective to provide adequate space for storage and access for collection of
recyclable materials.
Schematic Design and Design Development
Allocate space for storage and access for collection of recyclable materials in the space plan.
See Resources (Oakland Municipal Code, Recycling Space Allocation Requirement) for the
required space dimensions. Provide space for corrugated cardboard near shipping and
receiving areas.
Provide space in food service preparation and service areas to collect food waste for
composting. In the site plan, consider space for on-site yard waste composting..
Specify in the drawings and construction documents the dimensions for the required space for
recycling. See Resources (Oakland Municipal Code, Recycling Space Allocation
Requirement) for the required space dimensions criteria. Detail the food waste collection
system including specifying compacting equipment, such as pulper and water press if
applicable.
2-87

OCCUPANCY
Prepare a recycling operations manual for the building management and custodial groups.
Design a recycling collection program for occupants that is more convenient than the disposal
system. Educate the occupants and operations staff on how to use the program. Post signs to
facilitate recycling. Quantify and publicize recycling efforts. Collect food waste from
preparation areas for composting.
Next Use
Determine whether the existing space allocated for the storage and collection of recyclable
material meets future use needs if the building is to be modified for a different use.
2-88

Transportation Environmental Concerns
How buildings are designed can affect the number of automobile trips generated by new
development and the associated negative environmental impacts including air pollution,
gasoline consumption, and traffic congestion. Buildings that are designed with pedestrian and
transit access in mind, and which minimize the number of parking spaces can reduce the
number of automobile trips. Buildings can also be designed to include parking spaces
specifically designated for carpools and carsharing that encourage occupants to use alternative
modes of travel.
Transportation Goals
Transportation Strategies
Conserve transportation energy by encouraging

users to use buses or BART..
Provide amenities that make commuting by
biking or walking easy and convenient.
Provide conveniently located parking for
carpool and alternative powered vehicles
7.1 Design to Support Mass Transit

7.2 Design to Support Bicycle Use and Walking
to Commute
7.3 Design to Support Carpooling and
Alternative Powered Vehicles
2-89

Strategy 7.1: Design to Support Mass Transit
Goal: To conserve transportation energy by encouraging users to use buses or BART.
Points Possible: 2
Performance
Indicator
2 points: The building is located within 1/8 mile of 2 or more bus lines or a BART station; or
building owner commits to a shuttle service to same.
-OR1 point: The building is located within 1/4 mile of 2 or more bus lines or a BART station; or
within 1/8 mile of one bus line; or building owner commits to a shuttle service to same.
Resources
Actions
Design Strategies for Encouraging Alternatives to Auto Use Through Local Development
Review, October 1994, 16 pages. This volume is published as Appendix F to Improving Air
Quality through Local Plans and Programs,
http://www.abag.ca.gov/abag/overview/pub/DSpage.html.
PREDESIGN
Site Selection
Select a site that provides easy access to a bus stop or BART station.
DESIGN
See Design Strategies for Encouraging Alternatives to Auto Use Through Local
Development Review.
To provide a safe and pleasant walk, provide a landscaped connection between building and
bus stop or BART station..
Discourage commuting by car by reducing the amount of parking provided and charging users
for parking.
OCCUPANCY
Start Up
Encourage occupying employer(s) to promote and/or subsidize public transportation ridership.
Educate the occupants and operations staff about bus and BART resources available to the
facility.
Maintain bus and BART information at the facility.
Periodically evaluate mass transit needs to ensure that there are adequate resources at the
facility.
2-90

Strategy 7.2: Design to Support Bicycle Use and Walking to Commute
Goal: To conserve transportation energy by providing amenities, such as showers and bike
storage, that make commuting by biking or walking easy and convenient.
Points Possible: 2
Performance
Indicator
1 point: Bicycle parking areas are designed to avoid vehicular/pedestrian conflicts and are
located conveniently next to building entrances, as part of the integral design.
Parking and changing facilities are provided for 5% of the building occupants.
1 point: The building is located within _ mile of public services or retail to support multipurpose activities and errands
Resources
Actions
DESIGN
Development Review.
Provide secured bicycle parking and storage facilities.
Provide change and shower facilities for those who bike to work.
To support walking to commute, design pedestrian friendly building facades and walkways
sheltered from rain.
for parking.
2-91

Strategy 7.3: Design to Support Carpooling and Alternative Powered Vehicles
Goal: To conserve transportation energy by providing conveniently located parking for
carpool and alternative powered vehicles.
Points Possible: 4
Performance
Indicator
2 points: Carpool parking is designed to encourage its use by occupants by providing greater
convenience than for single-occupant vehicles.
1 point: Carpool parking, pick-up areas, and covered waiting spaces are clearly marked and
within close proximity of the building entrance.
1 point: Priority, reserved parking spaces and/or charging facilities are provided for
alternative fuel vehicles.
Resources
Actions
DESIGN
Development Review.
for parking.
Encourage carpooling and vanpooling by providing conveniently located parking and shelters
for those waiting for rides.
Encourage alternative powered fuel vehicles, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) or
electric, by providing conveniently located parking for those vehicles and access to electric
recharging plugs.
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Oakland Sustainable Design Guide

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GUIDE STRATEGIES