UNIT

-V

Z-TRANSFORII.IS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

PART -A

1. Define z-

transform

[May 2OO9, Apr ZOO:,I

Solution:
Let

{f (n)}

be a sequence defined for n =0,

then z- transform

z1r1n;[

t1, *

2......,

is defined as

irlnp

(z ..- a complex number)

This is called two sided or bilateral

z- transform

Definitiom

,- . z((ir)frErfrlz

'

"=

*
ar.-

a comprex number)

=F (Z)
This is called one sided z- transform

If f (t)

is

defined for discrete value oft, where

the sampling , then

*

r
E

z{f(t)}=I(nrE
=F (z)

t = nT, n=0, 1, 2, 3,...T being

2- Prove

t"l l=zlo

that I I z-a

l'l'hl

[Apr-2oo9, 2oo5, fune-2ooo, Apr-g9]

Solution zlf (n)l=lf (n)z-'

a=0

zl(o\l=la'z-'

=r(,

=,.ir(ll,

=(,-;l'
l-o

. z-a
z

z-a
I "l
zla
l=

z-a
-

Iu-,"

= I +.r+;r2

+... Herex=!
z

3.

Find z[n]

[Dec 2OtO, Apr ZOOt,Apr 2OOO]

Solutaon:

zlf(n)l=lf@)z-"
n=O

=t,,-.
n=O

_$n
_L_
n4.

123

=-+-=+--=+._-

I
=1l-,*?
zl z *3*
z2 'l

=f[,-1)-'
\' 29"-"' '

,l

/\)

'l':) t

-rl

, l'
_,[
-1;,J
r12
z
:. zln) =

(z

z
(z

-l)'

-l)2

'.' (l

-9-z

H"r"

= I + 2x +3x2 +...tJ14 < I

,=!z ,..[ltr
'lrl

.Grtud z{(n)} if (n) =

{n, n>o

[o'

n<o

Dec 2OO8, May 2OO7l

Solution:

z{f(n)}_:f(n)2"
z\n) =

Lrrz_'

['.'f(n)=n,126]

(z_t),

s.

Find

4*] r

z- transrorm

lNov -2oosl

solution:

z{f (n)}=

Iqnp-

D=_6

\'a

3nt

Vr,

=f?,x,'o"o,,o"f

if@r[]
,t )

",1
='

tv'(*t)'
'o'-'

':e'=l+!.+t+...
Here x = az-l

!
=e2

1
F
I
,

.!

6. Fincl Z[arnr] [Dec_2O1O, Apr_2OO9,

May_2OO2,Apr
Solution:

z{f

(n)}=

_2OOO]

I(n)r"

=*''n"
-t-

+la"

= f,ar-r z-"

r."

EO

ir"+.

ifi)'

+*r;(+-i,,
-.----.."=.-"

'

t...'','rr-

. *(r + u-K,ayT:).L,.

=*tt oO" +(t-1)'

l-az .t--a
z

_@.1
l-az z-o
;
azz
|-a z-a
o) + (l

az,1z

(l-az)(z-a)
_azz -azz+z-az2

(l-oz)(z-a)
z-a2z

(l-az)(z-a)

l'4 =

"(o'

11

*)

lL

:.(:)'

.l

['.'0-r)-'=l+x+x2+...
)
Hn =az and*=!
1(-

z.

ll
=az+++

_ az(z -

fo rn u Ia :lnl = - n 1--*n,-

'!

".

.......

.........-_i

7. cind z(_t)"
Solution:

[May 2OLO , Mar 2OOS]

,b"l=J_
z-o

I
.'.,ft-r;"1=
z-(-l)
_l

[Here a

= -1]

z+l

e. rind zle-*l

lApr. 2OO8 and 2oO7I

Solution:

,k,,-l=-L
z-a

'' ,[1"-"1"]=--J.---.
-

z-(e-)

.
9.

Find

z[t]
ztf (n))=I(n)z-.
n.{

,bl=

i,r "-

I"to=,
lReptace t ->

nrl

-a

=rLru-"
,t)

=T z[nl
z

(,

-l)'

:-zkl=
' (z -t)'
Tz

1o. Find Z[a" _t]

Solution:
+
,i

t
*

s
*

z["'-l=z[,".,1
="-,zb"l

_,2
Z-a

I'n'=o.-l

l-

r
I

a Z-a

11. Fi,irrl

,,1n(n '+ l)l

I

solution:

IAB
(n+lxn+2)) n

n+t
l=A(n+l)+B(n)

A=l

Put n=0

n: -I

B=-1.

n(ri+l) n
12. Find

n+l

zfsm')

[Dec 2OO9 ,Apr 2OOl]

So{qtion:
Z

kin

.....(t)

n6l=(zz

Put0=i,

(zsin9)

-2zas0 +y1

z['i"v)
zz

zlsn!!l
-z zco$+t

"a

t,

a3. Findzle'-bl
Solution:

zte"l-Jz-e"'
zle^$l=

71st

"'1

so

71.at'l

hZ
=e -+
z_eo,

{f onrula

[sini = 1

14. End Zldt+21

[Dec2OOa

Solution:
Zte"''1=

--3z_eo,

= Z[e'.e3,]

.Z
=e- +

"_er,

15. Prove that first shifting theorem.

If Zlf (tI :F(z) , then Z[ea
f()]=F[ze.,l
Proof:

z[f(n)]=ZKnr)zn=0

z{e- .f@)=}e^,
,dl

\nt),-

=)r{nD {r".),.4
=

16. Find Z[e-t"t

F[ze"'l

Solution:
Zf"'," j = Zfe-,,
.
=

.llz

fe-.tat

=Z

{z!rl},__.

f ,1
=l=l
zetzt

ze,o,-l

17,

Prove that

z [n f (n)] = -z* tF(oj

Proof:

z[nf(n)]=lnf@)

7-l

fle_tat

.11

Apr,2OO7J

rg1=i/(n1r-,
n-O

*""=*2rrrr"
=2ru>{G")
=fy{d{_,)z-,-,
cO

=t-,tatr-.)
=-r"iof<os-'
n4

fitotil=

-r",l,ratl

,[rt<r\=*#rel
18.

