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This diagram shows the output of the AVR is applied to the exciter after a saturation function SE is
subtracted from it. The exciter parameter KE represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat when a
selfexcited
shunt field is used.
It should be noted that there is a dependency between exciter ceiling Efdmax, AVR ceiling VRmax,
exciter saturation SE and exciter constant KE. These parameters are related by the following equation
(the
sign of KE is negative for a self-excited shunt field):
VR ( KE + SE ) Efd = 0 for Efdmin < Efd < Efdmax
At excitation ceiling ( Efd = Efdmax ) the above equation becomes:
VRmax = (KE +SEmax ) - Efdmax
Therefore, it is important that the exciter parameters entered satisfy the above equation, when
applicable.
ETAP will check this condition at run time and flag any violations.
The exciter saturation function (SE) represents the increase in exciter excitation due to saturation. It is
defined as:
where the quantities A and B are defined as the exciter field currents which produce the exciter output
voltage on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve and air gap line, respective, as shown in the
exciter saturation curve below
ETAP assumes that SE is specified at the following exciter voltages:
Saturation Factor Exciter Voltage
SEmax Efdmax
SE.75max 0.75Efdmax
IEEE Type DC1 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to model field-controlled DC-Commutator exciters with
continuous voltage regulators. Examples of this model are:
Allis Chalmers Regulex regulator
General Electric Amplidyne and GDA regulator
Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat, Rototrol, Silverstat, and TRA regulators
Parameter definitions and their units are provided in the following table:
Parameter Definition Unit
VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u.
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
KA Regulator gain p.u.
KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u.
KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.
TA Regulator amplifier time constant sec.
TB Voltage regulator time constant sec.
TC Voltage regulator time constant sec.
TE Exciter time constant sec.
TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant sec.
TR Regulator input filter time constant sec.
Parameter definitions and their units are provided in the following table:
Parameter Definition Unit
SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax
SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u.
EFDN Value of Efd at which feedback gain changes p.u.
VAmax Maximum regulator internal voltage p.u.
VAmin Minimum regulator internal voltage p.u.
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture: