Académique Documents
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Contain DNA
o The genetic instructions of all living organisms is contained in molecules of
deoxyribonucleic acid.
o Only cells can build/make the biomolecules (lipids, carbohydrates, protein,
nucleic acid)
o Capacity for life DNA molecules
o Non-living things no DNA molecules
Ability to reproduce
o Asexual reproduction production of clones
Mutation
Natural Selection
The better individuals will have more success reproducing; they will have more
offspring.
In successive generations, more offspring will have the better traits
Evolution
The relative frequency of many shared traits typically change through successive
generation
Antibiotic Resistance
Powerful agent for selection
Mutations for antibiotic resistance exist or arise - mutation
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and reproduce better than nonresistant
Over time, proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria increases
Role
Scientific Method way of gaining information about the world by forming possible
solutions to questions followed by rigorous testing to determine if the proposed
solutions are valid.
Observing and asking questions
Forming hypothesis intelligent guess
Conducting controlled experiments
Collecting and analyzing data
Drawing conclusions
of Experiments
Used to study a phenomenon under known conditions
Allows you to predict what will happen if a hypothesis is not wrong
Can never prove a hypothesis 100% correct
Experimental Design
Control group
- A standard for comparison
- Identical to experimental group except for variable being studied
Sampling error
- No representative sample skews results
- Minimize by using large samples
Scientific Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested for its predictive power many times and has not yet
been found incorrect
Has wide-ranging explanatory power
Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection
FIELDS OF BIOLOGY
2 Major Divisions
1. Botany the scientific study of plants
2. Zoology deals with the study of all aspects of animal life.
a. Anatomy -the study of body parts and their location
b. Ecology- study of interrelationships of organisms in the habitat.
c. Embryology -it is the study of the formation and development of an individual
from gametes to an organism
d. Evolution the study of change undergone by species through the ages.
e. Genetics the study of genes, heredity and variation.
f. Morphology study on form and structure of organism
g. Cytology study of cells
h. Histology study of tissues.
i. Gross Anatomy it is a study of microscopic structure of tissues and organs. (mix
anatomy and histology)
j. Paleozoology the study of animal fossils
k. Physiology the study of how body parts function and how they work.
OTHER SPECIALIZED SCIENCES
Taxonomy naming, describing, classifying living organism. *Some variations:
1. Apiculture study of bees
2. Anthropology study of man
3. Carcinology study of crabs
4. Conchology study of shells
OTHER SCIENCES LINKED TO BIOLOGY
1. Astronomy
4. Mathematics
2. Chemistry
5. Physics
3. Geology
6.
7. Limits of Science
Scientific approach cannot provide answers to subjective questions
Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or philosophical standards
Conflict with supernatural beliefs
8.
9. Review: Diversity of Life
Millions of living species
Millions more now extinct
Classification schemes attempt to organize diversity
10.
11.
Scientific Names (by Carolus Linnaeus)
- Classification scheme
- Two-part name
First name is genus (plural, genera)
Homo sapiens - genus is Homo
Prokaryotic Organisms
Single cells
No nucleus or organelles
Smaller, less complex
Eukaryotic Organisms
Single- or multi-celled
Nucleus and other organelles
Larger, more complex
1970 onwards...
- increasing emphasis on molecular level comparisons of
genes.
- Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera)
into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria,
stressing that there was as much genetic difference
between these two groups as between either of them and
all eukaryotes.
6 KINGDOMS
The six-kingdom system is still recognizably an expansion
of the original two-kingdom system: Animalia remains; the original category of plants
has been split into Plantae and Fungi; and single-celled organisms have been introduced
and split into Bacteria, Archaea and Protista.