Find the Z Transform

,r-a

of trCr

,lnc)=Znc,z-'
,4

=l+ngr2-t

ngrT-,

+...+rg,g-

This is expansion of binomial theorem

=$*"1
te. Find +,1
Solution:

,(n)=,6*,'s

=-'$tatl

='*1,---l
o [@-D'-2.2(z-\l
---al--O-tl
-

10

f)

-,)'-t- z'l

lk_D'l

z(z + t)

(r-l)'

-crt
_z

+z

t:
.:

2o-Find

Zfan2

bn+ c)

Solution:
,lo 7f * m *

*(i)

"l=

+ bz(n) + cz(l)

,
z
=oi..1,,
-4n061*
lMay

Solution:
"[r1r-t'S]=

"lo'-"1

=,k1_,bl

z+z

\z_t)

(z_t).

_22+z_z(z_l)

(r-t)'
I

I"

=;_rsb.+z_s,+z!

\z-t)

=k4
2z

Zl.Prcrre Oamplng Rute

+"r,,\=41)rp1=2ff{n\
l

_{.

a
f

f
*,

.--=_

2OO9, Apr2OOTl

11

Prooiil

,V<o!=tJ<,tr-'
"-O

.,*'rail=Zajftata-'

,z\=Zrutl
a"''\o)

'

il'rat=\1)
,lo' r<")l= {F (q )}
,-,

23.Find Z[a, sin n]

lApr 2OO5,2OO7!

Solution:

--T.-IW(;
t*-.*-1;".*.-.?*n--'1':a!+a:

,.4fo^"i",el=fzgnnfll*
zsinn0
2-2zcos0+l
_a

l.

lsinrg
2-

'z )"
2Z-="nse+l

a
,[s'"aoef=

a.
azsin0

z'-2a2cose

24.Find

z[rtd]

o'

lNov/Dec-2OtOl

F"
E
EE

t-}

l',

12

|!*

E
4

Solution:

,bo")=,b"')

Ls
s
i:
E

={<ol'.

.'.,

':

r)
lzl

=1_t

le-D,l ,.,
"o
-a

(,\'
t_t
tt

\a-ll
" -= / .;.._.-*-2

...,*"

lz-a)

--r.a

=',
o

(r-o)'

az

.2

lz-a)

,ho'l= -. * ,,

lz-a)

25.

lal

Find [ "!i
Solution:

-1

4+

'[''rui=\z)

13

l*11"t*t1.,
I

=L* 'l
). ,,

-l I

26,Find Z[a't]
Solution:

[Dec 2O1O, Apr 2OO9]

,b.4=[,@1,

I *1

=LG-,r1'
,.*,j'*:::t'.*g:

*',-.*1....

T,

-a

l1-tl
[a)

Taz

-2

lz-a)
Zfea sin2tl

27. Find
Solution:

,l,l-'

sin

rol=r{4,-,".
z,)= 111"i, z0),r",

#
14

_lsin2T I
22cos2r+tl
"-'"
z

i:
.:

, o'

f,
+
{a

formuta:

tt
f

I ztsin

zr1=

-=-II'n

g-

cos2T+l

z'-2zcosaT +l

28.Find z[ak -

"rrr,

ze -tze

l]

Solution:
,l1t1r _ ,11=

,-

z[1r1t7]

,.zlo'l=r'il)
=2.;

,l I
,[.'
w -t)=-

z-a

29 .Pr ov eZf(n +

t))

ZF (Z) _ Z t(o)

lDec-2oosl

Proof:

zllt(n+\l=111n +t111
n4

=f-fr,+t)z-zn.rt{

Put

zf f b+t)z-,*D
[n=o->n=l

get [r=--1zr=+t1]=,f y61z- _ (o)

"[11,
n+1=m and we
ct

={trr^r,-'
L'-o

zF(z)- zf(O)

"f

-rror1

15

30, I)efine Unit step sequence

Lj0{ution:
A discrete unit step function is defined as

31.

Find zlcos(t+T)I

Dec2OO9,Apr2OO8, May2OO4]

Solution:

,ftg +r'l= sp1,) - zf (o)

here
zfcosg

+t1l=

221gosrl

z( z _.----z

f (t)=css(1 a71 ,/(0):cos0=l

- z/(0)
cosT\

2- -ZzcosT

+l

2*

cosl - z

72 -2zcosT

+l

32" Define unit impulse sequence

Solution:
A discrete unit step function

[May

2oot

Apr 2oo4]

is defined as

zt^l,tr,o,o,oi = {-Lr=o
Now

7(n-k)

is

[0,K+0
defined by

,a- rt' ={t:'=

l0,n+k

33.Find z[(n -k)]

[May

2O1O,Mar

2OOsI

Solution:

16

&'=
B+,

re

47b-k)l=Zy@-

k)z-'

,=0

= 7Q

(,

yo-h=l\'=

fs
F

lO,n

k)z-o + y(t _ k)z-t + y(2 _

k)z_2 + ....

rt =]

"-z[r1n-t1]=
Inparticul ar ,

z[y@-t)]=.

34-Fina

zlz"

y1n-z)l

Sdtution:
zt2, y@

_2)l=

_..-

{ztr@,_2)l},-,
, .2

_/r)
_l:zl

-.-\..47;.'..L..2.

l*''": .1

L't'o-a=;l

-i_

(;)'

_4
Z,

ztZ'rtn-Zy=!
35. Prove tniua, yarue theorem
Solution:

If

4.f@\= Fe), tnen

lDec2OO7, Apr2OO4f

f.igF("t=ttot

Proof:

"Ua\=ttatz-.
dA
f(0)+f(t)z-t +fe)z-2

l{}
:

'

{21

r(z)

=
=

y161*

+....

I0 + "[(2) *
Z z' ""'

l,igr?*,.

ru.

4.. l

fResrl: I

= "f (0)

=,
lri*r
L,-- z l

36.rJ

F(4=:9-:9sal\

Find

-2zcosaT +1

f (o)

Solution:

,r(0)=limFk)

.. zb-cosaT\
=llm=--=-tz
,+4

-z,zc sot +t

..
- zcnsaT\
=lrm#
s@ z - zzcosat +l
(22

-.
-cosoT
lrm;----:,)- zz - zcosal2z

=llm;
=l
37

.Find the final value

of

the ftmction

lr--l

I (zl = -----

| -0.252-'

Solution:

[May2OO9, Apr2OO77

By the final value theorem,

.r(.)

lim.f(/)

= li111e _

r @)

=11111{,-D.g

=unffi
=0

38. Define inverse z- transform with example

If

ztf(n)l =F(z) then z-1[F(Z)]=f(n)is called inverse z- transform of F(Z)

Examples:

lzla"l=-3z-a

,+*l="i

"l*l="
,',tl=*

$-fina

,'l

"

*a)(z l(z
Solution:

Let
"t

"'

[Nov 2OOa, Dec 2OO7]

D)

F(Z)=

Z2

z"[rpl=

(z-a)(z-b)

y1n1

P1'1= "*'
(z-a)(z-b)

The poles are z=a, z=b

nes{z^'r1z;}=, =lvrr?-a1

,+l

.-:-

\z-a)\z-b)

a'+t

a-b
ne

r1--:-l-

r{,*'
. r g1l -,=11,,
1, - -(z_a)(z_b)
.:- T-i^.

_ b*t.

b-a
f @) = lsum Of the residueof z*tF (z) atitspoles

"-'l*ft-]=*t*-r"l
40. Form

difference equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant A form

=A.3"
.
[May 2OOg, Apr 2OOZ Nov 2OtO]
a

Solution:
Y'= A'3'

!*t=

A'3"*l

=3A.3'

=3y"

!,*t -3Y,i0
41. Define convolution of two sequences.
Solution:
The convolution of two sequence
*
[1t 1n1 g

1,1)-

f {,1 s{o -,1

[Apr 2OO5&2OO3]

{f(n)}

and

{g(n)}

is defined as

IFor right sided sequencs]

19

(or)

Va>*i=f1e)g@-r)

[For two sided and bilateral sequencel

The convolution of two function f(t) and g(t) is defined as

ltr,t.svi=fur@ns"-rv
Where T is the sampl:ng period.

42.

State convolution theorem

Solution:
t zff (n)* g(n)l= F(Z).G(Z)
2.zu (t) * s (t)l = F (z).c (z)

43, Find the z- transform

irf

f1n; *

Solution:

g1n)

if qnl=2"

u(n) and g(n)

2" u(n)

z-2
= F(Z)
,lg1"1l=,I2"u1,1)

z-2
=G(z)
:. rV1"1* g1n1--

F(z).Ge)l

zz

- --,r'-

-(,\'
\z-2)
zl4. State

initial and final value theorem in Z-transform

Solution:
lMay2OO7, Mar2OO3l
Initial value theorem
zlfln\= rP1,16." Hmr(z)=/(0)

tr

Final value theorem

z [f (t)] =F (Z)

rf

tien lim.r()=lim(z-t)F(z\
,,1

20

PART-B

1.

Using Convotution Theorem,

Find the ,,1

--,'

l
l(z-t)(z-tl
INov, Dec2OlO]

Solution:

z z
L,*-=l

,"1__!_1:.-,f
- l<,_ay,_t1l=,

=,.1-:-].,-,1
L,_41

"
.

..

(4f *(3f

L,4l

Z<+y'ttl*'
ftO-

=or[Zor.or-J

='t4(',]
=,r{,

{.(i),.(;l. .(1)l

="''[(i]:''-'l lro'nuta: I
t i' .| lr+o+o'+"'+a'-'=#]
=,"[i(+)._+,
df d, r"1
=(3xr[u3

=q[+,_y]

2.

t"

s
s.

=;
.a.

El

27

2.

Using convotution theorem,

find the value of

Solution:

"Ln;ul=,'li*

r-l

I
"'
Le_2),(24)J

--,1

,|---l

[Nov, Dec

2O1OJ

=,ffi.,-,[*f,
=

(n+tp,

*t,

=I(,*rp:r.

=r:f,.,fJ'
t,

4t,r+l.tr3llJ

_*EEe+&r_.86\3i

=''[i.{:)' .{:)'

=3D

. .{i)' . .,.?.(1),., _.[;)l

(i[. {il. {:)' . . - .

#)'
{*)-].,"1s]

=3*\r2+(3*t _2,-t)

['.'(l-.r)i =1a21

+3x2 +4x, +..f,

=33'n -2,n

,\

22

Using convolution theorem

finds the inverse z_ transform

I t+,,

L(r,-txr:Dl
Solution:

A,'

-,-,1 - t112,
l1t,

l---,1 z, I
1 l=' _-ry;rj
l(,

1l

l.

i--

7,

If:
_-,1_
=1
-T

l(

l--

7.

(,i)' (;)
(,i)'
* ;t+

,l

til
,2.

r.!_)'

lt)

*(t

(z

/r) (+I
{zJ

!'2t
trt
t-2
7

=(;I+

(,fl

-*=#]

=;(;)
=

:"iG)"G)',

7(t\"

r[r] -zrlI
l.7/
5

Using convolution Theorem Find the

vatue

of

,-,[

, ,,

[('-]x.-rj
Solution:

'

z--I
="[.,-].""

=[r".(.J'

=t(.,ftil
=(r'r(;iIi)'
=(r

*(r1r"

=(r

x(r*

=(rT'.i.(r'.- .(;l]

[May, June 2012]

"%-:.?t\.-_1

F"

=;E-=i

'-

24

Bl++l
=(r

f Formula

ft*o*o,

+at +....+a,-,

l-a'I

t-a )

[,(r]

=(+I"-(il-=(+)^

5'

-(:)"

using convolution theorern,

cina

;rl _ l_1
LQ-o)'J

=,'1,)."y*S

l.

