Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
Part 1: Convert between Numbering Systems
Part 2: Determine the Number of Hosts in a Network Using Powers of 2
Part 3: Convert IPv4 Addresses from Dotted Decimal to Binary
Part 4: Use Bitwise ANDing Operation to Determine Network Addresses
Part 5: Apply Network Address Calculations
Part 6: Identify IPv4 Addresses
Part 11: Identify the Hierarchy of the IPv6 Global Unicast Address Network Prefix
Part 12: Set Up Topology and Configure Basic Router and Switch Settings
Part 13: Configure IPv6 Addresses Manually
Part 14: Verify End-to-End Connectivity
Background / Scenario
Network technicians use binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers when working with computers and
networking devices.
In Parts 1 & 2 of this lab, you will convert between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems.
determine the number of hosts that can be addressed based on the number of host bits available.
Every IPv4 address is comprised of two parts: a network portion and a host portion. The network portion
of an address is the same for all devices that reside in the same network. The host portion identifies a
specific host within a given network. The subnet mask is used to determine the network portion of an IP
address. Devices on the same network can communicate directly; devices on different networks require
an intermediary Layer 3 device, such as a router, to communicate.
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Page 1 of 26
Required Resources
1 Router (Cisco 1941 with Cisco IOS software, Release 15.2(4)M3 universal image or comparable)
1 Switch (Cisco 2960 with Cisco IOS Release 15.0(2) lanbasek9 image or comparable)
Console cables to configure the Cisco IOS devices via the console ports
Note: The Gigabit Ethernet interfaces on Cisco 1941 routers are autosensing and an Ethernet straightthrough cable may be used between the router and PC-B. If using another model Cisco router, it may be
necessary to use an Ethernet crossover cable.
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Page 2 of 26
Binary
Hexadecimal
86
175
204
0001 0011
0100 1101
0010 1010
38
93
E4
b. As you record the values in the table above, do you see a pattern between the binary and
hexadecimal numbers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
192.168.1.10
255.255.248.0
Because the first 21 bits in the subnet mask are consecutive numeral ones, the corresponding first 21
bits in the IP address in binary is 110000001010100000000; these represent the network portion of
the address. The remaining 11 bits are 00100001010 and represent the host portion of the address.
What is the decimal and binary network number for this address?
_________________________________________________________________________________
What is the decimal and binary host portion for this address?
_________________________________________________________________________________
Because the network number and the broadcast address use two addresses out of the subnet, the
formula to determine the number of hosts available in an IPv4 subnet is the number 2 to the power of
the number of host bits available, minus 2:
Number of available hosts = 2
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Page 3 of 26
5
14
24
10
c.
For a given subnet mask, determine the number of hosts available and record the answer in the
following table.
Subnet Mask
Number of
Available
Host Bits
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.240.0
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.255.128
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.252
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Number of
Available
Hosts
Binary
192
11000000
168
10
255
2
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Page 4 of 26
Decimal
192.168.10.10
Binary
11000000.10101000.00001010.00001010
209.165.200.229
172.16.18.183
10.86.252.17
255.255.255.128
255.255.192.0
Step 1: Determine the number of bits to use to calculate the network address.
Description
Decimal
Binary
IP Address
192.168.10.131
11000000.10101000.00001010.10000011
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.192
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Network Address
192.168.10.128
11000000.10101000.00001010.10000000
How do you determine what bits to use to calculate the network address?
____________________________________________________________________________________
In the example above, how many bits are used to calculate the network address?
______________
Decimal
IP Address
172.16.145.29
Subnet Mask
255.255.0.0
Binary
Network Address
b. Enter the missing information into the table below:
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Page 5 of 26
Description
Decimal
IP Address
192.168.10.10
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0
Binary
Network Address
c.
Decimal
IP Address
192.168.68.210
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.128
Binary
Network Address
d. Enter the missing information into the table below:
Description
Decimal
IP Address
172.16.188.15
Subnet Mask
255.255.240.0
Binary
Network Address
e. Enter the missing information into the table below:
Description
Decimal
IP Address
10.172.2.8
Subnet Mask
255.224.0.0
Binary
Network Address
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Page 6 of 26
Step 1: Analyze the table shown below and identify the network portion and host portion of
the given IPv4 addresses.
