Hydrograph analysis, unit

hydrograph, S-hydrograph,
numerical problems
Water resources and irrigation

Hydrograph
Hydrograph is graphical plot of discharge versus time in chronological
order.
Variations of discharge (stream flow) with time at a particular point of
stream.
The hydrograph is the response of a given catchment (or watershed)
to a rainfall input - we can find out the rainfall-runoff relationship and
different properties.
Important in flood control, flood forecasting and considering design
flows for hydraulic structures.

Hydrograph
Components of single peak
hydrograph.
1) Rising limb
2) The peak
3) Recession limb
Time parameters for hydrological
analysis:
o Effective time duration (tre)
o Lag time or basin lag (tl)
o Time to peak (tp)
o Time of concentration (tc)
o Recession time (tr)
o Time base of hydrograph (tb)

Separation of base flow

Three methods of separation of base flow and direct runoff in single
peaked storm hydrograph.
Straight line method
Two line method
Curves extension method

A point can be easily identify but point D can not be easily located.
Empirical equation for the time interval N from the peak to D point is
= 0.827 0.2
Where A = area of drainage basin in km2

Another equation can be

=
Where, = time to peak
a= constant between 2 to 4 (for small basin) and for large basin 4.

Hydrograph

Examples for computation of direct

runoff from storm hydrograph

Unit Hydrograph
A unit hydrograph is a hydrograph representing 1 cm of runoff from a
rainfall of some unit duration and specific areal distribution.
Unit duration the duration of a runoff producing rainfall-excess.
If a unit hydrograph results from a 3 hours unit rainfall duration, it is
known as 3-hours unit hydrograph.
Assumptions

Construction of unit hydrograph

Examples for finding unit hydrograph

Application of unit hydrograph:
1. Construction of flood hydrograph resulting from rainfall of unit
duration.
2. Construction of flood hydrograph resulting from two or more
periods of rainfall.
Examples related to above applications

Construction of flood hydrograph resulting from rainfall of unit

duration
Construction of flood hydrograph resulting from two or more
periods of rainfall

S- Hydrograph (summation hydrograph)

Construction of S hydrograph
Construction of unit hydrograph of different unit
duration from a unit duration of given duration.
1. Construction of longer period unit hydrograph from given unit
hydrograph of shorter duration.
2. Construction of shorter or longer period unit hydrograph from given
unit hydrograph.
3. Examples related to above two applications