=Gy.(,y

=i:ay.ayr=O

= ao + a.a"-t + ..,..+ a,

'

_,f
'k

= ao + ao + .....+ an

,, I
:,y 1=r'*t1"

Using convotution theorer

I
ls.
fi5

lT

i,j

l]

|-_rL|.'..'srrreJllfindtheinverseZ.transform
l(tz-t)Qz-\]
Solution:

[Nov, Dec 2OO6]

'-'[G-#-]=.'[=*]

[.E
F]:

tift

l:*

IF
t-iii

trrr

li

t&

=l'*3'

=f<,r,ry.
=

l"

[,,0.t=4

13a-t +3"-2 +... + 3r + I

["o'=*]

=llit; .,.
3_l

,"1--!-1-3*'-r
-y1, -t1l- zr11,

7' Find

'-'[*ffiUsins

convorution iheo"em.

Solution:

"[ar,]
:'"[.,=J.'f6J
=(r".(+)"

=r(r1+)

=(rr(r-e)
=(;)'*"(+)

[]lay, June 2O1OI

26

=(r"r(+)
=r1)"J:(7f
,r, ,_(;) i
I
1

=r,,"l$ll

=;(r'.+(r'[r"

=;B',.i(r.E)"

'.'Lu*-Sf?';lii'
8. solve y,*, +4y,,, +3y, 2" with
=
Solution:
Taking Z-transform, we get

"]

rrj

- r, yo _

Given yo =O

"y,

*+pl _ +"1*y

, yt=l

.yr

=l

4pr-2oo5l

z[y,-r]+ +r[y,.,1+trt
.

=0 and

using z_transform
[Nov, Apr -2o1o, Mar -2006,
./o

=
=

rb)

z'i-z++zi+ly=-1=
i(,'++,+t)=-1=+,
y=
Now,

(z -2)(z +t)(z +3) =

z=-l
-l = -68

Put

ABc
_+_

(z -2)(z +t)(z +3)

(z-2) (z+1)-t_(z+3)

put z=-3
-3=lOc

B=!

=:7
l0
'2 I I I ? I
Z
(z -2)(z +t)(z +3) =__+___:_l
15Z-2 6Z+l t0Z+3
c

Z
(Z +t)(Z +3)
Put z=-3
-3 = -28

_.

B=1
'2

(z +1)(z +3)

put z=2
2 =tsA

)
A=:-

l5

AB

Z+1 Z+3
= A(Z +3)+ B(Z +1)

put z=-l
_l =2A

,q=-l

_tz 3l
. z
A-txz-r=, z+1.+rz$

t _l t 3 I r I 3 I
ts z iri z +t-.r z $-, z +t*i z *t

i-2
'-

4,.1=**+*-**-;*.;*

,.=1,,1*l.i.,l*.1_r.,1*.f,_i.,1*J.:.,1*l
-.

r.

*,*|r-,r*,

-*,-r-, -jc,r*, *)rtt*,

tr
=
*,.(*-r(_,)^, _cr{*_i]
=r".(+rr"-,_e:r"ffi
=

=#.(i),-n.(3),,,"

28

." 9. Solve the Equation !.*t-3!*r+2y, =), given that

Solution:

- 3 y(n + ty + zy14

z'1 y(0)

=0

..(1)

= Q" )
Taking Z-Transform on both sides,
we get,
z[y1, + zyl- s
+ t1]+ zz{y1n1)= z(2,
"$,1n
)

y-

lt

[Apr_2011, May_2OO9, Apr _2OOa]

y(n + 2)

z2

7o =

zy(tl

-yF -

Noll+ zy =

Applying y (0) =o and y (1)

=0 in

_+

.... (2)

where y=z[y1ny]

(2)

,,ff1_ui+zy=_1=,

tb'-t,*zl=

^-:-

,bail=6fi4
z
'

(,

-t\,

'@'}=l[Gjfud]
z)'

_A
-

z=

.'.

Put Z=2

put Z=1

C=2

A=1

Substituting

;'

....(4)

A(z-2)2 +B(z-2)(z_t)+c(z_t)
Put Equating Coefficient of 22
A+B=0
B=-1

A=1; B= -]-; C=Z in (2), we get

zltl

(,-tk-z),

;:r+G:2y

.... (3)

- ,- zi+G_2f

2s]

"'16fi4] =''l+J-,'l*].,'lr+l
y(n)=(l)"-t *2"-t +1n_112"-r

=l-2r-t

+ n2n-t

, n2t

-2n-l

=l+nz"-t - 2.2bt
y(n)=l+n2*t -2'
10. Using Z-transform solveU(n +2)_

u(0)=o,u(l)=l

SU(n

+l)+ 6U(n)=.4, qiven that

[Dec 2OO9, Mar 2Oe6, Apr 2OO5]

Soiution
U(n + 2) - 5U (n + r) + 6U (n) = 4,
Taking Z-transform on both sides, we get

Put Z=3

B=3

-L

PutZ=2
2=-A
A=-2
J

G-,-.W:r=,i+=
s * 2'- 2 *
rg1=)-z_2 Z_3'Z_4 Z1-21
3

zlulnll=-2-- r
z_4 z_2
u(n)

J-]-,-,f ' I
lz_tl' lz_zl

=2,-'l

=z(4)^

-(2)*, ,n2t

11. Solve by using Z -transform

!*z +4!*r +3y, =3r .given that

\=l

tApr/May-ZOtO, Mar

Solution:
Taking z-transform on both sides we get
zlyln + \l+

z$t1n + t1l+ t zfu

lnyl= zp, I

2OO9,

Jro

=0i

Apr 2OOSI

30
z2

y_

Given

z2

y(0) _

Jro

zy(t1

+2fi

ypy)+3y =

.... (1)

=O; y,=l

wnere y = z[y1n1l

.... (2)

Applying (2) in (1), we get

,'

D -,,u101 - zu (t) _ s z[0 _

APplying

u etl* e0 = _!_

Where U=z[U(n)]

(0) =O and U (1)

=1

,'0-z-szu+6i=-Z_
z_4

Of,' -sz *el=

.
z_4
=z

A(z -3)(z -a)+ B(z _2)(z _4)+c(z _z)(z _3)

Put z=2
Put z=4
2=2A
4=2c

z=

Put z=3

3=-B
B---3

A=1

Z
(z -2)(z -3)(z

_ 4)

=*&.a

o*j=*.*
Z = A(z -3)+ B(z _2)

ZAR

G;m;r=G;r*G+3)Z = A(z +3)+ B(z +t)

Put z =-1

-L=2A

Putz = -3
-3=-28

c=2
.... (4)

A=

-l

s=1
2

''Ln

*n1=''l;h).8#]

12. Solve the differential equation y(,t + 2 _ayg

+t)+ 4y(t) = 0 where
)
y(o)=r, y(r)=0.
[Dec 2OOSand2OOg, MarZoO6, Apr 2O09]
.............,.............,..........So1ution..:.