The first two rows show examples of how the table should be completed.
Key for table:
N = all 8 bits for an octet are in the network portion of the address
n = a bit in the network portion of the address
H = all 8 bits for an octet are in the host portion of the address
h = a bit in the host portion of the address
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Page 7 of 26
Network/Host
N,n = Network
IP Address/Prefix
H,h = Host
Subnet Mask
Network Address
192.168.10.10/24
N.N.N.H
255.255.255.0
192.168.10.0
10.101.99.17/23
N.N.nnnnnnnh.H
255.255.254.0
10.101.98.0
209.165.200.227/27
172.31.45.252/24
10.1.8.200/26
172.16.117.77/20
10.1.1.101/25
209.165.202.140/27
192.168.28.45/28
Step 2: Analyze the table below and list the range of host and broadcast addresses given a
network/prefix mask pair.
The first row shows an example of how the table should be completed.
IP Address/Prefix
192.168.10.10/24
Last Host
Address
192.168.10.254
Broadcast
Address
192.168.10.255
10.101.99.17/23
209.165.200.227/27
172.31.45.252/24
10.1.8.200/26
172.16.117.77/20
10.1.1.101/25
209.165.202.140/27
192.168.28.45/28
Step 1: Analyze the table shown below and identify the type of address (network, host,
multicast, or broadcast address).
The first row shows an example of how the table should be completed.
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Page 8 of 26
IP Address
Subnet Mask
10.1.1.1
255.255.255.252
192.168.33.63
255.255.255.192
239.192.1.100
255.252.0.0
172.25.12.52
255.255.255.0
10.255.0.0
255.0.0.0
172.16.128.48
255.255.255.240
209.165.202.159
255.255.255.224
172.16.0.255
255.255.0.0
224.10.1.11
255.255.255.0
Address Type
host
Step 2: Analyze the table shown below and identify the address as public or private.
IP Address/Prefix
Public or Private
209.165.201.30/27
192.168.255.253/24
10.100.11.103/16
172.30.1.100/28
192.31.7.11/24
172.20.18.150/22
128.107.10.1/16
192.135.250.10/24
64.104.0.11/16
Step 3: Analyze the table shown below and identify whether the address/prefix pair is a
valid host address.
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Page 9 of 26
IP Address/Prefix
Reason
127.1.0.10/24
172.16.255.0/16
241.19.10.100/24
192.168.0.254/24
192.31.7.255/24
64.102.255.255/14
224.0.0.5/16
10.0.255.255/8
198.133.219.8/24
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Page 10 of 26
0000 to 00FF
2000 to 3FFF
FE80 to FEBF
FC00 to FCFF
FF00 to FFFF
Multicast address
There are other IPv6 address types that are either not yet widely implemented, or have already
become deprecated, and are no longer supported. For instance, an anycast address is new to IPv6
and can be used by routers to facilitate load sharing and provide alternate path flexibility if a router
becomes unavailable. Only routers should respond to an anycast address. Alternatively, site-local
addresses have been deprecated and replaced by unique-local addresses. Site-local addresses
were identified by the numbers FEC0 in the initial hextet.
In IPv6 networks, there are no network (wire) addresses or broadcast addresses as there are in IPv4
networks.
Answer
Answer Choices
2001:0DB8:1:ACAD::FE55:6789:B210
1. ____
a. Loopback address
::1
2. ____
b. Global unicast
address
FC00:22:A:2::CD4:23E4:76FA
3. ____
c. Link-local address
2033:DB8:1:1:22:A33D:259A:21FE
4. ____
d. Unique-local address
FE80::3201:CC01:65B1
5. ____
e. Multicast address
FF00::
6. ____
FF00::DB7:4322:A231:67C
7. ____
FF02::2
8. ____
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Page 11 of 26
d. On the left side of the window, click Change adapter settings. You should now see icons
representing your installed network adapters. Right-click your active network interface (it may be a
Local Area Connection or a Wireless Network Connection), and then click Properties.
e. You should now see your Network Connection Properties window. Scroll through the list of items to
determine whether IPv6 is present, which indicates that it is installed, and if it is also check marked,
which indicates that it is active.
f.