-z

'V= (z -3)(z +t)(z +3)

(z

+l)(z +3)

v(n) = z

Now------i-=
(z +

t)(z + 3)(z -3y

A- B C
1z *1- @ +y" A )

z = A(z +3)(z

"[r;,*r]

_3) + B(z +t)(z _3) + C(z

+ t)(z +3)

(1)

,*
#.
ie-

32

Put z=3

Put z=-3

3=24C

c=1
8

Equating coefficient of

-3=128

a=

x2

0=A+B+C

-l

A=-B-C

Il2-l

A-s=

.l
A=8,

,I
(z

Z+l

r I _t tl

-_+_

=*nr', -f t-)*'

z+3 B'24)

1ry'-'

_. . -.... ...... ...Given: yG+2)_4y(k+t)+4y(k)=o

Taking Z transform on both

sides we get
z[y1t +z1l_ +z[y1t +t1]+ +z[1r1*.11=
o

z,j-z,y(0)- zye)_ezfi _yo1)++y

civen y (0) =1, y (1) =6

o,

Where y = rly<tl

,,fi_rJ_+,$,_r)++y =o

,b,

-42+4f_22 +42=o

-.

'

z, _42

./ - ---i-

!=
z

1" -1,+41

z-a
(z -2)2

....(2)

:I

1
' ri-.'"*.lo.;ig=

33

z_4

(z_21, -

Z-4=A(z-z)

E
ffi
gtt
F
H
m

.... (3)

11+ 1r_2y

Put Z=O

B=-2

r.s

12

+B

Put z=2

-2A+B=-4
I

A=1

Sub. A=1
,l and B=-2 ir (1), we
9et

1_
z-2 ("-2)'
z2

c-f

-z='-z

2z

Y'(n) =

(z-2)'

za

=2'-n2'
=2'(l-

.'[nh]=*"1

n)

13. Solve the difference eguation

y@)+3y(n _t)_4y(n_2)

that y(0)=s

ana

v(r) =z

=A

,n>2, given
pune2OO6I

Solution:
Changing n into.c+2, the given
equation becomes,

y(n+2)+3y(n+t)_ayfu)=a

Applying y (O)

=:

(r'+tr-+fi4r,

.... (1)
and y (1) =2 in (2), we get

wnere y=z[y1n1]

,,7,

#
-'7+2 L1'''
v=
(z+4)(z_t)-

Y
z
now

lz +l
(z +4)(z_t)

J!jl-

(z+4)(z_tl-- Z +4- Z_l

32 +7 =

Put

a(z -t)+ B(z +4)

Z=t I

put Z=_q

_se=_s

58=10

B=2 I

a=r

3z+l _ I

e+g(z_tf-/l+jj
LEa-*,.E?*,r

.... (3)

Yl
_=_+_
* - *" " ", " --Z^*L+e,-z*t.-,--

*. -^._*

i:,

;Z22
, =-+-

Z+4 Z_l

zfr7fl=-Z-* zz
. z+4 z_l

Iratl=.,f*f.r,l*J
=,_,ffi*2,"[A
y(n)=t4)'+2(t), ,n>0
14. Form the difference equation

1rrom

soluUon:

v,

= A2" +Bn

y"*r=A2*t+Bb+l)
=212, + B(n+t)

y",z=A2*'+BA+z)

.... (1)
.... (2)

y,

42, + Bn

=*

r,

35

!,,,2=4A2"

+B(n+2)

.... (3)

;iliminating A and B, we get

1 ,l
l*
\Y,,, 2 n+ll=o

1v,,,

"*zl

y,[2@+2)_ 4(n +l]_tf@ +z1y*, _(n

+t)y*,1+ n[4y,u _2y,.,1=

y(-

z")

(t

+ 1tn _ z) y,., + (1 _ n) y,t,

=

- n)y*t +(3n_2)y,r, _2rry, = O

tr5. Form the difference equation

by eliminating the constants from
y, = a2" +b!z)"

Solution:

!,*z=a2"t2

+o(-zl"

r*z=4a2,

++b(_zl

.... (3)

Eliminating'a, and .b, from (1), (2) and (3),

lY, I ll

we

get

z -t)=o
lr*, o 4l
lv*,

y,(t

+ t)

+$, *,

2y,_,) + t(4 y
*,

2y *r) = o

16y, _ 4y*,

__0

r*t_4)t_,..=o

16. Find

,-,1*:'11
L(, - t)'l

SoluUon:

lDec 2OO7, Mar 2OO5, May 2OOOI

36

rg's= z(z +t)

.'.

z*t Plry

, z"[rpfi= ylny

_t)'

(z

- z'(z+l)
(,
-l)'

The poles are

Z=l

n", l,*, r s1),

__,

ti##[o

r,

.t#]

=un)St".u.tl
=tiy];{b".<z+t)ru*,f
=

tE)[*""

+ nftz + \(n

- r;z*,

a,*t ]f

;e**l=prutrffi)t.*-.
=

)hfr)*' * r,a,-

|b *rl^

zn

1n

u1r)'-'

t1

(r). -,

*,(r),-,]

=dr)^,+z1z_r;(1;*,
:.

f(n) =
=

17. Finit

sum of the residues

of z(n-l)F(Z) at its poles

n(t)*t +n(n_t)(t)*2

,"1----Z--1
l(z-t)(2,

+\l

Solution:

G-ff

[Mar 2OO8, Apr 2AAt, pec 2OOO]

z-t[r<"\=nl

*11=rG)

z'z*'F121=_t)(2,
(z

+t)

1
1

37

Tlie poles are z=1, z=+i, z=-i (simple pole)

R,: s{2.*t

F(el,_,= Iim(z - t)-___1"

-;;t(z-l)(2'?+1)

(-l)"
2

x"'p*, rg1|,,

= l5,-re -

#_,1

(r"
=(i _t)(zi)
x."{,"" r14},-, = 11-1,
;;t

(-D'

. (D'

(i-tx2i)'

(l-i)(i)

+,1----:1-(2.-l)(z
i)
+

)(z -

(-,')"
(_r_D(_2')

(l+r)(r)

. nrf
-, cos--

sm

ntl
-2l
|

t'

, la. Find '"f*f

[Nov 2o1q Apr 2oo4&2oo3, Apr leee]

Solution:

rq=l
.. j-l

z'lrp1l=

lzr+al
-..r*,o1r1= ,r"'

y1n1

z'+4

The poles are z=2i, z=-2i

Re'p,*,

r14lr-,, = 1gr1, _zi1___:!!

'

2)2t

(z

+2i)(z

_2i)

_ (2i)*,
4i

=e)*'O),
a"'lr*' r14|,*r,

+ 2i1---d' _
lip(z
'(z+2i)(z-2i)
z++t

(-4,
_(-2i)(ti),
(4i)
I

=r(2)'(_i),
= (2)"_,(_r),

.'.

Jr(r) ={Sum of the restdue of z"-L F (z) At Its poles

=(4.-lG),

+(D"

Ci),

*..".,,--"o,ff_kin+l
1"in!aa"^-nt . . nr1 I tit, ="o"!a*i"n!a]
2
L--1...

_ *!o
=2*l

.:,:..

39

_nfi

.cos

19. State and prove the Final Value

Theorem.

(i)

rf

(oR)
4f{,X=

rr,, rn",

lim"r(t) = lim( z -t)F(z)

z)l

Proof:

zfrlt +rfl= z[p1z)- fk)]

Now z[1rQ

+q- f O)=fV@r +D_ ttuDl{"

14

zfirs + r'sl-

zftgll=i,ii4r

* rt

fbnl,-

fir 6r + q

/ @D\z

n4
zF

(z) - zf (o) _ F 121 =

fun[e - t) F(z). /(0r=

Iimi

t/ @r + \

f (nr)]z-

* * * * .:)ff
Vir' + 11 : 1nry|
,={

-limvtn-

rto)+

f(2r)-f(\+

f(3r)_ fQD+...+ f (n+t)r

=li6f(z+l)r-710!
r-.n
lim

{t, - ryr1"y1-/(o)
lfup
:+|

(ii)

rf

(z

- l)r(z)

f(-) _ f(o)

/(o) _ /(o)

,r(*) = lim.r(0

4tA\=r<qtr'." t!nyt,)

z[11, +D]=i1@+t)z-,
,=0

=1iy1{12_yrg1}

f(n\l

t.
["
I

40

Put n+l=m

=0+m= 1
n=@+m=o
n

n=m-1

=Zf@),"
=

LJ (n)z-'

={tt,.uL,.o

-r,or1
I

zU@+t1l= 2p1"1-,pro,

4f A * 91-,y r,r1 = F (4 _ q@) _ zV b)l

zlt6 +91- ,[11011= zF(4 _ zf (o) _
r(4
z

ZU A * O - t tOk-,

= (z

t) F (z) _

zf (o)

=1fir6+ry-ytu)him{"
l[1t1"+q_

t$

ttro

)_

y1n1].

"r e)|

{f e)

=limha+l-11"11
"'1fu1@
"'

-t)F(zt- ttot=liyltr@- f(ql

lirla? - 1) F (z) = timtf <,1

20. State and prove

the S econd Shifting Theorem.
n

Pr

ove

thd zlf @+t1l= zp12) _ zf(q,

(oR)

1t1}+ .... + fir 6 +

.r @)}l

:5-

#
ffi.
42

- 0\ + iz sin
-_ (,;ArlstntA
z(z

cos

z(z:9os0)

+ izsine
=z_+cos'0*2zcosd+sinzd

_z(z - cos?) + izsin?

z'-2zcosq+l

Zfcos n

ol+ iZ[ sin,q=

;#hj

j#

Equating real parts we get

,

z[cosnel=]1'@se)' z' _Zzcos9 +l

Put

e=L
1

22. Solve using Z-transform

, !,tz _3!,*t_10y, = a given
Jpo =l andlr =0
Sdution+.{Dec;2OO9,& Zoo8;'Apn2oo4'
Nov 2oo2' May /June 2o131
Taking Z-transforn, we get
z[y1n +

zfl- t z[y1n + r1l-r o zfy

z'y-z'y101-

zyI)-li-

1n1]= o

ry<ofl-rcy = o

Gtrcnxo)= t, Xl)=0

....(1) Where y=21y1n11

....(2)

Siasti&ting (2) in(l), we get

,'fi-tl*$-tlns=o
fl22

-lz -rc1z, +lz = o

fl,'-t,

-rc!= ,, -3,

4!

-y-..--

'

z(z

-3\

z' -32 -10

z(z-3)
(z -5)(z +2)

L:
z

@-3)
(z-5)(z+2)

(z-3)

A
(z-5)(z+2) z-5
Put

z=-2

Put

z+2

z=5

-5=-78

2=7A

B=5

A=?