Select the item Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) and click Properties. You should see the
IPv6 settings for your network interface. Your IPv6 properties window is likely set to Obtain an IPv6
address automatically. This does not mean that IPv6 relies on the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP). Instead of using DHCP, IPv6 looks to the local router for IPv6 network information
and then auto-configures its own IPv6 addresses. To manually configure IPv6, you must provide the
IPv6 address, the subnet prefix length, and the default gateway.
Note: The local router can refer host requests for IPv6 information, especially Domain Name System
(DNS) information, to a DHCPv6 server on the network.
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Page 12 of 26
g. After you have verified that IPv6 is installed and active on your PC, you should check your IPv6
address information. To do this, click the Start button, type cmd in the Search programs and files
form box, and press Enter. This opens a Windows command prompt window.
h. Type ipconfig /all and press Enter. Your output should look similar to this:
C:\Users\user> ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
<output omitted>
Wireless LAN adapter Wireless Network Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix
Description . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Address. . . . . . . .
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . .
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . .
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . .
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . .
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . .
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . .
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . .
Default Gateway . . . . . . . .
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . .
DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . .
DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
i.
You can see from the output that the client PC has an IPv6 link-local address with a randomly
generated interface ID. What does it indicate about the network regarding IPv6 global unicast
address, IPv6 unique-local address, or IPv6 gateway address?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
j.
What kind of IPv6 addresses did you find when using ipconfig /all?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Page 13 of 26
Step 1: Study and review the rules for IPv6 address abbreviation.
Rule 1: In an IPv6 address, a string of four zeros (0s) in a hextet can be abbreviated as a single zero.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:0404:0001:1000:0:0:0EF0:BC00 (abbreviated with single zeros)
Rule 2: In an IPv6 address, the leading zeros in each hextet can be omitted, trailing zeros cannot be
omitted.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:404:1:1000:0:0:EF0:BC00 (abbreviated with leading zeros omitted)
Rule 3: In an IPv6 address, a single continuous string of four or more zeros can be abbreviated as a
double colon (::). The double colon abbreviation can only be used one time in an IP address.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:404:1:1000::EF0:BC00 (abbreviated with leading zeroes omitted and continuous zeros
replaced with a double colon)
The image below illustrates these rules of IPv6 address abbreviation:
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Page 14 of 26
Part 11: Identify the Hierarchy of the IPv6 Global Unicast Address
Network Prefix
In Part 4, you will study and review the characteristics of the IPv6 network prefix to identify the
hierarchical network components of the IPv6 network prefix.
xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:0000:0000:0000:0001
Most global unicast (routable) addresses use a 64-bit network prefix and a 64-bit host address. However,
the network portion of an IPv6 address is not restricted to 64 bits in length and its length is identified at the
end of the address by slash notation, followed by a decimal number indicating its length. If the network
prefix is /64, then the network portion of the IPv6 address is 64 bits long from left to right. The host
portion, or interface ID, which is the last 64 bits, is the remaining length of the IPv6 address. In some
cases, as with a loopback address, the network prefix can be /128, or one hundred and twenty eight bits
long. In this case, there are no bits left over for the interface identifier, and therefore, the network is
restricted to a single host. Here are some examples of IPv6 addresses with different network prefix
lengths:
Global unicast address:
2001:DB8:0001:ACAD:0000:0000:0000:0001/64
Loopback address:
::1/128
Multicast address:
FF00::/8
Link-local address
From left to right, the network portion of an IPv6 global unicast address has a hierarchical structure that
will give the following information:
IANA Global Routing Number (the first three binary bits are fixed as 001)
200::/12
Regional Internet Registry (RIR) Prefix (bits /12 to /23)
2001:0D::/23 (the hexadecimal D character is 1101 in binary. Bits 21 to 23 are 110, and the
last bit is part of the ISP Prefix)
Internet service provider (ISP) Prefix (the bits up to /32)
2001:0DB8::/32
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Page 15 of 26
The host portion of the IPv6 address is called the Interface ID, because it does not identify the actual host,
but rather the hosts network interface card. Each network interface can have multiple IPv6 addresses,
and therefore, can also have multiple interface IDs.