....(3)

(z-3') 7

(z-5)(z+21 z-5' z+2

v_ 7

z z-5

z+2

[using (3)l

5z
-22
-y = __+__
7z-5 7z+2

aNar|ft.i*
No=lz"l-:-1.i"1*l
=?ol"
,,..0
7" *s=r-ar
7
23. Solve the difference equation ),(t +2 )+ y(k)

Z-transform

t,y(0) =y(l)

S, gsing

IMay/June-2O12]

44

Solution:
Given y(k + 2) + y(,t)
=

ie.,

l,y(0) =7(1) = s

y(n+2)+ y(n)=t

Taking Z-transform
on both sides we get
,
zfy1n + z1]+

[2'zy1z|-

y1o1-

z[y1n1]= z[t]

zygl+y1,1=1
z_l

z2y(z)+ y1z1= z

z_l

[.'y(o) =yfl)

(,'*tfpy=-!z_l

ylrlr*'=6fi;+fizn-l

z-l

is a simple pole

z=i

is a simple pole

-i

is a simple pole

z=

Res v(z),^' = tiyt? - r)6

_p.:pn

=tigrz;ih
_l

(l+r(l-,

= o]

I
2

-ttllGtll4l,)
(,)"

Erm;,
(i)'

=wo-#;
(-r)"

4+n
:. Y(n) = sum of the,residue.

I (r)"
',' + (-iY
' '
2 2i\_t)'zi(ii

=-+

.rl t
-r-nli.fil
_1

(_t),1

l@dr[lr-rrl
_l_l
2 ziL

=1.,"

46

) - O[t, . rl..<- u.(, - r)]

j-7[(,.,1.

1-r;.(i-r)]

24. solve y,+2 + yo n.2"

=
, using Z_transform
Solution:

lMaylJune 20121

Given !*2*.y, = n.2n

zfy,.,]+ zfy,l

z[,.2, ]

22 I
^'' ''' (;:8
L'"t'"t=fTl

'i

[r'rk)-r'r101-zyO]+y121=(2, + t)y121 z,,t _

zt
-

??*..-.-_

(r-zY

When ,{=y(0) ,B=y(1)

G'*ir<,1=&+z2A+zB

,et=z:ffi,$Q1!
8'ilb<4=&+tz,+Bz

Y@=*-,]g;y#t.6.1

Na'"''=6-rfB;y#ff

46

) - *[f,. rl.. t-u.(,-

)- rtA.rl-.r

r)]

ri.(r-r;1.

24. solve yn+2 + yo n.2"

=
, using Z-transform
Solution:

Given !,1p*.!, =

lMaylJune 20121

77.2n

[rry1r1_rry1O1_zy(Dl+vt,t=
urtl* y,1=

2z l- _,
| o*.r= O _n]

nft

(2, + t)y1r.) _ z,,t

When

A=

_zt

Z?-..-.-_.*.

("-zl

y(O) ,B= y(1)

8'*irt t=&+z2A+zB
,rr, - zz * (" e + rlk

(r_zll,,

- zl (r' *

+tf--_*

8'ub<4=&+Az2+Bz

^4=6-fu;yfr.k
^4'"'=G-2fv;y#ff

47

=\+12

Stpli

2z'

'

(z-z)'lz'z+t)
2z'

(z-zf(z+i\z_)
z

=2 is a pole of order 2

z=i isa simple pole

z=

-i is a simple

pole

L:t

r
i.

Resr,
k-21,
,ij;,dz'
'):z-'=lim9
'

- 2,"
d_W;t

_(s)2n2*t _22^(4)
25

_5n2"

-2*t

22

25

_2,[s"-z,l
25
z=

is a

pole of order

Resr, =lim("
r:i

z+i

2z'
(z -2)'(z + i)(z
2Z

ttY)G-zFk+i)

-i)

48

_2r
-...---

(i_4,Qi)

__

z=

-i

ir-l
(i _ 2),

is a simple pole

z(-iY
- (.-i-42G2i)

_ (-;)r"
(i +2),
Step 2:

Az"q + B;"

-----.'l =
z,

z=i
z

+l

isa simple pole

=-i

ls a simple pole

Re s/, = lin 1, _ i1Az',-t + sz,

z=i
2..,i
(z + i)(z _ i)

-rlm

Az'*t + Bz "

(z+i)

Ai n*t +

2i

Bi'

49

i'(ti

a)

2i
=

f,,"-'(ei

a)

,
t"
i14-J
(z
n+l

s 1, = 1111 1z +

Re
:=-i

;:-;

+ i)(z

- i)

Az "*t + Bz,
--;---.:-llm
z)-t
r)

\z -

_ eC iY)t + a(-

il

-2i..
y(z) = Sum of the residues

+4.#.#.*u$y**F,r.r
Where

,4 =

y(0)&B = y(t)

Note: In this problem y(0) &y(l) are not given.

2s. Find the z_transfor. o1

.;nrffi .", *{+_

Solution:

ronnd:
we Know

,")
[rlov/Dec 2012]

*^,(+)l
that sin2d= I-cos2a
2

,,^'(tz)='-"o"7

50

We know

=:t:J:[*]

that

zlrr,snel=

;h*J

Put

0=a

-!1-c6!)_
z. _22 cos 0 +l
we get

z2

We know that

, cos(l +.8) =coslcos.B_sin lsin.B

*{T";)=*1T*?"*o*"*t

=*"Ti*^Ti
=+[" 7-,^+]

'[*{+. ,1]=i4*T-"^T]
++,Tl_+,4,^+l
lzrlz
,12 z' +t

J2

",

+t

+l'

f
ar. rF.

Il

51,

zf =-__
z

=_t

J2lz'z

+l

I I
I

z2

+t)

_zlz-t)
-AL;{.tl
z(z

-l\

Jz\z'+t)

26. Solve the difference using Z-transfo tm

yb+3)

that /o = 0,),r = O,y2 =B

_3y6ny + 2y1,; 0 given

=

lNov/Dec 2012I

Solution:

y{n+3)_3y(n+t)+2y(n)=g

fz,y(z)-;3y(o)-z2y(t)-zy@)_slzye)_2yrlfi+2fl z)=o
fr' rp1 - +r,

- Ul-!zy1z1 - +zl+zy(zl= il__

(rt

-l,+211"1-izr

+4z =o

(z-tf(z+z\121=41 -42
'

,rrr . 423 -42

(,-rf(z+z)

qrlr'-i
(z-tf(z+z)
_+zlz -tlz+tl

(z-tl(z

+z)

tz[z +tl

52

y(z)z'-t =

!(z)z'''

z=l

has poles at

z:

and z=

-2

is a simple pole

z= -Z is a simple pole

ftgs7(z)z*I=1

im?)f#$

,. 4z'[z +t\
=r[nT;c
8

=\rgffi
_ 4(-t)(-2),

-3
I

=-(1\"
3
.y(n)

=sum of the residues

=

27.