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Page 16 of 26
Part 12: Set Up Topology and Configure Basic Router and Switch
Settings
Topology
Addressing Table
Devic
e
Interface
IPv6 Address
Prefix
Length
Default Gateway
R1
G0/0
2001:DB8:ACAD:A::1
64
N/A
G0/1
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1
64
N/A
S1
VLAN 1
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::B
64
N/A
PC-A
NIC
2001:DB8:ACAD:1::3
64
FE80::1
PC-B
NIC
2001:DB8:ACAD:A::3
64
FE80::1
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Page 17 of 26
Disable DNS lookup to prevent the router from attempting to translate incorrectly entered commands
as though they were hostnames.
Disable DNS lookup to prevent the router from attempting to translate incorrectly entered commands
as though they were hostnames.
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Page 18 of 26
R1#
c.
Issue the show ipv6 interface g0/0 command. Notice that the interface is listing two Solicited Nodes
multicast groups, because the IPv6 link-local (FE80) Interface ID was not manually configured to
match the IPv6 unicast Interface ID.
Note: The link-local address displayed is based on EUI-64 addressing, which automatically uses the
interface Media Access Control (MAC) address to create a 128-bit IPv6 link-local address.
R1# show ipv6 interface g0/0
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::D68C:B5FF:FECE:A0C0
No Virtual link-local address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
2001:DB8:ACAD:A::1, subnet is 2001:DB8:ACAD:A::/64
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::1:FF00:1
FF02::1:FFCE:A0C0
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 30000)
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Page 19 of 26
R1#
d. To get the link-local address to match the unicast address on the interface, manually enter the linklocal addresses on each of the Ethernet interfaces on R1.
R1# config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.
R1#
What multicast groups have been assigned to interface G0/0?
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Page 20 of 26
Has an IPv6 unicast address been assigned to the network interface card (NIC) on PC-B? _________
b. Enable IPv6 routing on R1 using the IPv6 unicast-routing command.
R1 # configure terminal
R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)# exit
R1#
*Dec 17 18:29:07.415: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
c.
Use the show ipv6 interface g0/0 command to see what multicast groups are assigned to interface
G0/0. Notice that the all-router multicast group (FF02::2) now appears in the group list for interface
G0/0.
Note: This will allow the PCs to obtain their IP address and default gateway information automatically
using Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC).
R1# show ipv6 interface g0/0
GigabitEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::1
No Virtual link-local address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
2001:DB8:ACAD:A::1, subnet is 2001:DB8:ACAD:A::/64 [EUI]
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF00:1
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 30000)
ND advertised reachable time is 0 (unspecified)
ND advertised retransmit interval is 0 (unspecified)
ND router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds
ND router advertisements live for 1800 seconds
ND advertised default router preference is Medium
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
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Page 21 of 26
Why did PC-B receive the Global Routing Prefix and Subnet ID that you configured on R1?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Page 22 of 26
b. Click the Use the following IPv6 address radio button. Refer to the Addressing Table and enter the
IPv6 address, Subnet prefix length, and Default gateway information. Click OK.
c.
d. Repeat Steps 4a to c to enter the static IPv6 information on PC-B. For the correct IPv6 address
information, refer to the Addressing Table.
e. Issue the ipconfig command from the command line on PC-B to verify the IPv6 address information.
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Page 23 of 26
Note: You can also test connectivity by using the global unicast address, instead of the link-local
address.
b. Ping the S1 management interface from PC-A.
c.
Use the tracert command on PC-A to verify that you have end-to-end connectivity to PC-B.
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Page 24 of 26
Note: If end-to-end connectivity is not established, troubleshoot your IPv6 address assignments to
verify that you entered the addresses correctly on all devices.
Reflection
1. Why can the same link-local address, FE80::1, be assigned to both Ethernet interfaces on R1?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the Subnet ID of the IPv6 unicast address 2001:db8:acad::aaaa:1234/64?
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Page 25 of 26
Ethernet Interface #1
Ethernet Interface #2
Serial Interface #1
Serial Interface #2
1800
1900
2801
2811
2900
Note: To find out how the router is configured, look at the interfaces to identify the type of router and how many
interfaces the router has. There is no way to effectively list all the combinations of configurations for each router
class. This table includes identifiers for the possible combinations of Ethernet and Serial interfaces in the device.
The table does not include any other type of interface, even though a specific router may contain one. An
example of this might be an ISDN BRI interface. The string in parenthesis is the legal abbreviation that can be
used in Cisco IOS commands to represent the interface.
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