84
-+t(-z)"

soarre !1,*t1+64,,11+9yr,r= 2" given

that lo=\=0

Solrtion:
Given yr,.r.,

z(y,,,,,)

6yr,a1+9yr,,

=2,

6z(yr*r)+ sz(y,,,) = zQ,

)

lNov/DSc 2o121

fr'

y1r1 -

,'

y1o1- zye)|+

z2

elry@

zyloyl+sy1z1 =

y(z) + 6 zy(z) + 9 t{4 =

f,,

j1

j1

+a,+slrtzf=J=

G*tYy@=-1

y@=*;y

at z=2 and z=-3

Z=2 is a simple pole

Z=-3 is a pole of order

Resv(,),'-'=Wi#;l&#l

=w*l*;
=w*l"ijl

-tivl'wl
_ (-5)n(-3)*r - (-3),

(-s)'
_

t-s)"k-sx-rl,-l]
(-5f

54

=:#_rl
25

_ (_:),[s"_:]
75

Re

ye),', = rllrC

r[C#{,]

,r,gL#l
2',

5z',
25

y(z)= sum of the residue

=(-tt'Isn-tl*2,
t)

25

=*[, -n ".j"r"r]

55

University euestion
1. Using convotution rheorem, Find

the

,'ln1-1

INov, Dec2olO]

2. Llsing convotution theorem, find the vatue

'i-[Nov, Dec

,' 1
of ,.1
-l{r-z),{r_l)

2OtO]

page No 21

3, Using convolution theorem finds the inverse

I t4z2

Lo;-'t<z;:;

Page NO 20

z_

transform
Page No 22

I:+j.!4s&*+.*c.!,,*gJ,,E.::Be,&=:t}}+.,.|*=.

4. Using Convolution Theorem Find the value of ,-rl

,
L['

-,

IMay, June 2O12]

5. Using Convotution theorem,

Page No 23

,in6 ,-,1-! -f
LQ-a)'I

Page No 25

[Nov, Dec 2OO7]

6. Using convotutaon theorem find the inverse Z- transform

1ru,'l
Itt"--D{2,-D)

z" n"a

_ [Nov,

'''l*ffiusing

Dec

2OO6]

convolution

8. Sotve !*t+4!,*t+3y,=2' with

yo

=0 and

pase No 24

Theorem.

.yr

=l

using

[May, June 2o1o]

r-ar"n=rllit

t"

"

[Nov, Apr -2O1O, Mar -2006, Apr-ZOOs]

9"

Page No 26
Siolve

the Equation !*z-31,a+2yn=2" given

that to=y=0

56

lApr-2o11, May-2OO9, Apr -2OOal

Page No 28
10. lrsing Z-transform solveU(z+2)_ 5U(n+t)+6U(n)=
4" given that
U(0) = 0,y111 =

[Dec 2OO9, Mar 2006, Apr 2OOSI

Page No 29

11. Solve by using Z -transform

!,a+41,u+3y,, =3" , given that /o = 0;

/r=l

lApr/May-2O10, Mar 2OO9, Apr 2OOSI page No 29

12, Solve the differential equation
7(,t + 2) _ 4y(k +t) + 4y(f) 0 where
.

y(0)=Ly(1)=0 [Dec 2oosand2oog, Mar2oo6, Apr 2oO9] page

No 31
13. Solve the difference equation y(n)+3y(n_t)_4y(n_?)=0
,n>2,

gaven that

y(0) =J and

y(r) =z .

[June2og6]

page No 33

14. Form the difference equation from y, A2, +Bn

=
Page No 34
15, Form the difference equation by eliminating the
constants from

y,="2'+b(-2)'

.
16.

Find

r.

.,PagLe.No3-a*,*.- -.

=.t-

rs' -vv*
[Dec 2oo7, 'Mar
20os, May 2ooo]
"-4U'*r)l,l
L(, - r), _l

f-'r '
" LG-Dd1)I

17.
Find ,-'l
"' rrrrrr
18.

t'I
L;41

Find ' -,f

rtMar2ooS'

Apr2oo7, Dec2oool

page No 3s

...'

page No 35

[Nov 2o1o, Apr 2004&20o3]

page No 38

19. State and prove the Final Value Theorem.

(oR)

Page No 39

(ixf y'to>l= 16 then lim/(,) = lyn? _r)F(z)

(ii) rr zlf@)l= F(z) then
liml/(,,)l=lim(z_l)r(a)
[Apr

2OOO, May /

20, State and prove the Second Shifting Theorem.

(oR)
Pr ove that zlf@+t)l= zF(Z)_ Zf(o)
21. Find Zlcosn9l .and Zlsin n?l.

June 2OO7l
page No 40

Dec.2OO2, MaylJunezO13] page no 41

22. Sotve using Z_trans

t9r_, y,*, -3y,,r
-10y,..0 given
%
lDec.2oog & 2OOa,
May lJune 2o131
23. Solve the difference
equationT(t+2)+

z-transform [MaylJune-2ol2J

",

.'^'(+)

"na

page No
43

fMav'lJune 2012J pase

46

*,(ff*i)

sotve the difference

using z_transform

-''ter :
t'fi:urF67:? *iffi;r;;" **1'='

27. sotve

ya,zt * 6y,n*r,

+gy,,) = 2, given

page No
42

v(k)=l 'v@) = v(l) 0' using

=

24- solve y,*2 + yo

= n.2o , using z-transfot
"',r':::*orm

2s. Hnd the Z_transfrr._

rnsrorm ^_

=l andz =0

,ro,rr". ror,
page No
49

?!ku.J.' slven
PaEe No

sl

that yo=I =0
[Nov7O"" aora,
Page No 52

t
I

"

*'' -